Uma-jirushi

A variety of Uma-Jirushi designs, taken from the 15th century book O Uma Jirushi. For other pages from this book see the collection of Japanese heraldry images at Wikimedia Commons

Uma-jirushi (馬印, lit. horse insignia) were massive flags used in feudal Japan to identify a daimyo or equally important military commander on the field of battle. They came into prominence during the Sengoku period. While many were simply large flags, not very different from sashimono or hata-jirushi, most were three-dimensional figures, more like kites, and in the shape of bells, gongs, umbrellas, or streamers.

While these standards took many forms, they all fall into two broad categories: the ō-uma-jirushi and the ko-uma-jirushi, the great standard and the lesser standard respectively. Poorer daimyo had just one, the lesser standard, while wealthier daimyo had both. In 1645, the Tokugawa shogunate formalized this, allowing daimyo with an income above 1300 koku to have a ko-uma-jirushi, and daimyo earning more than 6000 koku to have an ō-uma-jirushi as well.

The ō-uma-jirushi was the nucleus of action on the battlefield, and while it aided the organization and morale of friendly troops, it also attracted the attention of enemy warriors. The carrier of the uma-jirushi, therefore, was arguably the most dangerous position to be in on the field. The ō-uma-jirushi was sometimes held in a leather bucket attached to the carrier's belt; the especially large ones would often be securely strapped into a carrying frame on the warrior's back. The carrier was provided with ropes to steady the standard in the wind, or while running.

In 1650, a monk called Kyūan completed a text called O Uma Jirushi, a comprehensive illustrated survey of the heraldry of his time. This text describes the heraldry of most, if not all, of the major samurai families of the battles of the Sengoku period. The text still survives today, and remains one of the chief sources of heraldic information available today on this period in Japan.

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heraldry of Japan.

Turnbull, Stephen (1998). 'The Samurai Sourcebook'. London: Cassell & Co.
Turnbull, Stephen (2002). 'War in Japan: 1467-1615'. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.

External Links

Guns Scrolls and Swords exhibit at the Harold B. Lee Library, includes full text PDFs of an anonymous Hata Uma–Jirushi Ezu

Japanese weapons, armour and equipment

Sword construction	Glossary of Japanese swords Horimono Japanese sword mountings Japanese sword polishing Japanese swordsmithing Tameshigiri

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Clothing	Fundoshi Hakama Kyahan Shitagi Tabi Uwa-obi Waraji

Samurai accoutrements	Abumi Daishō Horo Kaginawa Kate-bukuro Kubi bukuro Kura Uchi-bukuro Yebira

Chain and rope weapons	Chigiriki Kusarigama Kusari-fundo Kyoketsu-shoge Jōhyō

Clubs and truncheons	Hachiwara (club type) Jitte Kanabō Tekkan Tessen

Staff weapons	Bō Hanbō Jō Tambō/Tanbō Yubi-bo

Projectile and throwing weapons	Makibishi Oyumi Shuriken Ya Yumi

Firearms and guns	Bajōzutsu Bo-hiya Tanegashima

Other weapons	Kama Metsubushi Ono Ōtsuchi Shobo Suntetsu

Signal devices	Gunbai Hata-jirushi Horagai Kabura-ya Nobori Saihai Sashimono Uma-jirushi

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