UNRWA

United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East

UNRWA logo
Abbreviation	UNRWA
Formation	8 December 1949
Purpose	Humanitarian
Region served	West Asia
Commissioner-General	Pierre Krähenbühl
Parent organization	United Nations
Budget	US$1.23 billion (2010–2011)[1]
Website	www.unrwa.org

Created in December 1949, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) is a relief and human development agency, originally intended to provide jobs on public works projects and direct relief for 652,000 Arab Palestinians who fled or were expelled from their homes during the fighting that followed the end of the British mandate over the region of Palestine.^[2]

It also provided relief to Jewish and Arab Palestine refugees inside the state of Israel following the 1948 conflict until the Israeli government took over responsibility for Jewish refugees in 1952.^[3]

In the absence of a solution to the Palestine refugee problem, the General Assembly has repeatedly renewed UNRWA's mandate, most recently extending it until 30 June 2017.

Today, UNRWA provides education, health care and social services to the 5 million registered Palestine refugees from the 1948 and 1967 wars, a number which includes all their descendants.^[4] Aid is provided to Palestinian refugees living in Jordan, Lebanon and Syria, as well as those in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.

UNRWA is the only agency dedicated to helping refugees from a specific region or conflict and is separate from UNHCR.^[5] Formed in 1950, UNHCR is the UN main Refugee Agency, which is responsible for aiding other refugees all over the world. UNHCR, unlike UNRWA, has a specific mandate to aid its refugees to eliminate their refugee status by local integration in current country, resettlement in a third country or repatriation when possible.^[6] UNRWA allows refugee status to be inherited by descendants.^[7]

History and mandate

Total number of Palestinian refugees registered by UNRWA (1950 - 2008)

1948 Palestinian exodus Main articles 1948 Palestinian exodus 1947–48 civil war 1948 Arab–Israeli War 1948 Palestine war Causes of the exodus Nakba Day Palestine refugee camps Palestinian refugee Palestinian right of return Present absentee Transfer Committee Resolution 194 Background Mandatory Palestine Israeli Declaration of Independence Israeli–Palestinian conflict history New Historians Palestine · Plan Dalet 1947 partition plan · UNRWA Key incidents Battle of Haifa Deir Yassin massacre Exodus from Lydda and Ramle Notable writers Aref al-Aref · Yoav Gelber Efraim Karsh · Walid Khalidi Nur-eldeen Masalha · Benny Morris Ilan Pappé · Tom Segev Avraham Sela · Avi Shlaim Related categories/lists List of depopulated villages Related templates Palestinians

UNRWA was established following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War by the United Nations General Assembly under Resolution 302(IV) of 8 December 1949.^[8] This resolution also reaffirmed paragraph 11, concerning refugees, of UN General Assembly Resolution 194 (1948), adopted and passed unopposed, supported by Israel and the Arab states, with only the Soviet bloc and South Africa abstaining.^[9] UNRWA is a subsidiary organ of the United Nations General Assembly and its mandate is renewed every three years.

UNRWA has had to develop a working definition of "refugee" to allow it to provide humanitarian assistance. Its definition does not cover final status.^[10]

Palestine refugees are defined as “persons whose normal place of residence was Palestine during the period 1 June 1946 to 15 May 1948, and who lost both home and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 conflict.”

UNRWA services are available to all those living in its area of operations who meet this definition, who are registered with the Agency and who need assistance. The descendants of Palestine refugee males, including adopted children, are also eligible for registration as refugees. When the Agency began operations in 1950, it was responding to the needs of about 750,000 Palestine refugees. Today, some 5 million Palestine refugees are registered as eligible for UNRWA services.^[11]

UNRWA provides facilities in 59 recognized refugee camps in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, and in other areas where large numbers of registered Palestine refugees live outside of recognized camps. For a camp to be recognized by UNRWA, there must be an agreement between the host government and UNRWA governing use of the camp. UNRWA does not itself run camps, has no police powers or administrative role, but simply provides services in the camp. Refugee camps, which developed from tent cities to settlements indistinguishable from their urban surroundings, house around one third of all registered Palestine refugees.

Organisation

UNRWA is the largest agency of the United Nations, employing over 30,000 staff, 99% of which are locally recruited Palestinians.^[12][13]

UNRWA's headquarters are divided between the Gaza Strip and Amman, Jordan. Its operations are organised into five fields – Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, West Bank and Gaza. UNRWA's Commissioner-General is the Swiss Pierre Krähenbühl, who succeeded Italian national Filippo Grandi on 30 March 2014.^[14][15] The Commissioner-General is responsible for managing UNRWA's overall activities. In each area where UNRWA operates there is a Director in charge of distributing humanitarian aid and overseeing general UNRWA operations. The "public face" of UNRWA is spokesman Chris Gunness.

Advisory Commission

UN Resolution 302 (IV),^[16] adopted on 8 December 1949, created an Advisory Commission tasked with advising and assisting the Commissioner-General of UNRWA in carrying out the Agency’s mandate. It is not a governing body as many other UN Agencies maintain, but serves in a purely advisory capacity. Consisting of five members when it was first created, the Advisory Commission (AdCom) currently has 27 Members and 3 Observers.

The AdCom meets twice a year, usually in June and November, to discuss issues of importance to UNRWA. Members and Observers meet more regularly through Sub-Committee meetings.^[17]

Members of the Advisory Commission

Membership in the Advisory Commission is obtained through resolution of the UN General Assembly. All countries considered as hosts of Palestine refugees (Jordan, Syria, Lebanon) sit on the Advisory Commission, and 24 countries who are major supporters sit on the Commission. In addition, Palestine, the European Union, and the League of Arab States have had Observer status on the Commission since 2005.^[18]

The full list of AdCom members, including the year they joined, are: Australia (2005), Belgium (1953), Brazil (2014), Canada (2005), Denmark (2005), Egypt (1949), Finland (2008), France (1949), Germany (2005), Ireland (2008), Italy (2005), Japan (1973), Jordan (1949), Kazakhstan (2013), Kuwait (2010), Lebanon (1953), Luxembourg (2012), Netherlands (2005), Norway (2005), Saudi Arabia (2005), Spain (2005), Sweden (2005), Switzerland (2005), Syrian Arab Republic (1949), Turkey (1949), United Arab Emirates (2014), United Kingdom (1949), United States (1949).^[18]

Funding

Most of UNRWA's funding comes from European countries and the United States.

In 2009, UNRWA’s total budget was US$1.2 billion, for which the agency received US$948 million.^[19] In 2009, the retiring Commissioner General spoke of a $200 million shortfall in UNRWA's budgets.^[20] Officials in 2009 spoke of a 'dire financial crisis'.^[21]

In 2010, the biggest donors for its regular budget were the United States and the European Commission with $248 million and $165 million respectively. Sweden ($47m), the United Kingdom ($45m), Norway ($40m) and the Netherlands ($29m) are also important donors.^[22] In addition to its regular budget, UNRWA receives funding for emergency activities and special projects.

In 2011, the United States was the largest single donor with a total contribution of over $239 million, followed by the European Commission’s $175 million contribution.^[23]

According to World Bank data, for all countries receiving more than $2 billion international aid in 2012, Gaza and the West Bank received a per capita aid budget over double the next largest recipient, at a rate of $495.^[24][25]

In 2013, of the total of $1.1 billion^[26] was donated to UNRWA, $294 million was contributed by the United States.^[27]

Operations

Services provided by UNRWA include health care, education, relief and social services and micro-credit loan programmes. In the following, UNRWA's own descriptions of itself are summarized.

Education programme

UNRWA operates one of the largest school systems in the Middle East.^[28] It has been the main provider of basic education to Palestinian refugee children since 1950. The education programme is UNRWA's largest area of activity, accounting for half of its regular budget and 70 per cent of its staff. Basic education is available to all registered refugee children free of charge up to around the age of 15. In the 1960s UNRWA schools became the first in the region to achieve full gender equality.

Half the Palestine refugee population is under 25. Overcrowded classrooms containing 40 or even 50 pupils are common. Almost three quarters run on a double-shift system – where two separate groups of pupils and teachers share the same buildings, thus reducing teaching time. The school year is often interrupted by conflicts and children are often marked by trauma.

Key 2014 figures

• 476,323 students
• 703 schools
• 50% female students
• 23,366 educational staff
• US$755 annual cost per student

UNRWA also operates nine vocational and technical training colleges, two educational science faculties and two teacher-training institutes.

Per longstanding agreement, UNRWA schools follow the curriculum of their host countries. This allows UNRWA pupils to progress to further education or employment holding locally recognised qualifications and fits with the sovereignty requirements of countries hosting refugees. Wherever possible, UNRWA students take national exams conducted by the host governments. Pupils at UNRWA schools often out-perform government school pupils in these state exams.

Not all refugee children attend UNRWA schools. In Jordan and Syria children have full access to government schools and many attend those because they are close to where they live.

Relief and social services programme

In Palestinian refugee society, families without a male bread winner are often very vulnerable. Those headed by a widow, a divorcee or a disabled father often live in dire poverty.^[29]

These families are considered "hardship cases", and constitute less than 6% of the people served by UNRWA.

UNRWA provides food aid, cash assistance and help with shelter repairs to these families. In addition children from special hardship case families are given preferential access to the Agency's vocational training centres, while women in such families are encouraged to join UNRWA's women's programme centres. In these centres, training, advice and childcare are available to encourage female refugees’ social development.

UNRWA has created community-based organizations (CBOs) to target women, refugees with disabilities and to look after the needs of children. The CBOs now have their own management committees staffed by volunteers from the community. UNRWA provides them with technical and small amounts of targeted financial assistance, but many have made links of their own with local and international NGOs.

Health programme

Since 1950, UNRWA has been the main healthcare provider for the Palestinian refugee population.^[30] Basic health needs are met through a network of primary care clinics, providing access to secondary treatment in hospitals, food aid to vulnerable groups and environmental health in refugee camps.

Key figures 2014

• 139 primary health facilities based in or near UNRWA settlements/camps
• 3,107 health staff
• 3,134,732 refugees accessing health services
• 9,290,197 annual patient visits

The health of Palestine refugees has long resembled that of many populations in transition from developing world to developed world status. However, there is now a demographic transition.

People are living longer and developing different needs, particularly those related to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and chronic conditions that require lifelong care, such as diabetes, hypertension and cancer. A healthy life is a continuum of phases from infancy to old age, each of which has unique, specific needs, and our programme therefore takes a ‘life-cycle approach’ to providing its package of preventive and curative health services.

To address the changing needs of Palestine refugees, we undertook a major reform initiative in 2011. We introduced the Family Health Team (FHT) approach, based on the World Health Organization-indicated values of primary health care, in our primary health facilities (PHFs).

The FHT offers comprehensive primary health care services based on holistic care of the entire family, emphasizing long-term provider-patient relationships and ensuring person-centeredness, comprehensiveness and continuity. Moreover, the FHT helps address cross-cutting issues that impact health, such as diet and physical activity, education, gender-based violence, child protection, poverty and community development.

Medical services include outpatient care, dental treatment and rehabilitation for the physically disabled. Maternal and child healthcare (MCH) is a priority for UNRWA's health programme. School health teams and camp medical officers visit UNRWA schools to examine new pupils to aid early detection of childhood diseases. All UNRWA clinics offer family planning services with counselling that emphasises the importance of birth spacing as a factor in maternal and child health. Agency clinics also supervise the provision of food aid to nursing and pregnant mothers who need it and six clinics in the Gaza Strip have their own maternity units. Infant mortality rates have for some time been lower among refugees than the World Health Organisation's benchmark for the developing world.

UNRWA provides refugees with assistance in meeting the costs of hospitalisation either by partially reimbursing them, or by negotiating contracts with government, NGO and private hospitals.

Environmental health services The UNRWA Environmental Health programme

controls the quality of drinking water, provides sanitation and carries out vector and rodent control in refugee camps, thus reducing the risk of epidemics.

UNRWA Microfinance Department

UNRWA's Microfinance Department (MD) aims to alleviate poverty and support economic development in the refugee community by providing capital investment and working capital loans at commercial rates. The programme seeks to be as close to self-supporting as possible. It has a strong record of creating employment, generating income and empowering refugees.

The Microfinance Department is an autonomous financial unit within UNRWA, established in 1991 to provide microfinance services to Palestine refugees, as well as poor or marginal groups living and working in close proximity to them. With operations in three countries, the MD currently has the broadest regional coverage of any microfinance institution in the Middle East. Having begun its operations in the oPt, it remains the largest non-bank financial intermediary in the West Bank and Gaza.

Key Figures - cumulative as of 2014:

• 324,994 Number of Loans Awarded
• 368.1M USD Value of Loans Awarded
• 33% Youth Outreach
• 38% Women Outreach

Emergency operations

UNRWA takes a wide variety of action to mitigate the effects of emergencies on the lives of Palestine refugees.

Particularly in the West Bank and Gaza (occupied Palestinian territory (oPt)) there has been ongoing intervention made necessary by e.g. the 1967 war as well as the first and second intifadas, and - not least - the 2014 Gaza war.

Up until this point, the reconstruction work at Nahr el-Bared Palestine refugee camp in Lebanon has been the largest reconstruction project ever undertaken by UNRWA. This work started in 2009, and was made necessary when the camp was destroyed in the fighting between the Lebanese Armed Forces and Fatah al-Islam in 2007.

UNRWA evaluates the ongoing conflict in Syria as one of the most serious challenges ever. UNRWA supports Palestine both refugees displaced within Syria and those who have fled to neighbouring countries within the UNRWA areas of operations.

Services range from supplying temporary shelter, water, food, clothing, blankets - to temporary job-creation - to help for re-building. There is extensive cooperation with other international NGOs and local actors.

Infrastructure and camp/settlement improvement

About one-third of the 5 million refugees registered with the Agency live in recognized camps/settlements in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. To date, UNRWA has participated in re-building 5,223 Houses in Nahr el Bared in Northern Lebanon and has initiated a recovery and reconstruction plan for Gaza including clinics, schools, and housing units. Special funding has been provided by Saudi Arabia, Japan, the Netherlands, and the United Arab Emirates.

Praise

UNRWA has received extensive public expressions of praise and appreciation. This has likely contributed to the agency's mandate continually being renewed, most recently in June 2014, and to its considerable success with fund-raising from a very wide sponsor base.

In the time frame 1998–2009 some of the most notable praise and appreciation has been expressed by the Nobel Peace Laureates Mairéad Corrigan Maguire^[31] and Kofi Annan,^[32] by the President of the General Assembly of the United Nations,^[33] by UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon,^[34] and by representatives from the European Union,^[35] the United States,^[36] the Netherlands,^[37] Japan,^[38] Bangladesh,^[39] Cyprus,^[40] Jordan,^[41] Ghana, and Norway, among others. In 2007, the Permanent Representative of Norway to the United Nations described his country as a "strong supporter" of UNRWA, which acts as "a safety net" for the Palestine refugees, providing them with "immediate relief, basic services and the possibility of a life in dignity."^[42] The same day, the Representative of Iceland praised the fact that

"despite times of exceptional hardship and suffering in the region, UNRWA has been able to deliver substantial results. On the humanitarian front, UNRWA played a central role in easing the suffering of both refugees and Lebanese civilians during its emergency operations in Lebanon and on the Gaza Strip. Under often life-threatening conditions, UNRWA's staff showed relentless dedication to the Agency's responsibilities."

In 2007 Gershon Kedar, Israel's delegate to the fourth committee, confirmed Israel's support for the UNRWA: "My delegation wishes to inform the Committee that despite our concerns regarding the politicization of UNRWA, Israel supports its humanitarian mission, and will continue to work in a spirit of dialogue and cooperation with the agency under the leadership of its Commissioner-General, Karen Honing AbuZayd."^[43]

In 2011 UNRWA agreed to be assessed as a multilateral organisation by The Multilateral Organisation Performance Assessment Network (MOPAN).^[44]

MOPAN is network of donor countries with a common interest in assessing the organisational effectiveness of

multilateral organisations. MOPAN was established in 2002 in response to international fora on aid effectiveness and calls for greater donor harmonisation and coordination. Today (2011) MOPAN is made up of 16 donor countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, The Netherlands, Norway, Republic of Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. ... MOPAN assessments provide a snapshot of four dimensions of organisational effectiveness (strategic management, operational management, relationship management, and knowledge management). MOPAN does not examine an organisation’s development results.

^[45]

The MOPAN report evaluated a number of criteria positively. In UNRWA's response,^[46] the agency was pleased to note that "many of the challenges highlighted in the report reflect challenges within most, if not all, multilateral organisations."

UNRWA's continuously updated "press room page" refers to many articles and statements supportive to the agency. ^[47]

All in all, it must be said that UNRWA achievements are considerable despite operating under difficult conditions.

On many occasions UNRWA buildings have been caught in battles between Israeli soldiers and Palestinian militants resulting in the deaths of several employees.

The amount and variety of humanitarian assistance needed has been affected greatly by the tightening of the closure regime since the Second Intifada in the former Israeli-occupied territories, chiefly Gaza.^[48]

For many reasons its refugee load has increased much faster than its budget. The 1967 war created additional refugees. In addition, the descendents of refugees are also within UNRWA purview; with all generations included, there are about five million people who are eligible for UNRWA's services.

The number and complexity of tasks have also increased. UNRWA's original mandate does not require resettling refugees or transferring responsibility to the Palestinian Authority. Although the UN mandate is renewed every three years, resettling and transferring have never been added to the mandate.

Criticism and controversies

After 65 years, UNRWA may have become a nation and sub-culture unto itself. As Emanual Marx and Nitza Nachmias pointed out in 2004:

Most of the criticism concerns the UNRWA showing the pathology of "aging", including symptoms of inflexibility, resistance to adjust to the changing political environment and refusal to phase out and transfer its responsibilities to the Palestinian Authority.^[49]

UNRWA has initiated a reform program based on organizational development to improve efficiency in 2007.^[50]

As mentioned in another section, UNRWA has participated in a 2011 review of its internal practices. No follow-up can be identified.

In addition to challenges within internal operations, there are some more difficult issues which have been pointed out especially, but not solely, by Israel and pro-Israel groups.

UNRWA has been accused of hiring known militants, perpetuating Palestinian dependency, demonizing Israel, and funneling money from Western governments to line the pockets of the Palestinian Authority and purchasing arms for terrorists.^[51][52]

The mandate itself – including the definition of refugees

The UNRWA definition is meant solely to determine eligibility for UNRWA assistance. However, some argue it serves to perpetuate the conflict.^{[53][54][55][56][57]} Under General Assembly Resolution 194 (III), of 11 December 1948, other persons may be eligible for repatriation and/or compensation but are not necessarily eligible for relief under the UNRWA's working definition.

Creating dependency rather than resettling refugees

Although UNRWA's Mandate is only Relief and Works,^[58] the Wall Street Journal Europe edition, published an op-ed by Asaf Romirowsky and Alexander H. Joffe in April 2011 saying that despite UNRWA's "purported goal, it is hard to claim that the UNRWA has created any Palestinian institutions that foster a genuinely civil society. Ideally the UNRWA would be disbanded and Palestinians given the freedom – and the responsibility – to build their own society."^[59]

The High Commission is mandated to help refugees get on with their lives as quickly as possible, and works to settle them rapidly, most frequently in countries other than those they fled. UNRWA policy, however, states that the Palestinian Arabs who fled from Israel in the course of the 1948 war, plus all their descendants, are to be considered refugees until a just and durable solution can be found by political actors. UNRWA was specifically designed not to proscribe how the outcome of an agreement would take shape.

James G. Lindsay, a former UNRWA general-counsel and fellow researcher for Washington Institute for Near East Policy published a report for WINEP in 2009 in which he criticized UNRWA practices.^[60] One of his conclusions was that UNRWA’s failure to match UNHCR’s success in resettling refugees "obviously represents a political decision on the part of the agency" and "seems to favor the strain of Palestinian political thought espoused by those who are intent on a 'return' to the land that is now Israel". However, UNRWA has never been given a mandate by the UN General Assembly to resettle refugees.

In 2010 John Ging, head of UNRWA Gaza, had stated that he was disappointed in Linday's criticisms of UNRWA for failure to resettle refugees. Ging argued that there is "no basis to say that it is UNRWA’s decision because our mandate is given to us. I agree that it is a political failure, but we don’t set up the mandate, we are only the implementers".^[61]

In 2006, the UNRWA drew criticism from the US Congressmen Mark Kirk and Steven Rothman. Their letter, sent to the US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, stated in part: "After an exhaustive review of the UN's own audit, it is clear UNRWA is wrought by mismanagement, ineffective policies, and failure to secure its finances. We must upgrade UNRWA's financial controls, management and enforcement of US law that bars any taxpayer dollars from supporting terrorists."^[62] UNRWA responded by showing the results of its school students in Syria and Jordan, who outperform their peers in host-government schools. UNRWA also mentioned the difficult conditions in which it operates: its refugee load increased much faster than its budget, while the tightening of the closure regime since the Second Intifada deeply affected the humanitarian situation in the former Israeli-occupied territories.^[48]

Senator Kit Bond (R-MO) said that UNRWA is an example of a United Nations anti-Israel bias, and that Palestine refugees should be treated the same as all others with refugee status around the world.^[63]

In 2011, UNRWA spokesman Chris Gunness wrote

Palestinian refugees continue to be refugees because the issues which caused their exile remain outstanding. Only by addressing in a just and durable fashion the underlying causes of conflict – and by doing so in accordance with international law and the rights of refugees – can the refugee issue be laid to rest. This is the responsibility of the parties and international political actors. It is wishful, cynical thinking to suppose that Palestinian refugees can be made to "go away" by dispersing them around the globe or by dissolving the Agency established to protect and assist them pending a just and lasting solution to their plight.
source: Huffington Post^[64]

In 2014, UNRWA was accused of perpetuating the refugee status of Palestinians by Bassem Eid, the director of the Palestinian Human Rights Monitoring Group. He wrote, 'UNRWA, to continue its operation, depends on death and the visual suffering of five million Palestinians who continue to wallow in and around UNRWA facilities.' He concluded, 'In the eyes of the Palestinians, UNRWA acts a state with its own foreign policy. And that foreign policy does not serve the best interests of the Palestinian refugees.'^[65]

His article, however, has been the subject of criticism for its widespread inaccuracies and almost verbatim paraphrasing of another UNRWA-critic. According to McGill University political science professor Rex Brynen: “One could go on picking holes in the Eid op ed for some considerable time. However, what was also striking was the extent to which his piece seemed to simply paraphrase points that were made back in October by perennial anti-UNRWA gadfly David Bedein in the right-wing Arutz Sheva news service.”^[66]

Also published in the Jerusalem Post, UNRWA rejected claims that it supports extremism, or is anti-Israeli, and defended its record on the 'effectiveness of our efforts on neutrality'.^[67]

Execution-related controversies

Protection of Palestinian refugees

Asem Khalil, Associate Professor of Law at Birzeit University, and Dean of the Faculty of Law and Public Administration, has focused on human rights issues for Palestinians in host countries.^[68][69] After systematically documenting the human rights situation for Palestinians in Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria, he concludes:

The point this approach is stresses, I believe, is not that UNRWA is not necessary or that Palestinian refugeehood is not unique and special, but rather that UNRWA is not currently capable of ensuring necessary protection for Palestinian refugees, and that host Arab states cannot use the uniqueness of Palestinian refugeehood to continue upholding discriminatory laws and policies towards Palestinian refugees. ...

The global financial crisis may result in decreasing international funds to UNRWA, and UNRWA may be pushed towards reducing its services. Such a scenario will be felt by Palestinian refugees in particular ways, seeing the absence of alternative sources of income and the restrictive laws and policies that exist in some host countries. UNRWA is a main service provider for Palestinian refugees in host countries. It provides jobs for thousands of refugees, education, health care, and various other services that are extremely valuable and necessary.

... The issue at stake here is that UNRWA is not enough, but the alternative is not the replacement of UNRWA by UNHCR, rather the enhancement of the protection role of UNRWA, or the extension of protection mandate of UNHCR to Palestinian refugees besides (not instead) existing agencies dealing with Palestinian refugees ...^[70]

Textbook controversy

In 2005 Nathan Brown, Professor of Political Science at George Washington University, wrote a short but comprehensive review article about textbooks used by Palestinians, focusing especially on changes starting in 1994.

The Oslo agreements resulted in the dismantling of the Israeli office responsible for censorship of textbooks. Administration of the education system for all Palestinian students in the West Bank and Gaza was taken over by the Palestinian Authority (PA). Other Palestinian schools administered by UNRWA in neighboring countries were unaffected. With the end of UNESCO monitoring of the books, UNRWA moved to develop supplementary materials to teach tolerance in the schools it administered.^[71]

It is the PA textbooks used in UNRWA schools in the West Bank, Gaza and East Jerusalem that have been most extensively studied. The following discussions cannot be generalized to UNRWA schools elsewhere.

In the beginning, the PA used books from Jordan and Egypt. In 2000 it started issuing its own books. Nathan Brown investigated the differences between the new PA books and the ones being replaced^[72]

Regarding the Palestinian Authority's new textbooks, he states:

The new books have removed the anti-Semitism present in the older books while they tell history from a Palestinian point of view, they do not seek to erase Israel, delegitimize it or replace it with the "State of Palestine"; each book contains a foreword describing the West Bank and Gaza as "the two parts of the homeland"; the maps show some awkwardness but do sometimes indicate the 1967 line and take some other measures to avoid indicating borders; in this respect they are actually more forthcoming than Israeli maps; the books avoid treating Israel at length but do indeed mention it by name; the new books must be seen as a tremendous improvement from a Jewish, Israeli, and humanitarian view; they do not compare unfavorably to the material my son was given as a fourth grade student in a school in Tel Aviv".

Brown has pointed out that research into Palestinian textbooks conducted by the Centre for Monitoring the Impact of Peace in 1998 is misleading, because it evaluates the old books; and in 2000, its research mixed old and new books. ^[72]

In 2002, the United States Congress requested the United States Department of State to commission a reputable NGO to conduct a review of the new Palestinian curriculum. The Israel/Palestine Center for Research and Information (IPCRI) was thereby commissioned by the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv and the US Consul General in Jerusalem to review the Palestinian Authority's textbooks. Its report was completed in March 2003 and delivered to the State Department for submission to Congress. Its executive summary states: "The overall orientation of the curriculum is peaceful despite the harsh and violent realities on the ground. It does not openly incite against Israel and the Jews. It does not openly incite hatred and violence. Religious and political tolerance is emphasized in a good number of textbooks and in multiple contexts."

IPCRI's June 2004 follow-up report notes that "except for calls for resisting occupation and oppression, no signs were detected of outright promotion of hatred towards Israel, Judaism, or Zionism" and that "tolerance, as a concept, runs across the new textbooks". The report also stated that "textbooks revealed numerous instances that introduce and promote the universal and religious values and concepts of respect of other cultures, religions, and ethnic groups, peace, human rights, freedom of speech, justice, compassion, diversity, plurality, tolerance, respect of law, and environmental awareness".

However, the IPCRI noted a number of deficiencies in the curriculum.

The practice of 'appropriating' sites, areas, localities, geographic regions, etc. inside the territory of the State of Israel as Palestine/Palestinian observed in our previous review, remains a feature of the newly published textbooks (4th and 9th Grade) laying substantive grounds to the contention that the Palestinian Authority did not in fact recognize Israel as the State of the Jewish people. ...

The Summary also states that the curriculum asserts a historical Arab presence in the region, while

The Jewish connection to the region, in general, and the Holy Land, in particular, is virtually missing. This lack of reference is perceived as tantamount to a denial of such a connection, although no direct evidence is found for such a denial." It also notes that "terms and passages used to describe some historical events are sometimes offensive in nature and could be construed as reflecting hatred of and discrimination against Jews and Judaism."^[73]

The US State department has similarly raised concerns about the content of textbooks used in PA schools. In its 2009 Human Rights report, the U.S. State Department wrote that after a 2006 revision of textbooks by the PA Ministry of Education and Higher Education, international academics concluded that books did not incite violence against Jews but showed imbalance, bias, and inaccuracy. The examples given were similar to those given by IPCRI.^[74]

The Centre for Monitoring the Impact of Peace was re-constituted as The Institute for Monitoring Peace and Cultural Tolerance in School Education (IMPACT-SE) and seems to have improved the quality of its work. It has published a number of evaluations of PA textbooks^[75] The latest evaluation from 2011^[76] concludes that the situation had not significantly improved, and that there were in fact many examples of incitement to hatred and demonization of Israel - conclusions not widely shared by other experts.

In 2013 the results of a rigorous study, which also compared Israeli textbooks to PA textbooks, came out. The study was launched by the Council for Religious Institutions in the Holy Land, an interfaith association of Jewish, Christian, and Muslim leaders in Israel and the Occupied Territories. The study was overseen by an international Scientific Advisory Panel and funded by the United States State Department^[77] The Council published a report "Victims of Our Own Narratives? Portrayal of the 'Other' in Israeli and Palestinian School Books". ^[78]

Most books were found to be factually accurate except, for example, through presenting maps that present the area from the river to the sea as either Palestine or Israel. Israeli schoolbooks were deemed superior to Palestinian ones with regard to preparing children for peace, although various depictions of the "other" as enemy occurred in 75% of Israeli, and in 81% of Palestinian textbooks.^[79]

The study praised both Israel and the Palestinian Authority for producing textbooks almost completely unblemished by "dehumanizing and demonizing characterizations of the other". Yet many troubling examples were given of both sides failing to represent each other in a positive or even adequate way. And the problem was more pronounced in PA textbooks.^[80]

• Neutral depictions of "the other" were found in 4% of Israeli, and 15% of Palestinian textbooks.
• Overall negative or very negative representations of Palestinians occurred 49% of the time in Israeli state school books (73% in Haredi school books) and in 84% of Palestinian textbooks.^[80]
• Highly negative characterizations were discerned in 26% of Israeli state school books and 50% of the Palestinian ones.^[78]

Harsh critics of PA textbooks give similar examples, but weight them more heavily than IPCRI, the U.S. State Department and The Council for Religious Institutions in the Holy Land do. In addition, the critics point to subtle examples not picked up by these studies.

Dr. Arnon Groiss is perhaps the strongest academic critic. He had in the past conducted an independent research of Palestinian, Egyptian, Syrian, Saudi Arabian, Tunisian and Iranian schoolbooks between 2000 and 2010 and was thus appointed to be a member of the Scientific Advisory Panel for the study from The Council For Religious Institutions in the Holy Land. He criticized the study and its results for the following:^[81]

• selection of the Study Material: "highly demonizing pieces were not included, under the pretext that they were not explicit enough", "explicit denial…was not included too"
• categorization methods: "real cases of ignoring the 'other' deliberately without degrading him slipped away from scrutiny", false positive descriptions
• the quality and depth of the analysis: "There is no attempt to study the quotes more deeply and draw conclusions", "the report considers Jihad and martyrdom as values, which is acceptable academically, but it fails to evaluate their impact on the issues of war and peace".

Groiss concluded that "the main question, namely, to what extent is this or that party engaged in actual education for peace, if at all, has not been answered by the report itself."

All in all there seems to be broad agreement that there is continual improvement in the textbooks used by UNRWA - but very strong disagreement about whether the improvement is sufficient. In response to a critical report^[60] written in 2009 by former UNRWA general-counsel James G. Lindsay, fellow researcher for Washington Institute for Near East Policy John Ging, head of UNRWA Gaza, said: "As for our schools, we use textbooks of the Palestinian Authority. Are they perfect? No, they’re not. I can’t defend the indefensible."^[61]

UNRWA has taken many steps since the year 2000 to supplement the PA curriculum with concepts of human rights, nonviolent conflict resolution and tolerance. According to the UNRWA website:

"We have been delivering human rights education in our schools since 2000 to promote non-violence, healthy communication skills, peaceful conflict resolution, human rights, tolerance and good citizenship. In May 2012, the Agency endorsed its new Human Rights, Conflict Resolution and Tolerance (HRCRT) Policy to further strengthen human rights education in UNRWA. This policy builds upon past successes, but also draws from international best practices and paves the way to better integrate human rights education in all our schools. The HRCRT Policy reflects the UNRWA mandate of quality education for Palestine refugees and sets out a common approach among all UNRWA schools for the teaching and learning of human rights, conflict resolution and tolerance. The vision of the policy is to "provide human rights education that empowers Palestine refugee students to enjoy and exercise their rights, uphold human rights values, be proud of their Palestinian identity, and contribute positively to their society and the global community.""^[82]

Relationship with Hamas

In April 2013 Palestinian journalist, Hazem Balousha, summed up years of tension between UNRWA and Hamas

Agency in Gaza faces increasing difficulty in carrying out its work, as the Hamas-led government claims some of its activities are not in line with the Strip’s Islamic culture and values ... ^[83]

According to The Guardian, Hamas has in some cases threatened UN staff in Gaza; the former UNRWA chief in Gaza, John Ging, has survived two assassination attempts.^[84]

Peter Hansen, UNRWA's former Commissioner-General (1996–2005), caused controversy in Canada in October 2004 when he said in an interview with CBC TV:

Oh I am sure that there are Hamas members on the UNRWA payroll and I don't see that as a crime. Hamas as a political organization does not mean that every member is a militant and we do not do political vetting and exclude people from one persuasion as against another.
We demand of our staff, whatever their political persuasion is, that they behave in accordance with UN standards and norms for neutrality.^[85][86]

Hansen later specified that he had been referring not to active Hamas members, but to Hamas sympathizers within UNRWA. In a letter to the Agency's major donors, he said he was attempting to be honest because UNRWA has over 8,200 employees in the Gaza Strip. Given the 30% support to Hamas in Gaza at the time, and UNRWA's workforce of 11,000 Palestinians, at least some Hamas sympathizers were likely to be among UNRWA's employees. The important thing, he wrote, was that UNRWA's strict rules and regulations ensured that its staff remained impartial UN servants. However, he was retired from United Nations service against his will on 31 March 2005.^[87][88][89]

James G. Lindsay, a former UNRWA general-counsel and fellow researcher for Washington Institute for Near East Policy published a report for WINEP in 2009 in which he criticized UNRWA practices.^[60] One of his conclusions was that UNRWA is not ousting terrorists from its ranks:

UNRWA has taken very few steps to detect and eliminate terrorists from the ranks of its staff or its beneficiaries, and no steps at all to prevent members of organizations such as Hamas from joining its staff. UNRWA has no preemployment security checks and does not monitor off-time behavior to ensure compliance with the organization's anti-terrorist rules. No justification exists for millions of dollars in humanitarian aid going to those who can afford to pay for UNRWA services.^[60][90]

In 2013 Lt. Col. (ret.) Jonathan Dahoah-Halevi, senior researcher of the Middle East and radical Islam at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs,^[91] asserted that 'the UNRWA workers union has been controlled in practice by Hamas for many years'.^[92][93]

According to The Jerusalem Post and Fox News Hamas won a teachers union election for UN schools in Gaza in 2009.^[94][95] UNRWA has strongly denied this and notes that “Staff elections are conducted on an individual – not party list – basis for unions that handle normal labour relations – not political – issues.^[96] In addition, John Ging, the Gaza head of operations, said in a letter dated 29 March 2009 that employees must not "be under the influence of any political party in the conduct of their work."^[97]

It has also been claimed that in 2012, the Hamas "Professional List" again won a Staff Union election in UNRWA. The Professional List is led by alleged senior Hamas activist Suheil Al-Hind. More than 9500 UNRWA employees in the Gaza Strip participated; this represented more than 80% turnout. The professional list won three UNRWA workers groups: the employees’, teachers’, and services’ unions.^{[98][99][100]}

Schools

It has been reported that Hamas has interfered with curriculum and textbooks in UNRWA schools.

For example, in 2009 it caused UNRWA to suspend a decision to introduce Holocaust studies in its schools.^[101]

One of UNRWA's flagships has been gender-equality and integration. But Hamas militants have firebombed UNRWA mixed-gender summer camps,^[84] and in 2013 Hamas passed a law requiring gender segregation in schools for all pupils nine years of age and older in Gaza.^[102] The law does not apply to UNRWA schools.

Elhanen Miller, Arab affairs reporter for The Times of Israel, wrote in February 2014 that Hamas was "bashing" UNRWA's human rights curriculum, saying that it included too many examples and values foreign to Palestinian culture and had too much emphasis on peaceful resistance rather than armed resistance. In this case UNRWA refused to be swayed. Spokesman Chris Gunness:

UNRWA has no plans to change its education programs in Gaza... human rights are taught in all UNRWA schools from grades 1 through 9, discussing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

UNRWA's education system takes as its basis the curriculum taught by the PA and so we use PA textbooks in preparing children in Gaza for public examinations. ... In addition, we enrich our education programs in Gaza with an agreed human rights curriculum which has been developed with the communities we serve: with educationalists, parents groups, teachers associations, staff members and others. We have done our utmost in developing these materials to be sensitive to local values while also being true to the universal values that underpin the work of the United Nations.^[103]

However, after a few days, UNRWA consented to temporarily suspending the use of only the books used in grades 7-9 (continuing to use the books used in grades 1-6) pending further discussions.^[104]

Camps and sports

Hamas has denounced UNRWA and Ging, accusing them of using their summer camps to corrupt the morals of Palestinian youth. Hamas also advised UNRWA to reexamine its curriculum to ensure its suitability for Palestinian society, due to the mixing of genders at the camps.

In September 2011 it was reported that, under pressure from Hamas, UNRWA has made all its summer camps single-sex.^[101]

Hamas has its own network of summer camps and the two organizations are regarded to be vying for influence with Gazan youth.^[105] Islamic Jihad has also run summer camps since 2013^[106]

UNRWA did not operate its summer camps for summer 2012 and summer 2014 due to a lack of available funding. Hamas has filled this void and now is the direct provider of summer activities for about 100,000 children and youths.^[107]

In 2013, UNRWA canceled its planned marathon in Gaza after Hamas rulers prohibited women from participating in the race.^[108]

In 2013, Israeli media outlets aired a video documenting UNRWA-funded summer camps where children are being taught to engage in violence with Israelis. The video airs speakers telling campers “With God’s help and our own strength we will wage war. And with education and Jihad we will return to our homes!” A student is also shown on camera describing that “the summer camp teaches us that we have to liberate Palestine.”^[109]

UNRWA denies that the video shows UNRWA summer camps and instead shows footage of camps that were not operated by UNRWA. Following the release of the film, UNRWA released a statement that read, in part:

UNRWA has conducted a lengthy and detailed investigation into the film and we categorically reject the allegations it contains. The film is grossly misleading and we regret the damage it has caused to UNRWA and the United Nations.

The film-maker concerned has a history of making baseless claims about UNRWA, all of which we have investigated and demonstrated to be patently false. It has long been the practice of the film-maker to show non-UNRWA activities and portray them as activities of UNRWA. He has done this again and we again reject his allegations. Our repeated rejection of his falsehoods is a matter of public record.

The main accusation in the film is that incitement is promoted during UNRWA 'summer camps’. The 'summer camp’ shown in the West Bank was not affiliated with or organized by UNRWA. The only UNRWA summer activities actually depicted are those shot in Gaza. However, our investigation of the film has revealed that absolutely nothing anti-Semitic or inflammatory was done or said in the scenes filmed in Gaza.

In addition, those interviewed in the film are presented with captions that identify them as UNRWA staff members. However, only one of those interviewed is an UNRWA staff member. The comment she makes does not violate UNRWA’s neutrality policy.

UNRWA is committed to fostering human rights and tolerance, and teaches these values through the curriculum in its schools. UNRWA is one of the few organizations that has implemented human rights and conflict resolution training for millions of Palestine refugee children in the complex political environment of the Middle East for over 12 years.^[110]

UNRWA facilities being abused by Hamas militants

In 2003, Israel released to newspapers what the New York Times called a "damning intelligence report". Citing interrogations of suspected militants, the document claims that UNRWA operations being used as cover for Palestinian terrorists, including smuggling arms in UN ambulances and hosting meetings of Tanzim in UN buildings.^[111] UN officials responded, according to the NY Times, by saying that it is Israel that has "lost its objectivity and begun regarding anyone who extends a hand to a Palestinian as an enemy."^[111]

The Israel Defense Forces released a video from May 2004, in which armed Palestinian militants carry an injured colleague into an UNRWA ambulance, before boarding with him. The ambulance driver requested that the armed men leave, but was threatened and told to drive to a hospital. UNRWA issued a plea^[112] to all parties to respect the neutrality of its ambulances.

On 1 October 2004, Israel again lodged accusations against UNRWA. The video documentation was not convincing, and the Israeli military changed some of its earlier statements and conceded the possibility that the object could have indeed been a stretcher, but did not offer the apology Hansen had demanded.^{[113][114][115]}

The Israeli Army circulates footage taken on 29 October 2007 showing three militants firing mortars from UNRWA boys’ school in Beit Hanoun, Gaza. The militants were able to enter due to the fact that the school was evacuated at the time because of the war.

According to former Israeli ambassador to the United Nations Dore Gold:^[116]

Although education was one of the fields in which UNRWA was supposed to provide aid, the agency did nothing to alter Palestinian educational texts that glorified violence and continuing war against Israel.

This has been found to be false in several US State Department reports such as Brown and PICRI cited above.

On 4 February 2009, UNRWA halted aid shipments into the Gaza Strip after it accused Hamas of breaking into a UN warehouse and stealing tonnes of blankets and food which had been earmarked for needy families.^[117][118] A few days later, the UN resumed aid after the missing supplies had been returned.^[119]

On 5 August 2009, the IDF accused Hamas of stealing three ambulances that had just been transferred through Israel to the UNRWA. The UNRWA spokesman denied the claim.^[120] A week later, Hamas confirmed it confiscated the ambulances due to bureaucratic reasons. A UNRWA spokesman also confirmed this but soon retracted this admission and denied the incident, even publicizing a photo it claimed was of one its officials with the ambulances.^[121]

Al-Fakhura violence

On 7 January 2009, UNRWA officials alleged that the prior day, in the course of the Gaza War, the Israel Defense Forces shelled the area outside a UNRWA school in Jabalya, Gaza, killing more than forty people. The IDF initially claimed it was responding to an attack by Hamas gunman hiding in the compound, but upon reexamination, said that an "errant shell had hit the school." Maxwell Gaylord, the UN humanitarian coordinator, stated that the UN "would like to clarify that the shelling, and all of the fatalities, took place outside rather than inside the school.^[122]

UNRWA has consistently rejected the allegation that militants used the Agency's installations during the Gaza war in 2008–2009.^[123] These accusations have been published by some media outlets, although they are sometimes retracted. In 2012 when on two occasions, Israel Channel Two TV, the most popular network in Israel apologised and issued a retraction of these allegations.^[124][125]

During the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, UNRWA spokesmen reported in July that weapons were found in three vacant UNRWA schools which had been closed for the summer.^{[126][127][128]} UNRWA strongly condemned the activity as a "flagrant violation of the inviolability of its premises under international law" and UNRWA staff were withdrawn from the premises.^[129] It appears, however, that UNRWA returned weapons to the local government – meaning Hamas.^[130]

In July 2014, three Israeli soldiers died from a booby-trap in a clinic. Initially it was reported to be an UNRWA clinic but the IDF shortly thereafter retracted the claim thought it was noted that it had an UNRWA sign on it. The UNRWA sign on the building therefore may have been stolen and placed there by someone, perhaps seeking to protect the building.^[131]

Even though the claim of the booby-trapped UNRWA clinic proved to be false, it has been repeated on several occasions by vocal UNRWA opponents, including at an official hearing of the U.S. House Committee on Foreign Affairs on September 9, 2014. During the hearing, “Hamas’ Benefactors: A Network of Terror,” Jonathan Schanzer from the Foundation for Defense of Democracies told the Committee that UNRWA was “allowing for the building of tunnels, these commando tunnels, underneath their facilities in my opinion very much needs to be investigated.”^[132] It is unclear whether Schanzer knew he was misleading the Committee, though he also repeated the assertion at an event hosted by the Foundation for Defense of Democracies entitled “The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict” on August 13, 2014, where he stated there was “at least one booby-trapped tunnel under one of its facilities.”^[133]

Social media and incitement

According to UN Watch, at least ten different UNRWA employees used the social media in October 2015 to incite Palestinian stabbing and shooting attacks against Israelis, with one calling on Facebook to "stab Zionist dogs."^[134] UN secretary-general spokesperson said that more than 90 Facebook pages violating UNWRA social media rules were removed. Some of the posts were made by imposters or former UNWRA employees and some by current UNWRA staff.^[135] In addition, an UNRWA spokesperson was quoted in The Forward as saying that staff members had been sanctioned, “including loss of pay” and that remaining allegations were “under assessment.” He also noted that “In some cases, we have determined the alleged ‘UNRWA staff’ are not in fact UNRWA employees or are no longer UNRWA employees.”^[136]

Investigations and calls for accountability and/or reform

Many critics of UNRWA recognize that the refugees registered with UNRWA need massive help. They realize that the agency needs support—with more oversight and coordination with the Palestinian Authority. And they believe that disbanding UNRWA at this time or in the very near future is not a relevant goal.

Writing in the Middle East Monitor in April 2012, Karen Koning AbuZayd , a former Commissioner-General of the UNRWA (2005–2009), argued that "UNRWA needs support not brickbats".^[137] She concludes

... even those who scrutinise it most closely and challenge it most severely are those who also ensure that its programmes receive adequate funding. They, like others who view the agency more positively, realise that UNRWA makes a major contribution to stability in the Middle East.

Writing in the Times of Israel on 31 July 2014,^[138] David Horovits concludes in his analysis that although Israel has many complaints against UNRWA, it is not interested in abolishing it. Already at that point, less than four weeks into the 2014 war, there were 225,000 displaced persons within Gaza—and nobody to help them in a major way except UNRWA. And Horovits notes:

Israel takes into account that UNRWA, like all international organizations operating in Gaza, is being closely watched by Hamas for signs that it is not sufficiently critical of Israel.

Credible calls for accountability and/or reform tend to follow this line of reasoning, as exemplified below.

2004 Investigation by the United States Congress The United States government financed a programme of "Operations Support Officers", part of whose job is to make random and unannounced inspections of UNRWA facilities to ensure their sanctity from militant operations. In 2004 the US Congress asked the General Accounting Office to investigate media claims that taxpayer's dollars given to UNRWA had been used to support individuals involved in militant activities. During its investigation, the GAO discovered several irregularities in its processing and employment history.^[139]

James G. Lindsay On the basis of his 2009 analyses for WINEP, referred to in previous sections, former UNRWA general-counsel James G. Lindsay and fellow researcher for Washington Institute for Near East Policy^[60] made the following suggestions for improvement:

UNRWA should make the following operational changes: halt its one-sided political statements and limit itself to comments on humanitarian issues; take additional steps to ensure the agency is not employing or providing benefits to terrorists and criminals; and allow the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), or some other neutral entity, to provide balanced and discrimination-free textbooks for UNRWA schools.^[60]

Andrew Whitley, director of the UNRWA representative office at UN headquarters in New York, said: "The agency is disappointed by the findings of the study, found it to be tendentious and partial, and regrets in particular the narrow range of sources used".^[140]

UNRWA's Jerusalem spokesman Chris Gunness stated that UNRWA rejects Lindsay's report and its findings and claimed that the study was inaccurate and misleading, since it "makes selective use of source material and fails to paint a truthful portrait of UNRWA and its operations today".^[141]

In response to the criticism of his report from UNRWA, Lindsay writes:

Despite repeated requests from the author, the agency declined to identify the alleged weaknesses on the grounds that “our views—and understanding—of UNRWA’s role, the refugees and even U.S. policy are too far apart for us to take time (time that we do not have) to enter into an exchange with little likelihood of influencing a narrative which so substantially differs from our own.” Thus, the paper has not benefited from any input by UNRWA, whether a discussion of policy or even correction of alleged errors.^[142]

Canadian redirection of funds from UNRWA to specific PA projects In January 2010, the Government of Canada announced that it was redirecting aid previously earmarked to UNRWA "to specific projects in the Palestinian Authority that will ensure accountability and foster democracy in the PA." Victor Toews, the president of Canada's Treasury Board, stated, "Overall, Canada is not reducing the amount of money given to the PA, but it is now being redirected in accordance with Canadian values. This "will ensure accountability and foster democracy in the PA." Previously, Canada provided UNRWA with 11 percent of its budget at $10 million (Canadian) annually.^[143][144] The decision came despite positive internal evaluations of the Agency by CIDA officials.^[145] The Canadian decision put it very much at odds with the US and EU, which maintained or increased their levels of funding. Some suggested that the decision also cost Canada international support in its failed October 2010 effort to obtain a seat on the UN Security Council.^[146]

Documents obtained from the Canadian International Development Agency revealed that even the government of Israel opposed the Canadian move, and had asked Ottawa to resume contributions to UNRWA's General Fund.^[147]

UNRWA Reform Initiative An initiative to reform UNRWA was announced by the Center for Near East Policy Research in March 2014.^[148]

The Center carries out research and (through its "Israel Resource News Agency") investigative journalism and research in cooperation with a wide variety of organisations and researchers, such as The Middle East Forum, which has published an entire issue of Middle East Quarterly discussing the challenges facing UNRWA.^[149]

The main thrust of the UNRWA Reform Initiative is to present documentation of problems with UNRWA to sponsor nations and organisations with the aim of increasing sponsor demands for accountability. UNRWA has stated on multiple occasions that the head of this initiative, David Bedein, fabricates the information he publishes.^{[150][151][152][153]}

2014 call for US investigation In August 2014 US Senators demanded an impartial investigation into UNRWA's alleged participation in the 2014 Gaza-Israel conflict, accusing UNRWA of being complicit with Hamas.^[154]

Members of the United States Senate are demanding an independent investigation into the role of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency during Israel's most recent war in Gaza with Hamas.

... While the letter does not call on the State Department to cut aid, the senators write that the American taxpayers "deserve to know if UNRWA is fulfilling its mission or taking sides in this tragic conflict." ... Responding to the letter, a State Department spokesman said that the UN is taking "proactive steps to address this problem," including deploying munitions experts to the strip in search of more weapons caches. "The international community cannot accept a situation where the United Nations– its facilities, staff and those it is protecting—are used as shields for militants and terrorist groups," State Department spokesman Edgar Vasquez told The Jerusalem Post. "We remain in intensive consultations with UN leadership about the UN’s response." ...

"There are few good solutions given the exceptionally difficult situation in Gaza," Vasquez continued, "but nonetheless we are in contact with the United Nations, other UNRWA donors and concerned parties— including Israel—on identifying better options for protecting the neutrality of UN facilities and ensuring that weapons discovered are handled appropriately and do not find their way back to Hamas or other terrorist groups."^[155]

Relations with Israel

After Israel captured the West Bank and Gaza in the June 1967 Six-Day War, Israel requested that the UNRWA continue its operations there, and agreed to facilitate them.^[156] Since then the relationship has been characterized as "an uneasy marriage of convenience between two unlikely bedfellows that has helped perpetuate the problem both have allegedly sought to resolve."^[157]

Immediately following the Six Day War, on June 14th UNRWA Commissioner-General Dr. Lawrence Michelmore and Political Advisor to the Israeli Foreign Minister Michael Comay exchanged letters that has since served as much of the basis for the relationship between Israel and UNRWA.^[158] Commonly referred to the Comay-Michelmore Exchange of Letters,^[159][160] the initial letter from Michelmore reiterates a verbal conversation between the two, stating that:

at the request of the Israel Government, UNRWA would continue its assistance to the Palestine refugees, with the full co-operation of the Israel authorities, in the West Bank and Gaza Strip areas. For its part, the Israel Government will facilitate the task of UNRWA to the best of its ability, subject only to regulations or arrangements which may be necessitated by considerations of military security.^[158]

In his responding letter, Comay wrote:

I agree that your letter and this reply constitute a provisional agreement between UNRWA and the Government of Israel, to remain in force until replaced or cancelled.^[158]

UNWRA building shelled by Israeli army, 15 January 2009

UNRWA has been criticised by the Israeli government and politicians for alleged involvement with Palestinian militant groups, such as Hamas. Israel has stated that Peter Hansen, UNRWA's former Commissioner-General (1996–2005) "consistently adopted a trenchant anti-Israel line" which resulted in biased and exaggerated reports against Israel.

UNRWA has also lodged complaints, for example:

Al-Aqsa Intifada 2000– allegations of Israeli interference with UNRWA operations During the Al-Aqsa Intifada, which started in late 2000, UNRWA often complained that Israeli road closures, curfews and checkpoints in the West Bank and Gaza have interfered with its ability to carry out its humanitarian mandate. The Agency has also complained that large scale house demolitions in the Gaza Strip have left over 30,000 people homeless. Israel justifies the demolitions as anti-terrorism measures.^[161]

November 2002 allegation that an Israeli sniper killed UNRWA employee In November 2002 Iain Hook, a British employee of UNRWA, was shot and killed by an Israeli military sniper while working in the Jenin refugee camp, during an operation to locate a Palestinian militant suspected of masterminding a suicide bombing which had killed 14 people earlier in 2002. Peter Hansen, the head of UNRWA at the time criticized the killing: "Israeli snipers had sights. They would have known who the two internationals (non-Palestinians) were. They did not dress like Palestinians."^[162]

Death of UNRWA Staff Member in Kalandia Refugee Camp In August 2013, UNRWA released a statement that accused Israel of killing one of its staff members and injuring another in the Kalandia refugee camp during a raid. According to the release from August 26, 2013, “UNRWA deeply regrets to confirm that one of its staff members, a 34-year-old father of four, was shot dead by Israeli forces and killed instantly in an operation in Kalandia refugee camp in the occupied West Bank at approximately seven o'clock this morning. Credible reports say that he was on his way to work and was not engaged in any violent activity. He was shot in the chest. Another UNRWA staff member, a sanitation laborer, was shot in the leg during the same operation and is in a stable condition.”^[163]

2014 Israel–Gaza conflict

During the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, there were many accusations by Israel, and many rebuttals by UNRWA. For example Israel's Channel 2 claimed in a report that an UNRWA ambulance was used to transport militants. It later retracted that claim, after being confronted with "incontrovertible evidence", in the words of UNRWA.^[164]

Israel damaged or destroyed a number of UNRWA facilities claiming that they were used for war purposes and thus legitimate targets. According to a UN report, Israel struck seven Gaza shelters, which led to at least 44 Palestinians killed and at least 227 injured.^[165] It also said Palestinian groups stored weapons in three schools^{[166][167][168][169]} and likely fired rockets from two of them.^[165] UN Sec Gen Ban Ki Moon condemned the use of shelters as a weapons depot.^[170]

UNRWA schools and personnel were in the line of fire during the war - even when 290,000 people were staying in UNRWA schools being used as shelters.

During one of the many ceasefires in the war, UNRWA announced nine UNRWA staff members were killed in Israeli shelling of shelters.^[171]

See also

• List of Directors and Commissioners-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
• 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict
• Israel, Palestine, and the United Nations
• Israeli-Palestinian conflict
• Nahr al-Bared
• Palestine refugee
• Palestinian people
• Palestinian textbook controversy
• United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict

References

1. Frequently asked questions
2. Dowty, Alan (2012), Israel/Palestine, Polity, p. 243, ISBN 9780745656113
3. Howard Adelman, Elazar Barkan (28 June 2011). No Return, No Refuge: Rites and Rights in Minority Repatriation. Columbia University Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-231-15336-2.
4. UNRWA in Figures.
5. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Website.
6. Miller, Elhanan (June 2012). "Palestinian Refugees and the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Negotiations" (PDF). International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence. Retrieved 17 January 2015. To use a trite image, while UNHCR strives to give its refugees fishing rods, UNRWA is busy distributing fish
7. "Consolidated Eligibility and Registration Instructions" (PDF). UNRWA. Persons who meet UNRWA’s Palestine Refugee criteria These are persons whose normal place of residence was Palestine during the period 1 June 1946 to 15 May 1948, and who lost both home and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 conflict. Palestine Refugees, and descendants of Palestine refugee males, including legally adopted children, are eligible to register for UNRWA services. The Agency accepts new applications from persons who wish to be registered as Palestine Refugees. Once they are registered with UNRWA, persons in this category are referred to as Registered Refugees or as Registered Palestine Refugees.
8. http://www.unrwa.org/content/general-assembly-resolution-302
9. Khouri, Fred (1985). The Arab-Israeli Dilemma (3rd edition). Syracuse University Press. pp. 129–130. ISBN 0-8156-2340-2.
10. "UNRWA's Frequently Asked Questions". United Nations. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
11. "Palestine Refugees". United Nations. Retrieved 2014-08-15.
12. UNRWA In Figures
13. Geneva Conference Report 2004
14. "Filippo Grandi Ends Term as UNRWA Commissioner-General | UNRWA". unrwa.org. Retrieved 2014-09-14.
15. Pierre Krähenbühl Assumes Post as UNRWA Commissioner-General, UNRWA
16. http://www.unrwa.org/sites/default/files/302%20%28IV%29.pdf
17. http://www.unrwa.org/who-we-are/advisory-commission
18. http://www.unrwa.org/who-we-are/advisory-commission/members-advisory-commission
19. UNRWA. "Frequently Asked Questions". Retrieved 2011-09-25.
20. "'Sounds worrying'". Al Ahram weekly. 2009-04-09. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-08-14.
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23. UNRWA funds ideological camps
24. "Net official development assistance (ODA) per capita for countries receiving over $2 billion in 2012, latest World Bank figures published in 2014". World Bank. 2014-08-15. Archived from the original on 2014-07-15. Retrieved 2014-08-15.
25. "World Development Indicators: Aid dependency Table of all countries". World Bank. 2014-08-15. Archived from the original on 2014-07-15. Retrieved 2014-08-15.
26. http://www.unrwa.org/sites/default/files/top_20_donors_overall.pdf
27. Sadallah Bulbul (19 March 2014). "TOP 20 DONORS TO UNRWA IN 2013" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-09-14.
28. From UNRWAs page and sub-pages about its educational programmes and sub-pages ; no update date shown, accessed 2014-08-25. Within the pages on education programmes, UNRWA tells about special knowledge and skills; no update date shown, accessed 2014-08-25
29. From UNRWA's page and subpages about its Relief and social services. No update date shown; accessed 2014-08-25
30. From UNRWAs page and sub-pages about health services; no update date shown, accessed 2014-08-25
31. Statement from Nobel Peace Laureate Mairead Corrigan Maguire in support of UNRWA's Stand Up! Activities. 2006
32. Secretary-General's address at the UNRWA West Bank Field Office 14 March 2005
33. United Nations press release – DONOR COUNTRIES PLEDGE $38.5 MILLION TO UNRWA'S REGULAR BUDGET, $22 MILLION TO EMERGENCY APPEAL, December 2000
34. http://reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/EGUA-7EDQJA?OpenDocument&query=unrwa
35. 26 October 2000: Statement by Mr. Christophe Bigot
36. ISRAELI RESTRICTIONS PLACED ON PALESTINE RELIEF AND WORKS AGENCY CRITICIZED BY SPEAKERS IN FOURTH COMMITTEE, November 2001
37. The Netherlands Support UNRWA Community Centre in Syria
38. Special Political and Decolonization Committee (Fourth Committee)- Summary record of the 21st meeting held at Headquarters, New York, on Tuesday, 2 November 2004, at 2 :30 p.m.
39. Statement by Mr. M. Shameem Ahsan, Representative of Bangladesh to the Fourth Committee on Agenda item 76 : Report of the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, 5 November 2002
40. Statement by the Deputy Representative of Cyprus to the Fourth Committee Mr. James Droushiotis United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees, November 1998
41. Remarks by Foreign Minister Abdelelah Al-Khatib at the opening of a two-day meeting of UNRWA's donor countries and host authorities, 11 December 2006
42. UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY, 62nd SESSION , 4th COMMITTEE – UNRWA, STATEMENT BY NORWAY
43. United Nations - 62nd Session of the General Assembly. Statement by Mr Gershon Kedar. New York, 7 November 2007.
44. Mariane Arsenault (14 December 2011). "MOPAN 2011 Assessment of UNRWA" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-09-14.
45. For more information on MOPAN and to access previous MOPAN reports, please visit the MOPAN website
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55. Spyer, Jonathan. "UNRWA: Barrier to Peace." Bar-Ilan University. 27 May 2008. 1 March 2009. "Due to this special status, the UNRWA perpetuates, rather than resolves, the Palestinian refugee issue, and therefore serves as a major obstacle toward resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict."
56. Romirowsky, Asaf and Jonathan Spyer. "How UNRWA creates dependency." Middle East Forum. 3 December 2007. 27 February 2009. "As it stands, the self-perpetuating bureaucracy of UNRWA is one of the central factors offering day jobs to members of terror groups, propping up Palestinian dependency and perpetuating the myths and falsehoods about Israel which help prevent a solution to the conflict."
57. Berkowitz, Peter (6 August 2008). "UNRWA Needs Major Reform". Washington Times. This enables UNRWA to fuel the conflict with Israel by cultivating a trans-generational belief among Palestinians that the one-and-only solution to their plight consists in returning to homes and lands vacated more than half a century ago.
58. UNRWA. "Frequently asked questions". UNRWA. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
59. Defund the UNRWA
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61. Adi Schwartz "UNRWA’s existence is a failure", Adi Schwartz' Blog (an Unabridged version of an article published in Israeli daily newspaper "Israel HaYom"), 15 November 2010
62. UNRWA fails to comply with US anti-terrorism law (Jerusalem Post) 29 September 2006
63. Senator Bond's Senate Statement on Anti-Semitism
64. Chris Gunness, UNRWA Jerusalem spokesman, 30 August 2011
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72. Getting Beyond the Rhetoric about the Palestinian Curriculum Summary of Research on Palestinian Textbooks. By Nathan J. Brown, 1 January 2002.
73. Analysis and Evaluation of the New Palestinian Curriculum; Reviewing Palestinian Textbooks and Tolerance Education Program Grades 4 & 9
74. 2009 Human Rights Report: Israel and the occupied territories
75. The reports are listed here "IMPACT-SE's Reports: Palestinian Authority". IMPACT-SE describes itself like this: "IMPACT-SE is the only interdisciplinary research organization that monitors and analyses schoolbooks and curricula across the world with an eye to determining their compliance with international standards on peace and tolerance, as derived directly from UNESCO declarations and resolutions. A pioneer in the field of textbook analysis, IMPACT-SE endeavors to present a clear picture of how different countries instruct and educate their youth with regard to different religions, societies, cultures, democratic values and the "other." It is dedicated to peacemaking between peoples and nations by encouraging acceptance of the "other" and rejection of violent conflict resolution. The Institute for Monitoring Peace and Cultural Tolerance in School Education—formerly referred to as the Center for Monitoring the Impact of Peace (CMIP)—is a registered non-profit, non-partisan research institute. It is run by a group of volunteers in the Middle East and Europe, and it is governed by a General Assembly, a Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and an International Advisory Board.
76. "Israel, the West, Women and the Environment in Palestinian Textbooks" (PDF). 11 October 2012. Retrieved 2014-09-14.
77. Israeli-Palestinian schoolbook Project, Council of the Religious Institutions of the Holy Land, 2009.
78. Danielle Ziri, 'Textbooks show both sides to blame for enmity', The Jerusalem Post, 4 February 2013.
79. Gwen Ackerman 'Israeli, Palestinian Textbooks Reflect Narratives of Conflict,' at Bloomberg com, February 4.
80. Edmund Sanders, 'Israeli and Palestinian textbooks fail balance test, study finds,' at Los Angeles Times, 4 February 2013
81. 'Comments on: Victims of Our Own Narratives' Israel Resource Review 7 February 2013
82. "What we do: Human Rights Education". UNRWA. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
83. "Hamas Gaza Tension UNWRA". al-monitor.comdate=9 April 2013. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
84. Sherwood, Harriet (4 August 2014). "UN dragged into conflict between Israel and Hamas in Gaza". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
85. accessed 2014-09-01 Canada looking at UN agency over Palestinian connection", CBC News Posted Oct 03, 2004 6:24 PM ET Last Updated Oct 04, 2004 3:56 PM ET
86. Matthew Levitt, Dennis Ross (2007). Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad. Yale University Press. p. 95. ISBN 9780300122589. Retrieved 2011-01-19.
87. BBC NEWS | Middle East | Unrwa head to go against his will
88. "IN BRIEF: UNRWA Chief Hansen Pushed Out | ICEJ Northern Ireland". nir.icej.org. Retrieved 2014-09-14.
89. "Bush forces UN refugee chief to go | World news | The Guardian". theguardian.com. Retrieved 2014-09-14.
90. 'UNRWA staff not tested for terror ties', [Jerusalem Post].
91. "Lt. Col. (ret.) Jonathan D. Halevi". jcpa.org. Retrieved 2014-09-14.
92. Dahoah-Halevi, Jonathan (2013-08-31). "Policy Paper for Submission to the UN: UNRWA Pt I Exposé : UNRWA as a Convenient Surrogate for Terrorists Organizations.". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 2014-08-31.
93. http://thelawfareproject.org/Examining_UNRWA.pdf
94. Hamas wins teachers union elections for UN schools in Gaza, Jerusalem Post March 29, 2009
95. UN agency faces criticism after Hamas-tied candidates win majority of seats on Gaza union board
96. LETTER TO THE EDITOR: UN AGENCY RESPONDS, UNRWA April 9, 2009
97. "Letter obtained by Associated Press". 1 April 2009. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
98. "Landslide victory for Hamas bloc in the UNRWA staff union elections". September 18, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
99. "Overwhelming Victory for Islamists in UNRWA Union Elections". 18 September 2012. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
100. Ben Evansky (2012-09-21). "UN agency faces criticism after Hamas-tied candidates win majority of seats on Gaza Union Bord". Retrieved 2014-09-07.
101. The Economist (24 September 2011). "Hamas in Gaza: A proper state already". Retrieved 2011-09-25.
102. "Gaza Education Law Gender Segregation". 4 April 2013. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
103. "Hamas bashes UNRWA's human rights curriculum". The Times of Israel. 2014-02-11. Retrieved 2014-09-07.
104. "Hamas rejects UN textbooks in Gaza schools". Associated Press. 2014-02-13. Retrieved 2014-09-07.
105. "News of Terrorism and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (May 18–25, 2010)". Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. 26 May 2010.
106. "Gaza Summer Camps Children Islamic Jihad". 21 June 2013. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
107. "Palestine Hamas Summer Camps Ideology". 19 June 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
108. UN Cancels Gaza Marathon
109. UN-funded video promotes hate
110. UNRWA REJECTS ALLEGATIONS OF INCITEMENT AS BASELESS: STATEMENT BY UNRWA SPOKESPERSON CHRIS GUNNESS
111. Wines, Michael (4 January 2003). "Killing of U.N. Aide by Israel Bares Rift With Relief Agency". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
112. http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/31D3F4632D140AE085256E930062213C
113. Response by Commissioner-General Peter Hansen to allegations regarding misuse of a UN vehicle
114. "Israel softens UN ambulance claim". BBC News. 5 October 2004. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
115. "Israel, Palestinians Talk – Maybe". CBS News. 13 October 2004.
116. Dore Gold, Tower of Babble (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2005), p. 216.
117. Hider, James (4 February 2009). "UN accuses Hamas of stealing aid in Gaza". The Times (London). Retrieved 2009-08-06.
118. "UN halts aid into Gaza after 'Hamas theft'". The Guardian (London). 6 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
119. "Hamas returns UNRWA's supplies". Ynetnews. 9 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
120. "UN denies claims Hamas captured ambulances". Jerusalem Post. 5 August 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
121. Katz, Yaakov (11 August 2009). "Hamas: We've got UNRWA's ambulances". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
122. Situation report from the humanitarian coordinator 30 January – 2 February 2009, 1700 hours. United Nations, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
123. http://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id=356
124. http://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id=1399
125. http://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id=1477
126. "UNRWA investigating discovery of 20 rockets found in empty Gaza school". Guardian. 2013-07-17. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
127. "Rockets found in UNRWA school, for third time, UN agency spokesperson condemns discovery, says munitions expert hasn’t yet reached Gaza facility". The Times of Israel. 2013-07-30. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
128. "Weapons found in UNRWA school for third time in two weeks". Jerusalem Post. 2013-07-30. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
129. "UNRWA condemns placement of rockets, for a second time, in one of its schools". UNRWA website. 2014-07-22. Archived from the original on 2014-08-13. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
130. "Liberman to Ban: Israel outraged over UNRWA turning over rockets to Hamas". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2014-09-14.
131. "Militants 'blow up UNRWA clinic,' killing 3 soldiers". The Times of Israel. 30 July 2014.
132. http://docs.house.gov/meetings/FA/FA13/20140909/102629/HHRG-113-FA13-Transcript-20140909.pdf
133. http://www.c-span.org/video/?320980-1/discussion-israelpalestinian-conflict
134. Report: UN Officials Inciting Murder of Jews, Call to “Stab Zionist Dogs” UN Watch
135. Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General
136. Are Palestinian UN Workers Glorifying Violence Against Israelis on Social Media?
137. "UNRWA needs support not brickbats". middleeastmonitor.com. Retrieved 2014-09-14.
138. "The trouble with UNRWA". Times of Israel. Retrieved 2014-09-14.
139. "GAO-04-276R Department of State (State) and United Nations relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) Actions to Implement Section 301(c) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961" (PDF). 17 November 2003. Retrieved 2014-09-14.
140. Natasha Mozgovaya "Ex-UNRWA official blasts agency for politicizing Palestinian refugee issue", Haaretz, 8 February 2009
141. Tovah Lazaroff "'UNRWA staff not tested for terror ties' ", Jerusalem Post, 31 January 2009
142. Lindsay, Fixing UNRWA, pg. 2 "For an extended description of my correspondence with UNRWA on this subject, see the epilogue following the conclusion of this paper."
143. Rhonda Spivak (13 January 2010). "Canada elects to fund PA justice system". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2010-03-29.
144. "Canada redirecting Palestinian aid from UNRWA". JTA. 14 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-14.
145. " UN Palestinian refugee agency got passing grade from CIDA," Embassy Magazine, 12 May 2010.
146. Collum Lynch, "Blame Canada!" Foreign Policy, 18 October 2010.
147. Lee Berthiaume (6 July 2011). "Israel asked Canada to reverse decision on funding for UN Palestinian refugee agency". Embassy Magazine. Retrieved 2011-07-30.
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149. "Why a Special Issue on UNRWA?". Middle East Forum. Fall 2012. Retrieved 2014-08-09.
150. http://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/official-statements/response-new-david-bedein-film-unrwa-spokesperson-chris-gunness
151. http://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/official-statements/arutz-sheva-forced-publish-denial-over-%E2%80%9Cgroundless%E2%80%9D-%E2%80%9Cpolitically
152. http://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/official-statements/allegations-about-unrwa
153. http://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/press-releases/unrwa-response-%E2%80%9C-sake-nakba%E2%80%9D-film-shown-israel%E2%80%99s-channel-1
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155. "Senators want UNRWA investigated over 'troubling' Gaza role". 13 August 2014. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
156. "Middle East Quarterly Jerusalem's Surprisingly Good Relations with UNRWA by Baruch Spiegel". 2012. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
157. "Middle East Quarterly Jerusalem's Surprisingly Good Relations with UNRWA by Baruch Spiegel". 2012. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
158. "Exchange of letters constituting a provisional agreement concerning assistance to Palestine Refugees". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2015-05-14.
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160. "Agreement". United Nations.
161. The Counter-terrorism Puzzle, Boaz Ganor, p. 212, Transaction Publishers, 2005
162. "UN relief worker 'refused flak jacket'". BBC News (13 December). 13 December 2005. Retrieved 2008-12-13.
163. "UNRWA CONDEMNS THE KILLING OF UN STAFF MEMBER IN THE OCCUPIED WEST BANK". UNRWA. 2013-08-26. Retrieved 2015-08-28.
164. "Israel Channel 2 retracts claim that militants used UNRWA ambulance". Maan News. 20 July 2014.
165. Israel struck Gaza shelters - UN report, BBC
166. http://www.timesofisrael.com/rockets-found-in-unrwa-school-for-third-time/
167. "CACHE OF ROCKETS FOUND IN UN SCHOOL IN GAZA". UNRWA. 29 July 2014. We condemn the group or groups who endangered civilians by placing these munitions in our school
168. "UNRWA CONDEMNS PLACEMENT OF ROCKETS, FOR A SECOND TIME, IN ONE OF ITS SCHOOLS". UNRWA. 22 July 2014.
169. "UNRWA STRONGLY CONDEMNS PLACEMENT OF ROCKETS IN SCHOOL". UNRWA. 17 July 2014. This is a flagrant violation of the inviolability of its premises under international law
170. http://www.un.org/sg/statements/?nid=7885
171. "UNRWA mourns nine officials killed in Gaza". el-balad.com.

External links

• Official website
• UNRWA 'Peace Starts Here' video series
• UNRWA Facebook profile
• UNRWA Twitter profile
• UNRWA YouTube channel
• UNRWA in Syria
• American Friends of UNRWA
• UNRWA Spanish Committee
• Collection of relevant documents
• United States GAO report on UNRWA (pdf)
• Map showing all camps serviced by UNRWA
• U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants' Campaign to End Refugee Warehousing in refugee camps around the world, people are confined to their settlement and denied their basic rights.
• Israel Feuds With Agency Set Up to Aid Palestinians (New York Times: 18 October 2004)
• Fixing UNRWA: Repairing the UN's Troubled System of Aid to Palestinian Refugees (By James G. Lindsay, Washington Institute for Near East Policy: January 2009)

1. "Camp Profiles". unrwa.org. United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East. Retrieved 2 July 2015.