Vacarius

Roger Vacarius (1120-1200?) was an Italian authority in civil and Canon law, who became the first known teacher of Roman law in England.

Life

Apparently educated in Bologna, he was brought to Canterbury, possibly by Thomas Becket, to serve as counsel to the Archbishop of Canterbury Theobald of Bec, in his struggle with Henry of Blois, Bishop of Winchester. The case ended favorably for Theobald in 1146. Vacarius next surfaces in 1149 in Oxford University, where he taught to crowds of both rich and poor. For the latter, he prepared a nine-volume compendium of the Codex Justinianus. Said, if mastered, to resolve all of the legal questions commonly debated in the schools, it became a leading text-book in the emerging university. Often described as the Liber pauperum, the book gave rise to the nickname pauperistae for students of law in Oxford. Nearly complete manuscripts of this work survive in the cathedral libraries at Worcester and Prague and in the town library at Bruges.^[1] Fragments can be found in Oxford's Bodleian Library and in several of the college libraries there.^[2]

Despite its popularity, the new legal texts were not without opposition. King Stephen of England, brother of Henry of Blois, silenced Vacarius, and ordered the destruction of the books of civil and canon law that Theobald had brought over from Italy with Vacarius. This royal edict seems to have been abandoned, however, after Stephen's death in 1154, and evidence suggests that civil law was soon again a favorite subject at Oxford. By 1190 two students from Friesland divided the evening between them to make a copy of the Liber pauperum.^[2]

It remains unknown whether Vacarius resumed his Oxford lectures after their interruption. In the same year that Stephen died, Vacarius's old friend Roger de Pont L'Evêque was promoted to the position of Archbishop of York. Roger invited Stephen to join him in the north as legal adviser and ecclesiastical judge, and his name appears frequently in both papal letters and the chronicles of the period, indicating that he served in this capacity. For his services, he was rewarded with a prebend in the collegiate church of secular canons at Southwell, half of which he was allowed, in 1191 to cede to his nephew Reginald. Vacarius is last heard of in 1198, when he and the prior of Thurgarton were commissioned by Pope Innocent III to fulfill a letter referring to crusades.^[2]

In addition to his legal work, surviving manuscripts attest to Vacarius' deliberations on other matters as well, likely in the latter half of his life. One of these, the Summa de assumpto homine, deals with the humanity of Christ, while the other, Summa de matrimonio, is a legal argument about the nature of marriage, in which he disputes both Gratian and Peter Lombard.^[2]

It is to Vacarius that we owe most of the information that has come down to us about Speroni, a heretic from Piacenza.^[3]

Notes

1. Bruges, Public Library (Openbare Bibliotheek), manuscript 375
2. Chisholm 1911.
3. Lambert Medieval Heresy Third Edition p. 86-87

References

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Vacarius". Encyclopædia Britannica 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
• Lambert, Malcolm (2002). Medieval Heresy: Popular Movements from the Gregorian Reform to the Reformation (Third ed.). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-22276-6.

External links

 Holland, Thomas Erskine (1899). "Vacarius". In Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography 58. London: Smith, Elder & Co.