Vandalism of art

Vandalized cast of Rodin's The Thinker, Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

Vandalism of art refers to intentional damage of an artwork (for unintentional damage see accidental damage of art). The object, usually exhibited in public, becomes damaged as a result of the act, and remains in place right after the act. This may distinguish it from art destruction and iconoclasm, where it may be wholly destroyed and removed, and art theft, or looting.

Numerous acts of vandalism against art exhibits are known and some objects, such as Mona Lisa, Night Watch and The Little Mermaid, have been intentionally damaged several times. Many vandals were diagnosed with a mental disorder and some, such as Hans-Joachim Bohlmann, had a history of attacking artworks. A vast amount of damage consists of leaving a minor scratch, a stuck chewing gum, a pencil mark and so on, and usually escapes publicity.[1] More visible acts of vandalism were premeditated, as the tool of destruction – a knife, paint, acid or hammer – was intentionally brought to the scene. In most cases, the artworks were restored. Restorations were costly and time-consuming and in many cases were followed by shielding the artwork from future attacks.

History of the term

The term vandalisme was coined in 1794 by Henri Grégoire, bishop of Blois, to describe the destruction of artwork following the French Revolution. The term originated from the invasion of Rome in 455 by the East Germanic tribe of Vandals, which resulted in destruction of numerous artworks, and was quickly adopted across Europe.[2]

Repeated vandalism

Hans-Joachim Bohlmann

Hans-Joachim Bohlmann (1937–2009) was a German serial vandal. Between 1977 and 2006, he damaged over 50 paintings worth more than 270 million Deutsche Marks (about 138 million euros) by Rubens, Rembrandt, Dürer and other artists. Bohlmann had a personality disorder and was treated in various psychiatric hospitals since a young age. In most acts, he sprayed paintings with sulfuric acid, targeting faces of the personages.[3]

The setup of Mona Lisa exhibit in the Louvre.

Mona Lisa

Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci has long been attracting vandals and is currently one of the best-protected artworks. In 1956, the lower part of the painting was severely damaged when a vandal doused the painting with acid while it was on display at a museum in Montauban, France.[4] On 30 December of the same year, a young Bolivian named Ugo Ungaza Villegas threw a rock at the painting; this resulted in the loss of a speck of pigment near the left elbow, which was later painted over.[5]

The use of bulletproof glass has shielded the Mona Lisa from more recent attacks. In April 1974, a handicapped woman, upset by the museum's policy for the disabled, sprayed red paint at the painting while it was on display at the Tokyo National Museum.[6] On 2 August 2009, a Russian woman, distraught over being denied French citizenship, threw a terracotta mug or teacup, purchased at the museum, at the painting in the Louvre; the vessel shattered against the glass enclosure.[7][8] In both cases, the painting was undamaged.

Night Watch

Rembrandt's Night Watch after being cut by William de Rijk in September 1975

Rembrandt's Night Watch (1642) is one of the most popular paintings at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. It is viewed by about 4,000 to 5,000 visitors daily with its value estimated at $925,000 in the 1970s. The painting was vandalized on several occasions. On 13 January 1911, an unemployed navy cook tried to cut it with a knife, but could not cut through the thick varnish on the painting.[9][10] In 1975, William de Rijk, an unemployed school teacher, cut dozens of zigzag lines in the painting with a knife before he was wrestled by the guards. The day before, de Rijk had been turned away from the museum because he arrived after closing time. After the event, he was identified with a mental disorder; he was sent to a psychiatric hospital and committed suicide there on 21 April 1976. It took six months to restore the painting, and traces of the cuts still remain.[10][11][12][13] In 1990, a man threw acid on the painting. The guards managed to quickly dilute it with water so that it penetrated only the varnish layer, and the painting was restored again.[10][14]

The Little Mermaid

Police technicians examine the damage to The Little Mermaid after it was blasted off its base on 10 September 2003.

The Little Mermaid is a statue of the mermaid from the fairy tale of the same name by Hans Christian Andersen. The statue is located in the harbor of Copenhagen and is an icon and a major tourist attraction of the city. The statue has been damaged and defaced so many times since the mid-1950s that in 2007, Copenhagen officials announced that the statue may be moved further out in the harbor to avoid further vandalism and to prevent tourists from climbing onto it.

The main focus of vandalism for the statue has been decapitation. On 24 April 1964, the statue's head was sawn off and stolen by politically oriented artists of the Situationist movement. The head was never recovered and a new head was produced and attached to the statue.[15] On 6 January 1998, the statue was decapitated again;[16][17] the culprits were never found, but the head was returned anonymously to a nearby TV station, and re-attached on 4 February.

On the night of 10 September 2003, the statue was knocked off its base with explosives and later found in the harbor's waters. Holes were blasted in the mermaid's wrist and knee.[18]

Paint has been poured on the statue several times, including one episode in 1963 and two in March and May 2007. On 8 March 2006, green paint was poured over the statue and a dildo was attached to its hand.[15][16]

Acid and paint

In 1880, exhibits of the Russian painter Vasily Vereshchagin in Vienna caused the opposition of the Catholic Church, which culminated in an attack on two paintings, Holy family (Russian: Святое семейство) and Resurrection (Russian: Воскресение Христово). A monk splashed enough acid on the paintings to virtually destroy them.[19]

In 1974, Tony Shafrazi wrote "KILL LIES ALL" with red spray paint over the work Guernica by Pablo Picasso. Shafrazi was ostensibly protesting Richard Nixon's pardon of William Calley for the latter's actions during the My Lai massacre. The paint was removed with relative ease from the varnished surface.[20]

On 15 June 1985, Rembrandt's 17th-century painting Danaë was attacked in the Hermitage Museum in Russia. A man, later judged insane, first threw sulfuric acid on the canvas and then cut it twice with a knife. The entire central part of the composition was virtually destroyed.[21] The restoration took 12 years, between 1985 and 1997; since then, the painting has been protected with an armored glass.[22]

In 1997, Alexander Brener painted a green dollar sign on Kazimir Malevich's painting Suprematisme. The painting was restored and Brener was sentenced to 5 months in prison. During the court case, he said in his defense:[23]

The cross is a symbol of suffering, the dollar sign a symbol of trade and merchandise ... What I did was not against the painting. I view my act as a dialogue with Malewitz.

Knife

The part of Ivan Grozny and his son Ivan damaged in 1913
Cuts in the Rokeby Venus made by Mary Richardson in 1914 using the meat cleaver shown in the top right corner

On 16 January 1913, a 29-year-old iconographer Abram Balashev attacked the painting Ivan Grozny and his son Ivan by Ilya Repin in the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow. With three knife blows, he cut through the faces of both Ivans. Balashev was found mentally ill and restricted to a psychiatric hospital. The painting was restored by two leading Russian experts within a week; the work was greatly assisted by the availability of good-quality photographs of the painting.[24]

On 10 March 1914, militant suffragette Mary Richardson walked into the National Gallery of London and attacked Diego Velázquez's painting Rokeby Venus with a meat cleaver. Her action was ostensibly provoked by the arrest of fellow suffragette Emmeline Pankhurst the previous day,[25] although there had been earlier warnings of a planned attack on the collection. Richardson left seven slashes on the painting,[26][27] all of which have been successfully repaired.[25] Richardson was sentenced to six months imprisonment, the maximum allowed for destruction of an artwork.[28] In a statement to the Women's Social and Political Union shortly afterwards, Richardson explained, "I have tried to destroy the picture of the most beautiful woman in mythological history as a protest against the Government for destroying Mrs. Pankhurst, who is the most beautiful character in modern history".[27] She added in a 1952 interview that she didn't like "the way men visitors gaped at it all day long".[29]

The Holy Family by Lorenzo Costa at the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, with central cuts made by an unknown person in 1969

In September 1969, unidentified persons left long scratches in five paintings at the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, with most damage inflicted to the Holy Family by Lorenzo Costa.[30]

On 6 April 1978, a 31-year-old Dutch artist, disgruntled over the non-payment of his welfare by the Amsterdam authorities, made three 30–40 cm long cuts in the center of the painting La Berceuse by Vincent van Gogh at the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam. A few days earlier, a 27-year-old Italian man slashed the painting The Adoration of the Golden Calf by Nicolas Poussin at the National Gallery in London.[11]

In 1988, a man "wishing to take revenge on abstract art" cut with a knife the painting Who's Afraid of Red, Yellow and Blue III by Barnett Newman. The restoration took 5 years and cost $450,000. After serving time in prison, the offender slashed another Newman painting.[31]

A rather unusual case, which might not qualify as vandalism, occurred in 1908. An exhibition was set up for May of that year with paintings by Claude Monet, which had already been praised by critics and were estimated at $100,000 (1908 prices). Despite this, Monet decided that he was not satisfied with his work and in a sudden move destroyed all the paintings with a knife and a paint brush.[32]

Smashing and shattering

On 7 February 1845, the Portland Vase, a Roman cameo glass vase dated to between 5 and 25 BCE, was shattered by a drunken William Lloyd while on display in the British Museum. The vase was pieced together and underwent several further repairs, all not entirely successful. The vase's appearance became satisfactory only after its most recent restoration in 1987.[33]

On 14 September 1991, a "deranged" man attacked the statue David by Michelangelo with a hammer he had concealed under his jacket,[34] damaging the toes of the left foot before being restrained.[35] The samples obtained from that incident helped scientists determine that the marble used was obtained from the Fantiscritti quarries in Miseglia, the central of three small valleys in Carrara. The statue was restored.[36]

La Pietà, another work by Michelangelo, is a 1499 example of Renaissance sculpture housed in St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City. On 21 May 1972, mentally disturbed geologist Laszlo Toth, aged 33, attacked the statue with a hammer while yelling "I am Jesus Christ!", chipping the Virgin Mary's left eyelid, neck, head, veil and left forearm; the forearm fell on the floor, causing the fingers to break. Most broken pieces were collected by the service people but some were taken by tourists. The sculpture was repaired and is now protected by bulletproof glass. Toth was not charged with a crime, but was found socially dangerous and confined for two years to a psychiatric institution in Italy.[37][38][39]

On 17 February 2014, a local Floridian artist, Maximo Caminero, destroyed a coloured vase by the Chinese artist Ai Weiwei in protest at the Pérez Art Museum Miami's lack of displays by local artists.[40] The value of the vase was estimated at $1 million.[40] Caminero was subsequently arrested and charged with criminal mischief.[40]

Lipstick

In 1912, a young woman kissed the forehead, eyes and nose of a portrait by François Boucher in the Louvre. She reportedly wanted to draw attention to herself.[41]

In 1977, 43-year-old Ruth van Herpen kissed a painting by Jo Baer at the Oxford Museum of Modern Art, claiming to try cheering up a "cold" painting. She was ordered by law to pay the restoration costs of $1,260.[41][42]

On 19 July 2007, police arrested artist Rindy Sam after she kissed the all-white canvas of Phaedrus by Cy Twombly, leaving a red lipstick mark. The artwork, which was worth an estimated $2,830,000, was on display at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Avignon, France. First attempts to remove the mark using about 30 various chemicals were unsuccessful. Sam was tried in a court in Avignon for "voluntary degradation of a work of art". She defended herself by saying to the court: "It was just a kiss, a loving gesture. I kissed it without thinking; I thought the artist would understand... It was an artistic act provoked by the power of Art". In November 2007, Sam was convicted and ordered to pay 1,000€ to the painting's owner, 500€ to the Avignon gallery that showed it, and 1€ to the painter.[43][44]

Firearms

In July 1987, a man named Robert Cambridge entered the National Gallery in London with a sawn-off shotgun concealed under his coat. He then shot the painting The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist by Leonardo da Vinci from a distance of about 2 meters (7 feet). The pellets did not penetrate the protective glass, but shattered it, and the splinters caused significant damage to the artwork. Cambridge told the police that he wanted to express his disgust with "political, social and economic conditions in Britain"; he was placed in a mental institution. The restoration of the painting took more than a year to complete.[45]

Other tools

In 1996 Canadian multi-media artist Jubal Brown vandalised Raoul Dufy's Harbor at le Havre in the Art Gallery of Ontario in Toronto, and Piet Mondrian's Composition With Red and Blue in the Museum of Modern Art in New York by deliberately vomiting primary colors on them.[46]

In January 1998, vandals poked holes in two paintings by Henri Matisse, Pianist with Checkers Players (1924) and The Japanese Woman (1901), exhibited in the Capitoline Museums. The holes were mended in a few days.[47]

In January 2004 the Israeli ambassador to Sweden Zvi Mazel tried to destroy the artwork Snow White and The Madness of Truth by unplugging lights and throwing one of them into a pool causing a short circuit.[48]

On 24 February 2006, a 12-year-old boy stuck chewing gum to $1.5 million abstract painting The Bay by Helen Frankenthaler, displayed at the Detroit Institute of Arts.[49] The museum's conservation lab successfully cleaned and restored the painting, which was put back on display in late June 2006.[50]

In 2007, the painting The Triumph of David by Ottavio Vannini (1640), exhibited at the Milwaukee Art Museum, was attacked by a 21-year-old man with a history of mental illness. He pulled the painting off the wall, stomping on it several times. The man was reportedly disturbed by the image of Goliath's severed head.[51]

In 2007, vandals broke into the Orsay Museum in Paris in the early morning, set off the alarm and damaged the painting Bridge at Argenteuil by Claude Monet. They left a 10-centimeter (4 in) tear in the middle, either with a hand blow or with a sharp object.[52]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Gamboni, p. 191
  2. ↑ Merrills, Andy; Miles, Richard (2010). The Vandals. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-1-4051-6068-1.
  3. ↑ Ich bin mein eigener Sklave. Spiegel, 1 October 2005 (in German).
  4. ↑ "Faces of the week". BBC. 29 September 2006.
  5. ↑ "Mona FAQ". Mona Lisa Mania.
  6. ↑ "Mona Lisa sprayed". The Free-Lance Star. 20 April 1974.
  7. ↑ "Mona Lisa attacked by Russian woman". Xinhua News Agency. 12 August 2009.
  8. ↑ "Russian tourist hurls mug at Mona Lisa in Louvre". Associated Press. 11 August 2009.
  9. ↑ Slashes famous picture.; Discharged Naval Cook Mutilate Master's "Night Watch" at Amsterdam, New York Times, 14 January 1911.
  10. 1 2 3 Rembrandt's Night Watch, Time, 26 January 2010.
  11. 1 2 Van Gogh Painting Slashed. Associated Press via Schenectady Gazette. 6 April 1978
  12. ↑ Goss, Steven (Summer 2001) A Partial Guide to the Tools of Art Vandalism, Cabinet Magazine.
  13. ↑ Gamboni, Dario (1983). Un iconoclasme moderne: théorie et pratiques contemporaines du vandalisme artistique. Editions d'En bas. p. 114. ISBN 2-8290-0051-X.
  14. ↑ The Night Watch. Art Crimes.
  15. 1 2 Alter schützt Meerjungfrau nicht vor Rabauken (Age does not protect against Mermaid bullies). Spiegel, 17 August 2008 (in German).
  16. 1 2 Den Lille Havfrue reddet fra gramsende turister. jp.dk. 1 August 2007. (in Danish)
  17. ↑ "Feminists claim responsibility for statue attack". BBC News. January 8, 1998.
  18. ↑ Little Mermaid's unexpected swim, BBC News, 12 September 2003
  19. ↑ Peaceful painter. centre.smr.ru (in Russian)
  20. ↑ Hoberman, J. (13 December 2004) "Pop and Circumstance". The Nation, pp. 22–26.
  21. ↑ Sluijter, Eric Jan (2006). Rembrandt and the Female Nude. Amsterdam University Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-90-5356-837-8.
  22. ↑ Tylyakova, A. (1 November 1997) ВОЗВРАЩЕНИЕ ШЕДЕВРА РЕМБРАНДТА (Return of the Rembrandt's masterpiece). Зеркало недели #44, zn.ua
  23. ↑ Battersby, Matilda (8 October 2012) Art attacks: From pissing in Duchamp's 'Fountain' to defacing a Rothko. Independent.co.uk.
  24. ↑ Scene of Blood, or how Ilya Repin killed Tsarevich Ivan. Part 6, Russian Herald, 2007 (in Russian)
  25. 1 2 Davies, Christie (January 2007). "Velazquez in London". New Criterion 25 (5): 53.
  26. ↑ MacLaren, Neil; Braham, Allan (1970). The Spanish School, National Gallery Catalogues. National Gallery, London, pp. 125–9. ISBN 0-947645-46-2
  27. 1 2 Prater, Andreas (2002). Venus at Her Mirror: Velázquez and the Art of Nude Painting. Prestel, p. 7, ISBN 3-7913-2783-6
  28. ↑ Nead, Lynda (1992). The Female Nude: Art, Obscenity, and Sexuality. New York: Routledge, p. 2, ISBN 0415026776.
  29. ↑ Whitford, Frank (8 October 2006). "Still sexy after all these years". The Sunday Times, Retrieved on 12 March 2008.
  30. ↑ 5 schilderijen in Rijksmuseum zijn beschadigd door onbekenden A'dam: schilderij "De heilige Familie van Lorenzo Costa is het meest beschadigd. Dutch Nationaal Archief
  31. ↑ Anderson-Reece, Erik (1993). "Who's Afraid of Corporate Culture: The Barnett Newman Controversy". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 51 (1): 49–57. doi:10.2307/431970. JSTOR 431970.
  32. ↑ Monet's Rage of Perfectionism, Time, 26 January 2010.
  33. ↑ The conservation history of the Portland Vase, British Museum.
  34. ↑ "a man the police described as deranged broke part of a toe with a hammer, saying a 16th century Venetian painter's model ordered him to do so." Cowell, Alan (15 September 1991). "Michelangelo's David Is Damaged". New York Times.
  35. ↑ See Gamboni, p. 205 for picture
  36. ↑ Scigliano, Eric (August 2005) "Inglorious Restorations. Destroying Old Masterpieces in Order to Save Them." Harper's Magazine, pp. 61–68.
  37. ↑ Michelangelo's Pietà, Time, 26 January 2010.
  38. ↑ Whatever happened to Laszlo Toth, the man who smashed Michelangelo's Pieta in 1972? Guardian.
  39. ↑ Gamboni, p. 202
  40. 1 2 3 "Florida artist smashes $1m vase by Chinese dissident artist Ai Weiwei". Associated Press via The Guardian. 17 February 2014.
  41. 1 2 Gamboni, p. 192
  42. ↑ Harris, Shell (21 June 2008). Top 10 famous kisses. Toptenz.net.
  43. ↑ French court tries woman for kissing painting. Associated press via msnbc.com. 9 October 2007.
  44. ↑ Woman Who Kissed Painting With Red Lipstick Gets Community Service. Associated Press via Foxnews, 16 November 2007.
  45. ↑ Restoring a Leonardo Drawing That Was Hit by a Shotgun Blast, New York Times, 8 November 1988.
  46. ↑ DePalma, Anthony (8 December 1996). "No Stomach for Art". The New York Times.
  47. ↑ Two Matisse paintings damaged in Rome exhibit. museum-security.org quoting Reuters, 22 January 1998.
  48. ↑ "Ambassadör förstörde konst". Dagens Nyheter. 17 January 2004.
  49. ↑ Boy sticks gum on $1.5m painting. BBC News, 2 March 2006
  50. ↑ Hodges, Michael H. (8 September 2003). Fox Theater's rebirth ushered in city's renewal. Michigan History, The Detroit News. Retrieved on 23 November 2007.
  51. ↑ "Visitor attacks valuable painting – April 5, 2007". The Sydney Morning Herald. 5 April 2007.
  52. ↑ Monet masterpiece slashed by drunks, Daily Mail, 8 October 2007

Bibliography

External links

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