Verticordia

For the clam genus, see Verticordia (bivalve).
Verticordia
Verticordia plumosa
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Myrtaceae
Tribe: Chamelaucieae
Genus: Verticordia
DC.
Species

Verticordia is a genus in the myrtle family: the various species are woody shrubs with small and exquisite flowers. The flowers give rise to the common name Featherflowers. They are mostly found in Southwest Australia, with several outlier species in northern regions. A revision of the genus in 1991 produced a classification within Verticordia of 3 subgenera, 24 sections, and 102 species. Verticordia species are highly diverse in form, occupy a wide variety of habitat, and may be abundant or rare populations. Their profuse and striking display of intricate flowers have been harvested for floristry and admired as a wildflower.

Description

The genus is best known for its flowers, often described in superlatives, which form massed displays in woodlands and heaths. These shrubs have appealed to amateur collectors and botanists, and were appreciated by the peoples of Australia before European settlement. The fringed or feathered appearance of the flowers is often enhanced by vivid and contrasting colours: this has given a common name for the genus, the Featherflowers.[1] The variety displayed within the species, and between species in the genera is highly diverse.

The genus is part of the family Myrtaceae which exist, predominantly, in the southern hemisphere. The family was highly successful in southern Jurassic Gondwana, remaining as the highly diverse tree and woody shrub genera found in Australia. Verticordia are native to Western Australia and the Northern Territory, and are closely related to Chamelaucium, Rylstonea, and Darwinia. The genus Homoranthus, found in other states of Australia, contains two species previously supposed to be Verticordia.

Verticordia chrysantha,
Kalbarri National Park, WA

The single flowers are often presented erect, these may be supported individually or grouped into tight displays of various arrangements. They may appear in succession or at once. The colour often varies as the flower ages, further adding to a painterly effect. The sepals are divided into lobes, with the exception of Verticordia verticordina, in a variety of thread-like or feathery forms. The colour of the sepals and petals is highly diverse, it may be solid, or variable, or mutable.

These may be of several colours, or solid, the striking combinations are of all colours except blue. There is no unisexual flowers in the species. Different species may be growing together, their massed displays creating painterly contrasts in flowering landscapes.

They are highly variable in appearance, often as a woody shrub, low or up to 2 metres, two tropical species are 7 metres. Branches may be upright or splayed out, sometimes pendulous, and are tightly or sparsely arranged. Leaves are very small or medium, scattered or opposite, and might be ciliated at the margin. The leaf shape is highly variable across, and these may differ at the base and floral leaves on individuals.

Hybrids of different species have been recorded and identified. A variant, known as 'Eric John', appears to be an intergeneric cross between V. plumosa and Chamelaucium floriferum.[2]

Cultivation

Verticordia are known for their feather-like or fringed flowers, the beauty of these is invariably included in any description. This has been accompanied by a high desirability as a garden plant, and as a cut flower. Restrictions exist on the collection of wildflowers in Western Australia, but previous collection of flowers for the floral industry is thought to have placed some species under duress.

Verticordia plumosa,
Maranoa Gardens, Balwyn, Victoria, Australia

They are generally somewhat difficult to grow in cultivation, but some success has been achieved. The most reliable species is V. Plumosa, the Plumed Featherflower, but many other species are found in highly specialised habitat.[3] Outside of their natural habitat Verticordia have shown consistently good results in the temperate regions of Australia. All species require excellent drainage and prefer Mediterranean-type climate of very dry summers and wet winters.

The cultivation of Verticordia in the Eastern states of Australia has proved difficult; many of the species are intolerant of the wet summers of those regions, especially with regard to root or collar rot and moulds and mildew. The successes achieved by some growers have been through the use of bell jars, attention to soil types and potting mixes, and, experimentally, the use of grafting onto plants of related genera, such as Darwinia citriodora and Geraldton Wax, Chamelaucium uncinatum.

History

Painting by Ellis Rowan; Verticordia grandis, V. huegelii, V. brachypoda

The name Verticordia is a term derived from Latin verto cor, translated as 'the turner of hearts'. The botanist who named the genus, A. P. de Candolle, did not record the inspiration for this description. The term has appeared as linked to the goddess Venus, a romantic allusion originating in the ancient Roman festival venus verticordia (or veneralia) on the first day of April. The myrtle of the garlands, the Roman woman's only attire in their parade, and this genus are both in the Myrtaceae family.

The genus was made available to taxonomists by the collection of Archibald Menzies, a naturalist attached to HMS Discovery during the Vancouver Expedition, from his collections at King George Sound, Oyster Bay, and the areas immediately inland. These specimens would remain undescribed for 35 years. In 1801-1802, the same region was visited by Robert Brown and Ferdinand Bauer, the naturalists aboard HMS Investigator.

Menzies specimens includes Verticordia plumosa, the second collection gave V. brownii. The species now known as Verticordia cunninghamii was collected by Allan Cunningham in 1920. The species would remain unnamed until 1826, and with the current description the next year. The early collections preceded the establishment of the Swan River Colony in 1829.

The first description of these early collections was by Rene Louiche Desfontaines, who placed the species into the genus Chamelaucium. Candolle identified specimens as a separate genus the next year, the reference appearing in Dictionnaire Classique d'Histoire Naturelle, the first two species to be described were Verticordia fontanesii and V. brownii in his Prodomus. The species are now known as Verticordia plumosa and Verticordia brownii.

In 1833 Carl von Huegel visited the colony and collected type specimens, those named Verticordia huegelii and Verticordia insignis by Stephan Endlicher. The collections of botanist Ludwig Preiss, a resident of the state, produced the current varieties: V. acerosa var. priessii, V. plumosa var. ananeotes; and the species: V. endlicheriana, V. habrantha, and V. lehmannii. Preiss visited the Molloy plains while staying with the noted collector, Georgiana Molloy, and V. lehmannii and the variety V. plumosa var. ananeotes were probably obtained there.

The name of early collector, William Morrison from Kew, was attached to V. nitens, and Morrison is a common name for well known cabbage-shaped species of verticordia.

Classification

The genus Verticordia underwent an extensive revision by A. S. George in 1991[4] that described or resurrected three subgenera and 24 sections. This infrageneric classification was supported by a study into chromosome number of the species and the barriers to hybridisation.[5] The revision greatly increased the number of taxa in the genus; 84 new species, subspecies, and varieties.[6] In subsequent work, a subspecies of V. mitchelliana was described and a new species, Verticordia setacea was placed with V. gracilis in its previously monotypic section.[7]

This subgenus is further divided into seven sections. These are sometimes described as the yellow or golden flowered Verticordia.
containing eleven sections.
describes the remaining six sections.

The taxonomic arrangement of Verticordia, as outlined by George, may be summarised as follows:

Genus Verticordia
Subgenus Chrysoma
Section Chrysoma
V. acerosa – V. citrella – V. subulata – V. endlicheriana
Section Jugata
V. chrysanthella – V. chrysantha – V. galeata – V. brevifolia – V. coronata – V. amphigia – V. laciniata
Section Unguiculata
V. nobilis – V. grandiflora – V. rutilastra
Section Sigalantha
V. serrata – V. integra
Section Chrysorhoe
V. patens – V. nitens – V. aurea
Section Cooloomia
V. cooloomia
Section Synandra
V. staminosa
Subgenus Verticordia
Section Verticordia
V. crebra – V. helichrysantha – V. plumosa – V. stenopetala – V. sieberi – V. harveyi – V. pityrhops – V. fimbrilepis
Section Corymbiformis
V. polytricha – V. densiflora – V. brownii – V. eriocephala – V. capillaris
Section Micrantha
V. minutiflora – V. fastigiata  - V. vicinella
Section Infuscata
V. oxylepis – V. longistylis
Section Elachoschista
V. verticordina
Section Pencillaris
V. dasystylis – V. penicillaris
Section Pilocosta
V. huegelii – V. brachypoda – V. multiflora
Section Catocalypta
V. roei – V. inclusa – V. apecta – V. insignis – V. habrantha – V. lehmannii – V. pritzelii
Section Platandra
V. gracilis – V. setacea[7]
Section Recondita
V. humilis
Section Intricata
V. monadelpha – V. mitchelliana – V. pulchella
Subgenus Eperephes
Section Integripetala
V. helmsii – V. rennieana – V. interioris – V. mirabilis – V. picta
Section Tropica
V. cunninghamii – V. verticillata – V. decussata
Section Jamiesoniana
V. jamiesoniana
Section Verticordella
V. pennigera – V. halophila – V. blepharophylla – V. lindleyi – V. carinata – V. attenuata – V. drummondii – V. wonganensis – V. paludosa – V. luteola – V. bifimbriata – V. tumida – V. mitodes – V. centipeda – V. auriculata – V. pholidophylla – V. spicata – V. hughanii
Section Corynatoca
V. ovalifolia
Section Pennuligera
V. comosa – V. lepidophylla – V. chrysostachys – V. aereiflora – V. dichroma – V. x eurardyensis – V. muelleriana – V. argentea – V. albida – V. fragrans – V. venusta – V. forrestii – V. serotina – V. oculata – V. etheliana – V. grandis

See also

References

  1. ↑ George, E.A. (2002), Verticordia: the turner of hearts: 101
  2. ↑ Egerton-Warburton, Louise M.; Ghisalberti, Emilio L.; Burton, Neville C. (1998). "Intergeneric Hybridism between Chamelaucium and Verticordia (Myrtaceae) Based on Analysis of Essential Oils and Morphology". Australian Journal of Botany (CSIRO) 46 (2): 201–208. doi:10.1071/BT96125.
  3. ↑ Elliot, Rodger (December 1999). "Shrubby Myrtles". Australian Plants online. ASGAP. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
  4. ↑ George, A.S. (1991) New taxa, combinations and typifications in Verticordia (Myrtaceae: Chamelaucieae). Nuytsia 7(3): 254
  5. ↑ Tyagi, AP.; Mccomb, J.; Considine, J. (1991). "Cytogenetic and Pollination Studies in the Genus Verticordia DC (Abstract)". Australian Journal of Botany (CSIRO) 39 (3): 261–272. doi:10.1071/BT9910261.
  6. ↑ "Search on reference:nuytsia 7 1991". FloraBase. Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 2008-11-17.
  7. 1 2 A.S. George & M.D. Barrett Nuytsia Vol. 20 (2010) Two new taxa of Verticordia (Myrtaceae: Chamelaucieae) from south-western Australia

External links

Media related to Verticordia at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Verticordia at Wikispecies

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