Via Campesina

     Country with a member organization of La Vía Campesina

La Vía Campesina (from Spanish la vía campesina, the campesino way, or the peasants' way) was founded in 1993 by farmers organizations from Europe, Latin America, Asia, North America and Africa. It describes itself as "an international movement which coordinates peasant organizations of small and middle-scale producers, agricultural workers, rural women, and indigenous communities from Asia, Africa, America, and Europe".[1] It is a coalition of over 148 organizations, advocating family-farm-based sustainable agriculture and was the group that coined the term "food sovereignty".[1] La Vía Campesina has carried out a campaign to defend farmer's seeds, a campaign to stop violence against women, a campaign for the recognition of the rights of peasants, a global campaign for agrarian reform, and others.[2]

The most systematic and comprehensive organic and living alternative to existing hegemonies comes not from the ivory towers or the factories but from the fields.

Rajeev Patel (2006, 90) Globalize the Struggle! Globalize Hope! – La Vía Campesina

History

Ideology

Starting in the 1980s governments were intervening less in the rural countryside, which weakened corporate control over peasants' organizations while making a living in agriculture was getting more difficult.[3] As a result, national peasant groups began to form ties with transnational organizations, starting in Latin America and then on a global scale.[3]

The peasants' rights movement emerged from the new rights advocacy which had arisen in the 1990s; during that time, human rights and development agendas became integrated which expanded from political and civil rights to include social and economic rights.[4] The agrarian peasants' movement moved to challenge the hegemonic ideology of neoliberalism in global economics and to find alternatives that would protect the rights of workers around the world.[4]

Relation to international entities

The organization was founded in 1993 by farmers organizations from Europe, Latin America, Asia, North America and Africa.[5] The foundation followed the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), where the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Agriculture and the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights were signed and approved.[6] These agreements caused backlash from many people around the world for focusing on technical problems rather than the human right to access to food, especially for those living in the Global South.[7] Globalization was under way at this time, affecting many industries including agriculture.[5] La Vía Campesina gave small farmers a platform to have their voices heard about how these changes were impacting their lives.[5] The movement has grown and is now recognized as a part of the global dialogue on food and agriculture, having presented to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the UN Human Rights Council in the past.[5]

Priorities

According to La Vía Campesina's webpage, the movements main issues are agrarian reform and water, biodiversity and genetic resources, food sovereignty and trade, women, human rights, migrations and rural workers, sustainable peasant's agriculture, and youth.[8] In recent years, the movement has placed greater emphasis on gender issues and women's rights, and strengthened its opposition to transnational corporations.[3] It has also focused on gaining recognition for the discourse around food sovereignty, reclaiming the term "peasant" and recreating a shared peasant identity across national borders and cultures.[3] La Vía Campesina also partners with other social movements and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to strengthen its international presence.[9]

Democratic decision-making is central to the mission of La Vía Campesina, and it has been dedicated to fair representation and engagement of all participants, making structural changes when necessary.[9] The perspectives of people around the world are needed to assess and improve global food production and sovereignty.[9] Part of this effort for equality among movement members is creating a shared peasant identity. The reclaiming of this identity has been called "re-peasantization".[10] According to Desmarais (2008), the term "peasant" in English has a connotation related to feudalism, but in other languages and contexts, the meaning is broader; campesino comes from the word campo, meaning "countryside", which ties the people to the land.[9] This feudalist connotation is one reason why the organization chose not to translate its name into English.[9]

Awards

In 2004, La Vía Campesina was awarded the International Human Rights Award by Global Exchange, in San Francisco.[11]

In 2015, the organization received an award from the Latin American Scientific Society for Agroecology (SOCLA) "in recognition of its example of tireless struggle in favor of agroecology and the rights of peasants, in carrying out its mission to take care of the earth, feed the world, conserve biodiversity and cool the planet, through its constant search for food sovereignty in Latin America."[12]

Organization

Rafael Alegría, Regional Coordinator for La Vía Campesina in Central America: Jean-Marc Desfilhes 2005

La Vía Campesina is a grassroots movement, with activism at the local and national level. Members come from 73 countries, organized into 9 regions.[5] The International Coordinating Committee is represented by one man and one woman, each elected by their respective region's membership organizations.[5] With about 164 local and national organizations as part of the movement, La Vía Campesina represents an estimated 200 million farmers around the world.[5]

According to Menser (2008), La Vía Campesina is an example of the success and expansion of transnational movements in regards to participatory democracy due to its organization model and adaptation to ensure fair representation.[13]

Meetings

Representatives from each region meet at International Conferences roughly every four years. Past meetings were held in Mons in 1993, Tlaxcala in 1996, Bangalore in 2000, São Paulo in 2004, Maputo in 2008, and Jakarta in 2013.[14] The international secretariat changes its central location every 4 years based on the decision made at the International Conference. Past locations were Belgium (1993-1996), Honduras (1997-2004), and Indonesia (2005-2013).[14]

Since September 2013, the secretariat has been in Harare, Zimbabwe.[5] The current General Coordinator is Elizabeth Mpofu, who focuses on violence against women, youth voices, and global seed freedom.[15]

Women's involvement

Gender was ignored as a consideration at the start of the movement. At the signing of the Managua Declaration - the precursor to La Vía Campesina - all 8 people present were men.[6] Peasant women started to become more involved and pushing for women's rights at the International Conference in Tlaxcala in 1996.[6] At this meeting, they decided to form a committee dedicated to women's rights and gender issues, which eventually became the Vía Campesina's Women's Commission.[6] The women on the committee were also heavily involved in editing the draft of the cornerstone position on food sovereignty that was presented at the World Food Summit in 1996.[6] They included health as a consideration for food production without agro-chemicals, as well as the importance of women's involvement in policy changes because women typically were barred from political involvement.[6] The women of La Vía Campesina are still working for greater representation and engagement of peasant women, especially in leadership positions.

Food sovereignty

La Vía Campesina introduced the idea of food sovereignty at the World Food Summit in 1996 as "the right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through sustainable methods and their right to define their own food and agriculture systems."[5] The phrase "culturally appropriate" signifies that the food that is available and accessible for the population should fit with the cultural background of the people consuming it. For example, subsidized and imported wheat products would not fall under this category in a country where corn-based foods were the basis of traditional meals.

Issue Dominant model Food sovereignty
Trade Free trade in everything Food and agriculture exempt from trade agreements
Production priority Agroexports Food for local markets
Crop prices ‘What the market dictates’ (leave the mechanisms that create both low crop prices and speculative food price hikes intact) Fair prices that cover costs of production and allow farmers and farm workers a life with dignity
Market access Access to foreign markets Access to local markets; an end to the displacement of farmers from their own markets by agribusiness
Subsidies While prohibited in the Third World, many subsidies are allowed in the US and Europe, but are paid only to the largest farmers Subsidies are OK that do not damage other countries via dumping (i.e. grant subsidies only to family farmers for direct marketing, price/ income support, soil conservation, conversion to sustainable farming, research, etc.)
Food Chiefly a commodity; in practice, this means processed, contaminated food that is full of fat, sugar, high fructose corn syrup and toxic residues A human right: specifically, should be healthy, nutritious, affordable, culturally appropriate, and locally produced
Being able to produce An option for the economically efficient A right of rural peoples
Hunger Due to low productivity Problem of access and distribution due to poverty and inequality
Food security Achieved by importing food Greatest when food production is in the hands of the hungry, or produced locally
Control over productive resources (land, water, forests) Privatized Under local community control
Access to land Via the market Via agrarian reform
Seeds Patentable commodity Common heritage of humanity, held in trust by rural communities and cultures; ‘no patents on life’
Rural credit and investment From private banks and corporations From the public sector, designed to support family agriculture
Dumping Not an issue Must be prohibited
Monopoly Not an issue The root of most problems
Overproduction No such thing, by definition Drives prices down and farmers into poverty; we need supply management policies in US and EU
Farming technology Industrial, monoculture, Green Revolution, chemical-intensive; uses GMOs Agroecology, sustainable farming, no GMOs
Farmers Anachronism, the inefficient will disappear Guardians of culture and crop germplasm; stewards of productive resources; repositories of knowledge; internal marker and building block of broad-based, inclusive economic development
Urban consumers Workers to be paid as little and possible Need living wages
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) The wave of the future Bad for health and the environment; an unnecessary technology

Source: Rosset (2003).[16]

Food sovereignty vs. food security

Food sovereignty differs from food security. Food security was defined as "physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food... at all times to meet [the population's] dietary and food preferences for an active and healthy life" by D. Moyo at the American Society of International Law annual meeting in 2007.[17] Food security is more focused on the provision of food for all by whatever means necessary, whether by local production or global imports. As a result, economic policies concerned with food security typically emphasize industrial farming that can produce more food cheaper.[18]

Food regimes

Friedmann defines a food regime as a “rule governed structure of production and consumption of food on a world scale”.[19] A food regime is marked by a period of transition in food production that results in significant social, political, and economic change.[19] The current situation of global food production can be called the "corporate food regime" due to the concentration of supplying and processing food in the private sector.[20] For example, US corporations have control over food production by subcontracting smaller farmers, which allows them to participate and profit without taking on the risks of farming, such as weather and disease.[21] Food regimes are the result of “political struggles among contending social groups” for control over how food production is framed and conceptualized, according to McMichael.[19] The corporate food regime came about with the neoliberal economic theory which is motivated by efficiency and trade liberalization, and states that nations should focus their efforts and resources on producing goods and services where they have an advantage relative to other nations (that is, goods that they are best at producing), as cited by Philip McMichael.[19] The corporate food regime has existed for only the last 100 years, as compared to the millennia prior to industrialization and the Green Revolution.[19]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Global Small-Scale Farmers' Movement Developing New Trade Regimes", Food First News & Views, Volume 28, Number 97 Spring/Summer 2005, p.2.
  2. ↑ Borras Jr., Saturnino M. "La Vía Campesina and its Global Campaign for Agrarian Reform.." Journal of Agrarian Change 8, no. 2/3 (April 2008): 258-289.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Martínez-Torres, María Elena; Rosset, Peter (2010). "La Vía Campesina: the birth and evolution of a transnational social movement". The Journal of Peasant Studies 37: 149–175. doi:10.1080/03066150903498804.
  4. 1 2 Shawki, Noha (2014). "New Rights Advocacy and the Human Rights of Peasants: La Via Campesina and the Evolution of New Human Rights Norms". Journal of Human Rights Practice 6 (2): 311. doi:10.1093/jhuman/huu009.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 La Via Campesina: International Peasant's Movement. Organisation. Published 9 Feb. 2011. Retrieved from <http://viacampesina.org/en/index.php/organisation-mainmenu-44>
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Desmarais, Annette Aurélie (2003). "The Via Campesina: Peasant Women on the Frontiers of Food Sovereignty". Canadian Woman Studies 23 (1): 140–145. ISSN 0713-3235.
  7. ↑ Hawkes, Shona; Plahe, Jagjit Kaur (2013). "Worlds apart: The WTO’s Agreement on Agriculture and the right to food in developing countries". International Political Science Review 34 (1): 21–38. doi:10.1177/0192512112445238.
  8. ↑ La Via Campesina: International Peasant's Movement. Main Issues. Published 16 Oct. 2015. Retrieved from <http://viacampesina.org/en/index.php/main-issues-mainmenu-27>
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Desmarais, Annette Aurélie (2008). "The power of peasants: Reflections on the meanings of La Vía Campesina". Journal of Rural Studies 24 (2): 138–149. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2007.12.002.
  10. ↑ Welch, C., 2001. Peasants and globalization in Latin America: a survey of recent literature. Paper presented at the XXIII International Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, 6–8 September, Washington, DC.
  11. ↑ Global Exchange Human Rights Awards. Past Honorees. Retrieved from <http://humanrightsaward.org/past-honorees/>
  12. ↑ "La Via Campesina receives award for "tireless struggle in favor of Agroecology"". La Via Campesina: International Peasant's Movement. 13 October 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  13. ↑ Menser, Michael (2008). "Transnational Participatory Democracy in Action: The Case of La Via Campesina". Journal of Social Philosophy 39 (1): 20–41. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9833.2007.00409.x.
  14. 1 2 La Via Campesina: International Peasant's Movement. Our Conferences. Published 11 Apr. 2014. Retrieved from <http://viacampesina.org/en/index.php/our-conferences-mainmenu-28>
  15. ↑ La Via Campesina: International Peasant's Movement. La Via Campesina International passes on the torch to Africa. Published 13 Jun. 2013. Retrieved from <http://viacampesina.org/en/index.php/our-conferences-mainmenu-28/6-jakarta-2013/1427-la-via-campesina-international-passes-on-the-torch-to-africa>
  16. ↑ Rosset, Peter (2003). "Food sovereignty: Global rally cry of farmer movements". Food First Backgrounder 9 (4): 1–4.
  17. ↑ The Future of Food: Elements of Integrated Food Security Strategy for South Africa and Food Security Status in Africa, D. Moyo. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law). Vol. 101 (MARCH 28-31, 2007), pp. 103-108. Retrieved from <http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.rice.edu/stable/25660167>.
  18. ↑ Glenna, Leland; Ader, David; Bauchspies, Wenda; Traoré, Abou; Agboh-Noameshi, Rita Afiavi (2012). "The Efficacy of a Program Promoting Rice Self-Sufficiency in Ghana during a Period of Neoliberalism". Rural Sociology 77: 520–546. doi:10.1111/j.1549-0831.2012.00088.x.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 McMichael, Philip (2009). "A food regime genealogy". The Journal of Peasant Studies 36 (1): 139–169. doi:10.1080/03066150902820354.
  20. ↑ Heis, Alexandria (2015). "The Alternative Agriculture Network Isan and Its Struggle for Food Sovereignty - a Food Regime Perspective of Agricultural Relations of Production in Northeast Thailand". Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies / Österreichische Zeitschrift für Südostasienwissenschaften 8 (1): 67–85.
  21. ↑ Patel, Rajeev (2006). "International Agrarian Restructuring and the Practical Ethics of Peasant Movement Solidarity". Journal of Asian and African Studies 41: 71–93. doi:10.1177/0021909606061748.

Further reading

External links

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