Mary of Teck

Mary of Teck

Mary in tiara and gown wearing a choker necklace and a string of pearls

Queen Mary of the United Kingdom, formal portrait
Queen consort of the United Kingdom
and the British Dominions
Empress consort of India
Tenure 6 May 1910 – 20 January 1936
Coronation 22 June 1911
Born (1867-05-26)26 May 1867
Kensington Palace, London
Died 24 March 1953(1953-03-24) (aged 85)
Marlborough House, London
Burial 31 March 1953
St George's Chapel, Windsor
Spouse George V
(m. 1893; d. 1936)
Issue Edward VIII
George VI
Mary, Princess Royal
Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester
Prince George, Duke of Kent
Prince John
Full name
Victoria Mary Augusta Louise Olga Pauline Claudine Agnes
House Württemberg
Father Francis, Duke of Teck
Mother Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge

Mary of Teck (Victoria Mary Augusta Louise Olga Pauline Claudine Agnes; 26 May 1867 – 24 March 1953) was Queen consort of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Empress consort of India, as the wife of King-Emperor George V.

Although technically a princess of Teck, in the Kingdom of Württemberg, she was born and raised in England. Her parents were Francis, Duke of Teck, who was of German extraction, and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, a granddaughter of King George III. She was informally known as "May", after her birth month. At the age of 24 she was betrothed to Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale, the eldest son of the Prince of Wales, but six weeks after the announcement of the engagement he died unexpectedly of pneumonia. The following year she became engaged to Albert Victor's next surviving brother, George, who subsequently became King. Before her husband's accession she was successively Duchess of York, Duchess of Cornwall and Princess of Wales.

As queen consort from 1910, she supported her husband through the First World War, his ill health and major political changes arising from the aftermath of the war and the rise of socialism and nationalism. After George's death in 1936, she became queen mother when her eldest son, Edward, ascended the throne, but to her dismay he abdicated later the same year in order to marry twice-divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson. She supported her second son, Albert, who succeeded to the throne as George VI, until his death in 1952. She died the following year, during the reign of her granddaughter Queen Elizabeth II, who had not yet been crowned.

Early life

As an infant with her parents

Princess Victoria Mary ("May") of Teck was born on 26 May 1867 at Kensington Palace, London. Her father was Prince Francis, Duke of Teck, the son of Duke Alexander of Württemberg by his morganatic wife, Countess Claudine Rhédey von Kis-Rhéde. Her mother was Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, the third child and younger daughter of Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, and Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel. She was baptised in the Chapel Royal of Kensington Palace on 27 July 1867 by Charles Thomas Longley, Archbishop of Canterbury, and her three godparents were Queen Victoria, the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII and May's future father-in-law), and Princess Augusta, the Duchess of Cambridge.[1] Before she became Queen, she was known to her family, friends and the public by the diminutive name of "May", after her birth month.[2]

May's upbringing was "merry but fairly strict".[3] She was the eldest of four children, the only girl, and "learned to exercise her native discretion, firmness and tact" by resolving her three younger brothers' petty boyhood squabbles.[4] They played with their cousins, the children of the Prince of Wales, who were similar in age.[5] May was educated at home by her mother and governess (as were her brothers until they were sent to boarding schools).[6] The Duchess of Teck spent an unusually long time with her children for a lady of her time and class,[3] and enlisted May in various charitable endeavours, which included visiting the tenements of the poor.[7]

Although her mother was a grandchild of King George III, May was only a minor member of the British Royal Family. Her father, the Duke of Teck, had no inheritance or wealth, and carried the lower royal style of Serene Highness because his parents' marriage was morganatic.[8] However, the Duchess of Teck was granted a parliamentary annuity of £5,000, and received about £4,000 a year from her mother, the Duchess of Cambridge.[9] Despite this, the family was deeply in debt and lived abroad from 1883, in order to economise.[10] The Tecks travelled throughout Europe, visiting their various relations. They stayed in Florence, Italy, for a time, where May enjoyed visiting the art galleries, churches, and museums.[11]

In 1885, the Tecks returned to London, and took up residence at White Lodge, in Richmond Park. May was close to her mother, and acted as an unofficial secretary, helping to organise parties and social events. She was also close to her aunt, the Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and wrote to her every week. During the First World War, the Crown Princess of Sweden helped pass letters from May to her aunt, who lived in enemy territory in Germany until her death in 1916.[12]

Engagements

In December 1891, May was engaged to her second cousin once removed, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale, the eldest son of the Prince of Wales.[13] The choice of May as bride for the Duke owed much to Queen Victoria's fondness for her, as well as to her strong character and sense of duty. However, Albert Victor died six weeks later, in the worldwide influenza pandemic that swept through Britain in the winter of 1891–92.[14]

Albert Victor's brother, Prince George, Duke of York, now second in line to the throne, evidently became close to May during their shared period of mourning, and Queen Victoria still favoured May as a suitable candidate to marry a future king.[15] In May 1893, George proposed, and May accepted. They were soon deeply in love, and their marriage was a success. George wrote to May every day they were apart and, unlike his father, never took a mistress.[16]

Duchess of York

Young Mary in a tightly-corseted dress
Princess Victoria Mary shortly before her marriage to the Duke of York in 1893

May married Prince George, Duke of York, in London on 6 July 1893 at the Chapel Royal, St James's Palace.[17] The new Duke and Duchess of York lived in York Cottage on the Sandringham Estate in Norfolk, and in apartments in St James's Palace. York Cottage was a modest house for royalty, but it was a favourite of George, who liked a relatively simple life.[18] They had six children: Edward, Albert, Mary, Henry, George, and John.

The Duchess loved her children, but she put them in the care of a nanny, as was usual in upper-class families at the time. The first nanny was dismissed for insolence and the second for abusing the children. This second woman, anxious to suggest that the children preferred her to anyone else, would pinch Edward and Albert whenever they were about to be presented to their parents, so that they would start crying and be speedily returned to her. On discovery, she was replaced by her effective and much-loved assistant, Charlotte Bill.[19]

Sometimes, Mary appears to have been a distant mother. At first, she failed to notice the nanny's abuse of the young Princes Edward and Albert,[20] and her youngest son, Prince John, was housed in a private farm on the Sandringham Estate, in the care of Mrs. Bill, perhaps to hide his epilepsy from the public. However, despite her austere public image and her strait-laced private life, Mary was a caring mother in many respects, revealing a fun-loving and frivolous side to her children and teaching them history and music. Edward wrote fondly of his mother in his memoirs: "Her soft voice, her cultivated mind, the cosy room overflowing with personal treasures were all inseparable ingredients of the happiness associated with this last hour of a child's day ... Such was my mother's pride in her children that everything that happened to each one was of the utmost importance to her. With the birth of each new child, Mama started an album in which she painstakingly recorded each progressive stage of our childhood".[21] He expressed a less charitable view, however, in private letters to his wife after his mother's death: "My sadness was mixed with incredulity that any mother could have been so hard and cruel towards her eldest son for so many years and yet so demanding at the end without relenting a scrap. I'm afraid the fluids in her veins have always been as icy cold as they are now in death."[22]

As Duke and Duchess of York, George and May carried out a variety of public duties. In 1897, she became the Patron of the London Needlework Guild in succession to her mother. The Guild, initially established as The London Guild in 1882, was renamed several times, and was named after May between 1914 and 2010.[23] Samples of her own embroidery range from chair seats to tea cosies.[24]

Thin Mary wearing a formal dress, a rope of pearls and a tiara
Princess Victoria Mary, Duchess of Cornwall and York, in Ottawa, 1901

On 22 January 1901, Queen Victoria died, and May's father-in-law ascended the throne as King Edward VII. For most of the rest of that year, George and May were styled Their Royal Highnesses The Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York. For eight months they toured the British Empire, visiting Gibraltar, Malta, Egypt, Ceylon, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, Mauritius, South Africa and Canada. No royal had undertaken such an ambitious tour before. She broke down in tears at the thought of leaving her children, who were to be left in the care of their grandparents, for such a long time.[25]

Princess of Wales

On 9 November 1901, nine days after arriving back in Britain and on the King's sixtieth birthday, George was created Prince of Wales. The family moved their London residence from St James's Palace to Marlborough House. As Princess of Wales, May accompanied her husband on trips to Austria-Hungary and Württemberg in 1904. The following year, she gave birth to her last child, John. It was a difficult labour, and although May recovered quickly, her newborn son suffered respiratory problems.[26]

From October 1905 the Prince and Princess of Wales undertook another eight-month tour, this time of India, and the children were once again left in the care of their grandparents.[27] They passed through Egypt both ways and on the way back stopped in Greece. The tour was almost immediately followed by a trip to Spain for the wedding of King Alfonso XIII to Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, at which the bride and groom narrowly avoided assassination.[28] Only a week after returning to Britain, May and George went to Norway for the coronation of George's brother-in-law and sister, King Haakon VII and Queen Maud.[29]

Queen consort

The Queen visiting a coalmine in 1912
The Queen with her daughter Mary during the First World War

On 6 May 1910, Edward VII died. Mary's husband ascended the throne as King George V, and she became queen consort. When her husband asked her to drop one of her two official names, Victoria Mary, she chose to be called Mary, preferring not to take the name of her husband's grandmother, Queen Victoria.[30] Queen Mary was crowned with the King on 22 June 1911 at Westminster Abbey. Later in the year, the new King and Queen travelled to India for the Delhi Durbar held on 12 December 1911, and toured the sub-continent as Emperor and Empress of India, returning to Britain in February.[31] The beginning of Mary's period as consort brought her into conflict with her mother-in-law, Queen Alexandra. Although the two were on friendly terms, Alexandra could be stubborn; she demanded precedence over Mary at the funeral of Edward VII, was slow in leaving Buckingham Palace, and kept some of the royal jewels that should have been passed to the new Queen.[32]

During the First World War, Queen Mary instituted an austerity drive at the palace, where she rationed food, and visited wounded and dying servicemen in hospital, which caused her great emotional strain.[33] After three years of war against Germany, and with anti-German feeling in Britain running high, the Russian Imperial Family, which had been deposed by a revolutionary government, was refused asylum, possibly in part because the Tsar's wife was German-born.[34] News of the Tsar's abdication provided a boost to those in Britain who wished to replace their own monarchy with a republic.[35] After republicans used the couple's German heritage as an argument for reform, George abandoned his German titles and renamed the royal house from the German "Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" to the British "Windsor". Other royals anglicised their names; the Battenbergs became the Mountbattens, for example. The Queen's relatives also abandoned their German titles, and adopted the British surname of Cambridge (derived from the Dukedom held by Queen Mary's British grandfather). The war ended in 1918 with the defeat of Germany and the abdication and exile of the Kaiser.

Teck-Cambridge Family
Francis, Duke of Teck
Adolphus, Marquess of Cambridge
Alexander, Earl of Athlone
Late-middle-aged George and Mary in crowns and ermine capes stand on a dais
King George V and Queen Mary

Two months after the end of the war, Queen Mary's youngest son, John, died at the age of thirteen. She described her shock and sorrow in her diary and letters, extracts of which were published after her death: "our poor darling little Johnnie had passed away suddenly ... The first break in the family circle is hard to bear but people have been so kind & sympathetic & this has helped us [the King and me] much."[36] Her staunch support of her husband continued during the latter half of his reign. She advised him on speeches, and used her extensive knowledge of history and royalty to advise him on matters affecting his position. He appreciated her discretion, intelligence and judgement.[37] She maintained an air of self-assured calm throughout all her public engagements in the years after the war, a period marked by civil unrest over social conditions, Irish independence and Indian nationalism.[38]

In the late 1920s, George V became increasingly ill with lung problems, exacerbated by his heavy smoking. Queen Mary paid particular attention to his care. During his illness in 1928, one of his doctors, Sir Farquhar Buzzard, was asked who had saved the King's life. He replied, "The Queen".[39] In 1935, King George V and Queen Mary celebrated their silver jubilee, with celebrations taking place throughout the British Empire. In his jubilee speech, George paid public tribute to his wife, having told his speechwriter, "Put that paragraph at the very end. I cannot trust myself to speak of the Queen when I think of all I owe her."[40]

Queen mother

George V died on 20 January 1936, after his physician, Lord Dawson of Penn, gave him an injection of morphine and cocaine that may have hastened his death.[41] Queen Mary's eldest son, Edward, Prince of Wales, ascended the throne as Edward VIII. She was now a queen mother, though she did not use that style, and was instead known as Her Majesty Queen Mary.

Within the year, Edward caused a constitutional crisis by announcing his desire to marry his twice-divorced American mistress, Wallis Simpson. Mary disapproved of divorce, which was against the teaching of the Anglican church, and thought Simpson wholly unsuitable to be the wife of a king. After receiving advice from the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Stanley Baldwin, as well as the Dominion governments, that he could not remain King and marry Simpson, Edward abdicated. Though loyal and supportive of her son, Mary could not comprehend why Edward would neglect his royal duties in favour of his personal feelings.[42] Simpson had been presented formally to both King George V and Queen Mary at court,[43] but Mary later refused to meet her either in public or privately.[44] She saw it as her duty to provide moral support for her second son, the reserved and stammering Prince Albert, Duke of York, who ascended the throne on Edward's abdication, taking the name George VI. When Mary attended the coronation, she became the first British dowager queen to do so.[45] Edward's abdication did not lessen her love for him, but she never wavered in her disapproval of his actions.[16][46]

Elderly Mary and the two girls in formal dress
Queen Mary with her granddaughters, Princesses Margaret (front) and Elizabeth

Mary took an interest in the upbringing of her granddaughters, Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret, and took them on various excursions in London, to art galleries and museums. (The Princesses' own parents thought it unnecessary for them to be taxed with any demanding educational regime.)[47]

During the Second World War, George VI wished his mother to be evacuated from London. Although she was reluctant, she decided to live at Badminton House, Gloucestershire, with her niece, Mary Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort, the daughter of her brother Lord Cambridge.[48] Her personal belongings were transported from London in seventy pieces of luggage. Her household, which comprised fifty-five servants, occupied most of the house, except for the Duke and Duchess's private suites, until after the war. The only people to complain about the arrangements were the royal servants, who found the house too small,[49] though Queen Mary annoyed her niece by having the ancient ivy torn from the walls as she considered it unattractive and a hazard. From Badminton, in support of the war effort, she visited troops and factories, and directed the gathering of scrap materials. She was known to offer lifts to soldiers she spotted on the roads.[50] In 1942, her youngest surviving son, Prince George, Duke of Kent, was killed in an air crash while on active service. Mary finally returned to Marlborough House in June 1945, after the war in Europe had resulted in the defeat of Nazi Germany.

Mary was an eager collector of objects and pictures with a royal connection.[51] She paid above-market estimates when purchasing jewels from the estate of Dowager Empress Marie of Russia[52] and paid almost three times the estimate when buying the family's Cambridge Emeralds from Lady Kilmorey, the mistress of her late brother Prince Francis.[53] In 1924, the famous architect Sir Edwin Lutyens created Queen Mary's Dolls' House for her collection of miniature pieces.[54] Indeed, she has sometimes been criticised for her aggressive acquisition of objets d'art for the Royal Collection. On several occasions, she would express to hosts, or others, that she admired something they had in their possession, in the expectation that the owner would be willing to donate it.[55] Her extensive knowledge of, and research into, the Royal Collection helped in identifying artefacts and artwork that had gone astray over the years.[56] The Royal Family had lent out many objects over previous generations. Once she had identified unreturned items through old inventories, she would write to the holders, requesting that they be returned.[57]

In 1952, King George VI died, the third of Queen Mary's children to predecease her; her eldest granddaughter, Princess Elizabeth, ascended the throne as Queen Elizabeth II. Mary died the next year of lung cancer (referred to publicly as "gastric problems"[58]) on 24 March 1953 at the age of 85, only ten weeks before her granddaughter's coronation. Mary let it be known that, in the event of her death, the coronation was not to be postponed. Her remains lay in state at Westminster Hall, where large numbers of mourners filed past her coffin. She is buried beside her husband in the nave of St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.[59]

Legacy

At her funeral, Mary's coffin was draped in her personal banner of arms.[60]

Sir Henry "Chips" Channon wrote that she was "above politics ... magnificent, humorous, worldly, in fact nearly sublime, though cold and hard. But what a grand Queen."[61]

The ocean liners RMS Queen Mary and RMS Queen Mary 2;[62] the Royal Navy battlecruiser, HMS Queen Mary, which was destroyed at the Battle of Jutland in 1916; Queen Mary University of London;[63] Queen Mary Reservoir in Surrey, United Kingdom;[64] Queen Mary College, Lahore;[65] Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong; Queen Mary's Peak, the highest mountain in Tristan da Cunha; Queen Mary Land in Antarctica; and Queen Mary's College in Chennai, India, are named in her honour.

Actresses who have portrayed Queen Mary on stage and screen include Dame Wendy Hiller (on the London stage in Crown Matrimonial),[66] Greer Garson (in the Hallmark television production of Crown Matrimonial), Dame Flora Robson (in A King's Story), Dame Peggy Ashcroft (in Edward & Mrs. Simpson), Phyllis Calvert (in The Woman He Loved), Gaye Brown (in All the King's Men), Dame Eileen Atkins (in Bertie and Elizabeth), Miranda Richardson (in The Lost Prince), Margaret Tyzack (in Wallis & Edward), Claire Bloom (in The King's Speech) and Judy Parfitt (in W.E.).

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

Queen Mary's coat of arms

Honours

Arms

Queen Mary's arms were the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom impaled with her family arms – the arms of her grandfather, Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, in the 1st and 4th quarters, and the arms of her father, Prince Francis, Duke of Teck, in the 2nd and 3rd quarters.[67][68] The shield is surmounted by the imperial crown, and supported by the crowned lion of England and "a stag Proper" as in the arms of Württemberg.[68]

Issue

NameBirthDeathSpouseChildren
Edward VIII
Later Duke of Windsor		23 June 189428 May 1972Wallis SimpsonNone
George VI14 December 18956 February 1952Lady Elizabeth Bowes-LyonElizabeth II
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood25 April 189728 March 1965Henry Lascelles, 6th Earl of HarewoodGeorge Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood
The Honourable Gerald Lascelles
Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester31 March 190010 June 1974Lady Alice Montagu Douglas ScottPrince William of Gloucester
Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester
Prince George, Duke of Kent20 December 190225 August 1942Princess Marina of Greece and DenmarkPrince Edward, Duke of Kent
Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy
Prince Michael of Kent
Prince John12 July 190518 January 1919Never marriedNone

Ancestry

See also

Notes and sources

  1. ↑ The Times (London), Monday, 29 July 1867 p. 12 col. E
  2. ↑ Pope-Hennessy, p. 24
  3. 1 2 Pope-Hennessy, p. 66
  4. ↑ Pope-Hennessy, p. 45
  5. ↑ Pope-Hennessy, p. 55
  6. ↑ Pope-Hennessy, pp. 68, 76, 123
  7. ↑ Pope-Hennessy, p. 68
  8. ↑ Pope-Hennessy, pp. 36–37
  9. ↑ Pope-Hennessy, p. 114
  10. ↑ Pope-Hennessy, p. 112
  11. ↑ Pope-Hennessy, p. 133
  12. ↑ Pope-Hennessy, pp. 503–505
  13. ↑ May's maternal grandfather, Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, was a brother of Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent, who was the father of Queen Victoria, Albert Victor's paternal grandmother.
  14. ↑ Pope-Hennessy, p. 201
  15. ↑ Edwards, p. 61
  16. 1 2 Prochaska, Frank (January 2008) [September 2004], "Mary (1867–1953)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.) (Oxford University Press), doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34914, retrieved 1 May 2010
  17. ↑ Her bridesmaids were the Princesses Maud and Victoria of Wales, Victoria Melita, Alexandra and Beatrice of Edinburgh, Helena Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein, Margaret and Patricia of Connaught and Strathearn, and Alice and Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg.
  18. ↑ Pope-Hennessy, p. 291
  19. ↑ Wheeler-Bennett, pp. 16–17
  20. ↑ Pope-Hennessy, p. 393
  21. ↑ Windsor, pp. 24–25
  22. ↑ Ziegler, p. 538
  23. ↑ Queen Mother's Clothing Guild official website, retrieved 1 May 2010
  24. ↑ e.g. Mary, Queen of England (1943), Chair seat, Metropolitan Museum of Art; Queen Mary (1909), Tea cosy, Springhill, County Londonderry: National Trust
  25. ↑ Edwards, p. 115
  26. ↑ Edwards, pp. 142–143
  27. ↑ Edwards, p. 146
  28. ↑ The driver of their coach and over a dozen spectators were killed by a bomb thrown by an anarchist, Mateo Morales.
  29. ↑ Pope-Hennessy, p. 407
  30. ↑ Pope-Hennessy, p. 421
  31. ↑ Pope-Hennessy, pp. 452–463
  32. ↑ Edwards, pp. 182–193
  33. ↑ Edwards, pp. 244–245
  34. ↑ Edwards, p. 258
  35. ↑ Edwards, p. 262
  36. ↑ Pope-Hennessy, p. 511
  37. ↑ Pope-Hennessy, p. 549
  38. ↑ Edwards, p. 311
  39. ↑ Gore, p. 243
  40. ↑ The Times (London), Wednesday, 25 March 1953 p. 5
  41. ↑ Watson, Francis (1986), "The Death of George V", History Today 36: 21–30
  42. ↑ Airlie, p. 200
  43. ↑ Windsor, p. 255
  44. ↑ Windsor, p. 334
  45. ↑ Pope-Hennessy, p. 584
  46. ↑ Edwards, p. 401 and Pope-Hennessy, p. 575
  47. ↑ Edwards, p. 349
  48. ↑ Pope-Hennessy, p. 596
  49. ↑ Mosley, Charles (ed.) (2003), "Duke of Beaufort, 'Seat' section", Burke's Peerage & Gentry, 107th edition, vol. I p. 308
  50. ↑ Pope-Hennessy, p. 600
  51. ↑ Pope-Hennessy, p. 412
  52. ↑ Clarke, William (1995), The Lost Fortune of the Tsars
  53. ↑ Thomson, Mark (29 August 2005), Document – A Right Royal Affair, BBC Radio 4
    See also Kilmorey Papers (D/2638) (pdf), Public Record Office of Northern Ireland.
  54. ↑ Pope-Hennessy, pp. 531–534
  55. ↑ Rose, p. 284
  56. ↑ Pope-Hennessy, p. 414
  57. ↑ Windsor, p. 238
  58. ↑ The Times (London), Wednesday, 25 March 1953 p. 8
  59. ↑ Royal Burials in the Chapel by location, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, retrieved 1 May 2010
  60. ↑ "Queen Mary laid to rest in Windsor", BBC On This Day: 31 March 1953. Retrieved 19 October 2010
  61. ↑ Channon, Sir Henry (1967), Chips: The Diaries of Sir Henry Channon, Edited by Robert Rhodes James, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, p. 473
  62. ↑ The QMII was named after the original ocean liner, and is only indirectly named after the Queen.
  63. ↑ Moss, G. P.; Saville, M. V. (1985), From Palace to College – An illustrated account of Queen Mary College, University of London, pp. 57–62, ISBN 0-902238-06-X
  64. ↑ History of the Queen Mary Reservoir- Sunbury Matters, Village Matters, retrieved 25 April 2014
  65. ↑ Introduction, Queen Mary College, Lahore, retrieved 29 October 2014
  66. ↑ "Dame Wendy Hiller", The Guardian, 16 May 2003, retrieved 1 May 2010
  67. ↑ Maclagan, Michael; Louda, Jiří (1999), Line of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe, London: Little, Brown & Co, pp. 30–31, ISBN 1-85605-469-1
  68. 1 2 Pinches, John Harvey; Pinches, Rosemary (1974), The Royal Heraldry of England, Heraldry Today, Slough, Buckinghamshire: Hollen Street Press, p. 267, ISBN 0-900455-25-X

References

External links

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Royal titles
Preceded by
Alexandra of Denmark		 Queen consort of the United Kingdom
Empress of India
1910–1936 		Vacant
Title next held by
Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
Honorary titles
Preceded by
The Prince of Wales		 Grand Master of the Order of the British Empire
1936–1953 		Succeeded by
The Duke of Edinburgh
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