Vizconde murders

The Vizconde murder case, colloquially known as the Vizconde massacre, was the multiple homicide of members of the Vizconde family on 30 June 1991 at their residence in BF Homes, Parañaque City, Metro Manila, Philippines.[1] Estrellita, 49, had suffered thirteen stab wounds; Carmela, 18, had suffered seventeen stab wounds and had been raped before she was killed; and Jennifer, 6, had nineteen stab wounds.[1] Lauro Vizconde, Estrellita's husband, and the father of Carmela and Jennifer, was in the United States on business when the murders took place.

The lead suspect was Hubert Webb, whose father Freddie Webb was famous as an actor, former basketball player, and former Congressman and Senator. The other defendants were Antonio Lejano II, Hospicio Fernandez, Michael Gatchalian, Miguel Rodriguez, Peter Estrada, Joey Filart and Artemio Ventura.[2] In the Trial Court (People of the Philippines vs. Hubert Webb, et al., G.R. No. 176864), it became one of the most sensational cases in the Philippines, being described as a "trial of the century".[3] The men were convicted by the Parañaque Regional Trial Court which the Court of Appeals affirmed. Except for Filart and Ventura who had been convicted in absentia, the men were later acquitted by the Supreme Court on 14 December 2010 for failure of the prosecution to prove their guilt beyond reasonable doubt.

Case

The case remained unsolved for almost four years, until eyewitness Jessica Alfaro, a self-confessed former drug addict, came forward on April 28, 1995 to shed light on the killing of the Vizcondes. Alfaro implicated the children of wealthy and prominent families including Hubert Webb, Antonio Lejano II, Hospicio Fernandez, Michael Gatchalian, Miguel Rodriguez, Peter Estrada, Joey Filart and Artemio Ventura.[4]

Alfaro's testimony coincides with the angle that was being explored by Supt. Rodolfo Sison, the police investigator originally assigned to the case in 1991. Sison was ordered to desist from further investigating that angle by then Philippine National Police Capital Region Commander Marino Filart after six members of akyat bahay gang (burglars) were arrested by Regional Police Unit in October 1991.[4][5][6] The suspects said they were tortured and forced to confess to the crime before they were presented by Filart to the media.[7] They were acquitted by a trial judge in September 1993 for insufficient evidence.[7]

Trial

Prosecution

The trial began in August 1995 before Parañaque City RTC Judge Amelita Tolentino. Alfaro had testified that she knew the suspects and was at the Vizconde house when the crime was committed. By Alfaro's account, after a drug session with the group, Hubert Webb allegedly had hatched his plan to rape Carmela Vizconde. Webb wanted Alfaro, the then girlfriend of one of the accused men, Peter Estrada, to join them because Estrellita Vizconde only allowed her daughter to go out and entertain female visitors.

Alfaro testified that as Webb followed Carmela into the dining room, she decided to step outside for a smoke. From there she allegedly saw Lejano and Ventura take a knife from the kitchen drawer, while the rest of the gang acted as lookouts. Alfaro said Estrellita was killed before Webb began to rape Carmela. Jennifer woke up and, seeing Webb violating her sister, jumped on him and bit him. He then hurled the little girl to a wall and started stabbing her.

Alfaro said that when she went back to the house, she saw the bodies of Estrellita and Jennifer on the bed and Webb raping Carmela on the floor. Lejano and Ventura also took turns raping Carmela, before finishing her off with numerous stabs.[1] Alfaro said that policeman Gerardo Biong "was instructed by Webb, in my presence, to take care of the house where the incident happened". Alfaro also said that she bumped into Biong at the Faces Disco in Makati in March 1995 and relayed to her the offer of the group to give her a free ticket to the United States to shut her up. She added that suspect Miguel Rodriguez warned her to "shut up or you're gonna get killed" in the same disco on April 8, 1995 prompting her to voluntarily submit herself to the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) for protection.[8] According to the footage of the trial, Alfaro had been able to identify all the defendants by their names. The defense questioned Alfaro's credibility noting that she admitted to being under the influence of drugs when she allegedly witnessed the crime and had made inconsistent statements on her two affidavits. Alfaro said she was then having reservations when she first executed the first affidavit and held back vital information due to her natural reaction of mistrust.[9]

Alfaro's testimony was corroborated by other witnesses including: Lolita Birrer, a former live-in partner of policeman Gerardo Biong, who narrated the manner of how Biong investigated and tried to cover up the crime. Birrer said she had accompanied Biong to the Vizconde house to destroy the evidence and to retrieve Webb’s jacket and the murder weapon. She also testified that Biong received money at a house that she later learned belonged to then Parañaque Congressman Freddie Webb; the Webb family's maids, Mila Gaviola and Nerissa Rosales, who both testified that Hubert Webb was at home on June 30, 1991. At about 4 a.m. on June 30, 1991, Gaviola woke up and entered the bedrooms to get the Webb's dirty laundry and wash it as part of her job. She said that when she entered Hubert’s room, she saw him wearing only his pants, awake and smoking in bed. While washing Hubert Webb's clothing, Gaviola said she noticed fresh bloodstains on his shirt. After she finished the laundry, she went to the servant's quarters. But feeling uneasy, she decided to go up to the stockroom near Hubert's room to see what he was doing. In the said stockroom, there is a small door going to Hubert's room and in that door there is a small opening where she used to see Hubert and his friends sniffing on something. She observed Hubert was quite irritated, uneasy, and walked to and from inside his room.[1][10] Security guards Justo Cabanacan and Normal White. Cabanacan said Webb had entered the subdivision (where the Vizconde house was located) a few days before the massacre and that he even identified himself as the son of then Congressman Webb. White, on the other hand, said he saw the three cars enter the subdivision on the night of June 29, as Alfaro had testified; White also testified that policeman Gerardo Biong was the first to arrive at the crime scene.[11][12]

Other prosecution witnesses were: Carlos J. Cristobal who alleged that on March 9, 1991 he was a passenger of United Airlines Flight No. 808 bound for New York and who expressed doubt on whether Hubert Webb was his co-passenger in the trip; NBI medico-legal Dr. Prospero Cabanayan, Belen Dometita and Teofilo Minoza, two of the Vizconde maids; and Manciano Gatmaitan, an engineer.[9]

Defense

The defense produced documents and presented 95 witnesses, including Hubert Webb himself and his father, along with other relatives and friends to support Webb’s alibi that he was in the United States from March 9, 1991, to October 26, 1992. On October 1, 1996, Judge Amelita Tolentino admitted only 10 of the 142 pieces of evidence the defense presented.[10] (Under Philippine law, generally, alibi is the weakest defense, especially where there is direct testimony of an eyewitness, duly corroborated by another. People vs. Bello, G.R. No. 124871, May 13, 2004.)

Among evidence that was not admitted by Judge Tolentino, was the note verbale from the United States Embassy in Manila claiming that Webb entered the United States in March 1991 and left in October 1992. This coincided with his passport and Philippine Immigration records but were dismissed by Tolentino due to belief that these documents can possibly be falsified. . (The Philippine Rules of Evidence require official attestation of the authenticity of any public document presented in evidence; as per Sec. 24, Rule 134, R. Evid.)

Moreover, Judge Tolentino also denied Webb's request to subject semen samples to DNA testing on the belief that the samples may no longer be intact. The accused alleged that by rejecting 132 of the 142 pieces of evidence, Tolentino had set the tone for their conviction.[10] On July 24, 1997, the Supreme Court noted that Tolentino erred when she refused to admit the 132 pieces of evidence presented by the defense, although these were later admitted in court through an order issued by Tolentino.[10][13]

Among the defense witnesses was Artemio Sacaguing, a former, now deceased NBI official who testified that Alfaro was an NBI asset who only volunteered to assume the role of the eyewitness when she could not produce the actual witness to the Vizconde killings.

Former NBI official Pedro Rivera however dismissed as lies the testimony of Sacaguing saying that “Agent Sacaguing had a record of notoriety in the NBI which prompted his transfer to remote places of assignment… until his early retirement”. According to Rivera, Sacaguing was never part of the NBI team assigned to investigate the Vizconde massacre and that his former colleague took Alfaro’s statement in April 1995 without the presence of a lawyer. “Sacaguing broke the guidelines in taking affidavits from witnesses. His intention was very, very dubious,” he said.[14]

Decision

On January 6, 2000, Judge Tolentino rendered her decision, finding Hubert Webb, Peter Estrada, Hospicio Fernandez, Michael Gatchalian, Antonio Lejano II and Miguel Rodriguez guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of rape with homicide. They were sentenced to reclusion perpetua and ordered to indemnify the Vizconde family Php 3 million for the murders.[1] Two of the accused remain fugitives from the law: Joey Filart and Artemio Ventura. Former Parañaque City policeman Gerardo Biong was found guilty as an accessory for burning bedsheets and tampering with other evidence in the crime. He was sentenced to eleven years in prison. Biong was released from jail on November 30, 2010 after serving his sentence.[15]

In her decision, Tolentino described the testimony of defense witnesses as full of inconsistencies and biased. She said the US-based defense witnesses, most of whom are relatives or friends of the Webb family suffered from "incorrigible and selective memory syndrome". She cited the testimony of Alex del Toro, husband of Webb's relative, who said he hired Hubert Webb as an employee at his pesticide company in California. Both Webb and del Toro could not describe in court what Hubert's work was, Tolentino said. Tolentino also found it hard to believe that Webb was working with a pesticide company because he was asthmatic and allergic to various substances. Webb's testimony was also contradicted by other US-based defense witnesses who said they usually saw him "going to the beach, malling, bar-hopping or playing basketball. Tolentino also said, the photographs and videotapes purportedly showing Webb in the United States appeared to be tampered.[1] Tolentino said the certificates issued by the US Immigration and Naturalization Service and the Philippine Bureau of Immigration "could have easily been obtained by the powerful Webb family".[16]

Court of Appeals decision

The Court of Appeals' Third Division voted 3–2 to deny Webb's motion for reconsideration and upheld the ruling of Judge Tolentino on December 16, 2005.[1][17]

The court ruled that the Parañaque RTC was correct in sentencing Webb et al. due to "overwhelming evidence that showed Webb and the other accused had conspired to rape Carmela and, in the process, kill her and the rest of the family." The court also amended the award of damages from 100,000 pesos to 200,000 pesos, and also upheld the conviction of Biong as accessory to the crime "by abusing his public functions... to conceal and destroy the physical evidence in order to prevent the discovery of the crime and by allowing the destruction of the physical evidence, Biong facilitated the escape of the principal accused."[18]

Supreme Court decision

The Supreme Court acquitted Webb and the others tried by the court: seven justices voted to acquit, four dissented, two inhibited, one did not participate in the deliberations and another was on official leave.

In April 2010, the Supreme Court approved DNA testing to be performed on the semen specimen obtained during autopsy from Carmela Vizconde. This has resulted in the revelation by the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) that they no longer had the specimens as these were remanded to the Parañaque courts.[19]

On October 8, 2010, Webb filed an urgent motion for acquittal.[20] On November 26, 2010, Lauro Vizconde voiced his concern to media about the purported lobbying of Senior Associate Justice Antonio Carpio for the reversal of the guilty verdict. Carpio testified for the defense during the trial. The Volunteers Against Crime and Corruption(VACC) asked Justice Antonio Carpio and his cousin Justice Conchita Carpio-Morales to take a leave while the case is being decided to avoid undue influence on the court's decision.[21] This was categorically denied by the Supreme Court as Justice Carpio had in fact inhibited himself from the case and was not going to take part in the deliberation.[22][23]

On December 14, 2010, the Supreme Court reversed the earlier judgment of the lower court and Court of Appeals and acquitted seven of the nine accused, including Hubert Webb, finding that the prosecution failed to prove that the accused were guilty beyond reasonable doubt. The High Court put to question the quality of the testamentary evidence furnished by the witnesses. No acquittal has been made as to the two accused, Filart and Ventura, who remain at-large. Of the 15 Justices, 7 voted for acquittal while four dissented and four Justices, including Carpio, did not participate.[24][25]

Composition

Concurred (7) Dissented (4) Did not take part (1) On leave (1) Inhibited (2)
  1. Roberto Abad
  2. Conchita Carpio-Morales
  3. Diosdado Peralta
  4. Lucas Bersamin
  5. José Pérez
  6. Jose Catral Mendoza
  7. Ma. Lourdes Sereno
  1. Renato Corona
  2. Martín Villarama
  3. Teresita Leonardo-de Castro
  4. Arturo Brion
  1. Antonio Carpio
  1. Presbitero Velasco, Jr.
  1. Antonio Eduardo Nachura
  2. Mariano del Castillo

Concurring opinion

Seven justices based its decision on the following points:

  1. Loss of DNA evidence not a ground for outright acquittal
  2. Unreliability of Jessica Alfaro's testimony:
    • Alfaro had prior knowledge on the facts of the case having been an asset of the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI)
    • Alfaro was not able to explain why the house was ransacked if robbery was not the motive of Webb and his group
  3. Unreliability of testimony from other witnesses
  4. Webb's strong alibi that he was in the United States
    • Alfaro's testimony will fall apart if Webb was not at the crime scene and will relieve the others accused of the crime

Loss of DNA evidence

Webb, citing Brady v. Maryland, said "that he is entitled to outright acquittal on the ground of violation of his right to due process given the State’s failure to produce on order of the Court either by negligence or willful suppression the semen specimen taken from Carmela." The court argued that the cited case has been superseded by Arizona v. Youngblood, "where the U.S. Supreme Court held that due process does not require the State to preserve the semen specimen although it might be useful to the accused unless the latter is able to show bad faith on the part of the prosecution or the police".

The court considered the accused's "lack of interest in having such test done" in which they concluded that the state "cannot be deemed put on reasonable notice that it would be required to produce the semen specimen at some future time".[26]

Alfaro's testimony

The court ruled that Alfaro was "a stool pigeon, one who earned her living by fraternizing with criminals so she could squeal on them to her NBI handlers." The court also said that it was "possible for Alfaro to lie" on the details of the case. Alfaro, who had "practically lived" at the NBI's offices, would have been able to hear about the details, and gain access to the documents, without difficulty. The court noted the inconsistency between Alfaro's testimony of Webb being Carmela's girlfriend, who had no reason in breaking the glass panel of the house's front door to enter the house; Alfaro said that Webb "picked up some stone and, out of the blue, hurled it at the glass-paneled front door". Alfaro, upon explaining on how the house was ransacked, (the Parañaque police had earlier blamed house robbers as suspects), said that Ventura was looking for the front-door key and the car key.

The court said the "portion of Alfaro's story appears tortured to accommodate the physical evidence of the ransacked house" adding that "it is a story made to fit in with the crime scene although robbery was supposedly not the reason Webb and his companions entered that house". The court also said the same for the issue of the garage light: she claimed that Ventura climbed the car's hood, using a chair, to turn the light off. But, unlike the house robbers, however the court points out that "Webb and his friends did not have anything to do in a darkened garage."[26] In general, the court said that Alfaro's story "lacks sense or suffers from inherent inconsistencies."[26]

Corroborating witnesses

The court held that security guard Normal E. White, Jr.'s testimony was unreliable. White was mistaken in saying that Gatchalian and company went in and out of the gated community many times, since they only entered once.[26] Justo Cabanacan, the security supervisor of the gated community, said that he saw Webb enter the gated community, although he did not record Webb entering in his log book.[26]

The court also held that the testimony of the Webb's maid, Mila Gaviola, was also unreliable since she was not able to distinguish if it was Hubert whom she saw on June 30, 1991, nor "did she remember any of the details that happened in the household on the other days".[26]

Webb's alibi

The court said that "among the accused, Webb presented the strongest alibi". The lower courts, however, reasoned that "Webb's alibi cannot stand against Alfaro's positive identification of him." The court said that Alfaro was not a credible witness and that her "story of what she personally saw must be believable, not inherently contrived".[26]

For the alibi to be established "the accused must prove by positive, clear, and satisfactory evidence... that he was present at another place at the time of the perpetration of the crime, and that it was physically impossible for him to be at the scene of the crime". The lower courts, the Supreme Court said, held that "Webb was actually in Parañaque when the Vizconde killings took place". However, the court pointed out that while Webb or his parents may be able to "arrange for the local immigration to put a March 9, 1991 departure stamp on his passport and an October 27, 1992 arrival stamp", they could not fix a foreign airlines’ passenger manifest, and the U.S. Immigration’s record system. The court also said that if Webb was in the U.S. when the crime was committed, the Alfaro's testimony would not hold together: "Without it, the evidence against the others must necessarily fall."[26]

Conclusion

The court maintained that for a person to be convicted there should not be "a reasonable, lingering doubt as to his guilt." As a result, the court reverses the decision of the Court of Appeals, and acquits Webb, et al.[26]

Dissenting opinion

In his dissenting opinion, Justice Villarama argued that the claim of Webb that he could not have committed the crime because he left for the United States on March 9, 1991 and returned to the Philippines only on October 26, 1992 was correctly rejected by the Regional Trial Court and Court of Appeals. Given the financial resources and political influence of his family, it was not unlikely that Webb could have traveled back to the Philippines before June 29–30, 1991 and then departed for the US again, and returning to the Philippines in October 1992. Webb's travel documents and other paper trail of his stay in the US are unreliable proof of his absence in the Philippines at the time of the commission of the crime charged. Webb's reliance on the presumption of regularity of official functions, stressing the fact that the US-INS certifications are official documents, is misplaced. The presumption leaned on is disputable and can be overcome by evidence to the contrary. In this case, the existence of an earlier negative report on the NIIS record on file concerning the entry of appellant Webb into and his exit from the US on March 9, 1991 and October 26, 1992, respectively, had raised serious doubt on the veracity and accuracy of the subsequently issued second certification dated August 31, 1995 which is based merely on a computer print-out of his alleged entry on March 9, 1991 and departure on October 26, 1992. Villarama noted that the alleged Passport, Passenger Manifest of United Airlines Flight and United Airline ticket of accused Webb offered in evidence were mere photocopies of an alleged original, which were never presented. He adds, this Court takes judicial notice of reported irregularities and tampering of passports in the years prior to the recent issuance by the Department of Foreign Affairs(DFA) of machine-readable passports.[27]

Reactions to Webb's acquittal

Pro

Con

Aftermath

President Benigno Aquino III ordered the law enforcement agencies to re-investigate the case six months before the prescription period lapses. He also ordered the Secretary of Justice Leila de Lima to study the possibility of giving compensation to Webb and others.[43]

On December 28, 2010, new witnesses have come forward accusing Hubert Webb and others of allegedly being behind the Vizconde massacre.[44] Other witnesses say Webb was in the Philippines at the time of the murders.[45]

On January 4, 2011, Justice Secretary Leila de Lima said suspect Joey Filart was spotted in the United States.[46]

On January 18, 2011, the Supreme Court denied Lauro Vizconde's motion to reverse the acquittal because of double jeopardy.[47]

On March 18, 2011, Hubert Webb filed a lawsuit against Jessica Alfaro for false testimony at the Parañaque Prosecutor's Office.[48]

On June 14, 2011, Hubert Webb filed a P180,000 compensation claim for "unlawful conviction" for the Vizconde massacre.[49]

Lauro Vizconde, who was the founding president of the Volunteers Against Crime and Corruption, died on February 13, 2016.[50]

Result of the reinvestigation

The Inter-Agency Task Force assigned to reinvestigate Vizconde massacre case formed 6 teams or 3 parallel teams to look into 3 sets of suspects linked to the murders. The 3 sets of suspects are: the Barroso Akyat-Bahay gang; the group of construction workers with engineer Danilo Agwas tagged as mastermind; SPO3 Angel Viaje, PO3 Rodolfo Colado, Ruben Pineda; and, the group of Hubert Webb.[51]

On June 28, 2011, Justice Secretary Leila De Lima said Hubert Webb was in the Philippines when the murders took place. This contradicted Hubert Webb's claim that he was in the United States from March 9, 1991 to October 27, 1992. De Lima said the evidence that showed Webb and any of the co-accused were in the country came from the magnetic reel tape (MRT) of the Philippine Bureau of Immigration (BI) where all records of incoming and outgoing passengers from the Philippines are recorded. The tapes were restored by IBM while being monitored by the National Computer Center. “There was entry of (former senator) Freddie Webb leaving the country in March 1991 but no Hubert Webb,” De Lima said. She said the same MRT provided data that several Webbs arrived in the country, including Hubert, sometime in October 1992. “It is hard to believe this – there is a record of supposed arrival from other country but no record of departure in 1991 or in any month of 1991,” she said. De Lima also said seven new witnesses claimed they saw Webb in the country during the months of April, May and June 1991.[52] According to De Lima, all the new witnesses passed the polygraph test.[53] The witnesses include an electrician, a drug dealer, a couple of neighborhood basketball players, a hairdresser and a village security guard. Pitong, an electrician who since 1982, already knew the Webb family claimed he saw a laundry woman wash a bloodied T-shirt on the morning of the crime. He also claimed to have heard Hubert shout, “Putang ina nyo! Kung di ninyo ako pinabayaan, 'di ako magkakaganito.” (Fuck you all! I would not have ended up like this if you had not neglected me). Three days after that, he was allegedly approached by Mrs. Webb who reportedly told him, “You did not see anything.” A week after, Sen. Freddie Webb allegedly told him, “You did not see anything. You will regret it.”[54][55] Jack, a village security guard who kept records of the village where Webb lived said he saw Hubert Webb during the time of the massacre.[54] George, a drug dealer, claimed he was introduced to Webb by former SPO1 Gerardo Biong sometime in April 1991 where the young Webb allegedly purchased from him 10 grams of shabu worth P10,000. He alleged that Webb bought illegal drugs from him on two other occasions in May 1991. He alleged that he could not forget Webb because Biong had allegedly threatened him, “Do not cheat him. I will kill you,” brandishing a shiny revolver.[56] Mario, a hair stylist during the period June 1991, testified that Webb, along with Tony Boy Lejano and Dong Ventura had their haircut. He said that he heard Hubert Webb quarreling with another young looking customer. Rey and Jerry claimed they saw Webb playing basketball between the months of June and July 1991 during a league in BF Homes.[57]

The findings also point to another set of suspects, namely Dong Villadolid and his brother Bing. The Villadolid brothers were mentioned by a certain Rhoda Pujanes alias Dang, who claimed she overheard Villadolid and his friends, including Miguel Rodriguez and Michael Gatchalian (both co-accused of Webb), talking about the massacre during a pot session in 1991.[52][58][59][60] Dang claimed to have heard Dong Villadolid shouting at the top of his voice, saying they had raped and killed a certain Maria (presumed to be Maria Carmela Vizconde) and other persons. She also said that Bing was accosting Ging Rodriguez on why he had to stab and kill a young girl.[56] De Lima believed Dong Villadolid is the same person as Dong Ventura, one of the co-accused who fled to the US following the massacre. Another accused, Joey Filart also fled to the United States. De Lima said they could still go after Filart and Ventura, as well as the Villadolid brothers, since the prescriptive period of 20 years for homicide does not apply to them because they were abroad.[61] One team uncovered “Black Maria,” a woman whom one witness said had told him she was with Webb’s group inside the Vizconde home and saw the crime take place. “She admitted to knowing Webb and company but denied knowledge of the Vizconde massacre,” NBI Death Investigation Division head Romulo Asis said. De Lima said it was possible that it was Black Maria who was in the Vizconde home and not Jessica Alfaro, the NBI’s star witness during the trial.[56]

Although Webb's group can no longer be retried because of double jeopardy, De Lima said the purpose of the reinvestigation was to “uncover the truth” and bring closure to Lauro Vizconde.[61][62]

In popular culture

The massacre and surrounding events were depicted in the 1993 film The Vizconde Massacre Story (God Help Us!) starring Kris Aquino as Carmela Vizconde.

A second movie, The Untold Story: Vizconde Massacre II May The Lord Be With Us, was released in 1994 and starred Vina Morales as Carmela and Joko Díaz as an assailant. The film claims to have been based on new evidence from the then-ongoing trial.

The Jessica Alfaro Story in 1995 was meanwhile focused on the star witness, portrayed by Alice Dixson. The case was featured on a Philippine TV show Case Unclosed as its ninth episode, "Vizconde Massacre Case."

Timeline

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Philippine Inquirer The Vizconde Case
  2. ↑ "PNP welcomes new police recruits". philstar.com. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  3. ↑ Delizo, Michael Joe T. (13 February 2016). "VACC founder Vizconde dies". Manilla Times. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  4. 1 2 "Manila Standard – Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  5. ↑ "Manila Standard – Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  6. ↑ "Manila Standard – Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  7. 1 2 "Manila Standard – Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  8. ↑ "Manila Standard – Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  9. 1 2 "G.R. No. 121234". Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "The Manila Times Internet Edition – SPECIAL REPORT > Questions linger in Vizconde case". Archived from the original on 2 April 2008. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  11. ↑ "Manila Standard – Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  12. ↑ "Manila Standard – Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  13. ↑ "G.R. No. 127262". Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  14. ↑ The Philippine Daily Inquirer, December 31, 2010
  15. ↑ "'Vizconde' convict freed"
  16. ↑ "Philippine Daily Inquirer – Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  17. ↑ Court of Appeals Decision
  18. ↑ Clapano, Jose Rodel (2005-12-17). "CA upholds ruling on Vizconde slays". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 2010-12-17.
  19. ↑ "NBI exec: We've turned over semen specimen from Vizconde girl to court".
  20. ↑ "Webb files urgent motion for acquittal".
  21. ↑ "2 SC justices asked to go on leave pending Vizconde decision". GMA News Online. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  22. ↑ Philippine Daily Inquirer: "Home alone, Vizconde lives with spirits of murdered family"
  23. ↑ "SC sues for time, defers ruling on Vizconde case". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 30 November 2010.
  24. ↑ Philippine Daily Inquirer, SC Acquits Webb et al
  25. ↑ "Supreme Court decision on Webb et al re Vizconde Massacre". Scribd. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "People vs. Webb et. al". Supreme Court of the Philippines. 2010-12-14. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
  27. ↑ "G.R. No. 176389". Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  28. ↑ Lauro Vizconde in tears, Webbs on 'cloud nine', Philippine Daily Inquirer, December 15, 2010
  29. 1 2 "Local News". Sun.Star. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  30. 1 2 Ex-NBI execs face off over Vizconde case, Sunstar, December 23, 2010
  31. ↑ The impact of the Webb decision
  32. ↑ Like winning the grand lotto, Philippine Daily Inquirer, December 15, 2010
  33. ↑ Gary, Kris speak up on Hubert's acquittal, ABS CBN News, December 17, 2010
  34. ↑ Outrage over decision, sympathy for Vizconde, Philippine Daily Inquirer, December 15, 2010
  35. ↑ Ruling raises more questions, lawyers point out, Sun Star Cebu, December 15, 2010
  36. ↑ Bishop believes Hubert Webb is innocent, Philippine Star, December 14, 2010
  37. ↑ Vizconde kin question why Webb was released so quickly, Philippine Daily Inquirer, December 14, 2010
  38. ↑ Jessica Alfaro stands by story, Philippine Daily Inquirer, January 7, 2011
  39. ↑ Alfaro unwilling to testifying anew in Vizconde case Jessica Alfaro stands by story, Philippine Daily Inquirer, December 31, 2010
  40. 1 2 Criminal law experts umalma sa pag-absuwelto ng SC kay Webb, ABS CBN News, December 16, 2010
  41. ↑ Flawed SC ruling on Vizconde case, The Daily Tribune, January 30, 2011
  42. ↑ Ex-VP Guingona to SC: Reverse Webb's acquittal to give justice to Vizconde, GMA News, January 7, 2011
  43. ↑ Bordadora, Norman (2010-12-17). "Aquino orders new Vizconde slay probe". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
  44. ↑ Ina Reformina; ABS-CBN News. "New Vizconde massacre witnesses surface". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  45. ↑ New witnesses to prove Webb in PH during Vizconde massacre, Philippine Daily Inquirer
  46. ↑ http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/296614/semblance-truth-alfaro-story-doj
  47. ↑ "G.R. No. 176389". Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  48. ↑ Hubert Webb sues witness Alfaro, Philippine Daily Inquirer, March 18, 2011
  49. ↑ Hubert Webb seeks P180K compensation for 'unlawful' conviction, GMA News, June 14, 2011
  50. ↑ "Lauro Viszconde Passes Away - VACC". Philippine Daily Inquirer. February 13, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
  51. ↑ NBI, PNP teams probe 3 sets of Vizconde slay suspects, ABS-CBN News, December 21, 2010
  52. 1 2 New evidence shatters Webb's alibi, Manila Bulletin, June 28, 2011
  53. ↑ Vizconde massacre has new set of witnesses, Philippine Star, June 28, 2011
  54. 1 2 Evidence, witnesses 'shatter' Webb alibi: task force, ABS CBN News, June 28, 2011
  55. ↑ ‘Webb here during killings’, Philippine Daily Inquirer, June 28, 2011
  56. 1 2 3 ‘Webb here during killings’, Philippine Daily Inquirer, June 29, 2011
  57. ↑ DoJ chief: No credible proof of Webb in crime scene, The Daily Tribune, June 29, 2011
  58. ↑ New Vizconde massacre witness is 'Ms. X', Philippine Star, May 19, 2011
  59. ↑ De Lima hints at ‘explosive’ breakthrough in Vizconde probe, GMA News, March 17, 2011
  60. ↑ 'Ms. X' key to real perpetrators of Vizconde murders?, Philippine Star, March 17, 2011
  61. 1 2 'Webb in Phl during massacre', Philippine Star, June 28, 2011
  62. ↑ De Lima: It’s to uncover truth, Philippine Daily Inquirer, July 1, 2011

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