War Precautions Act 1914
| War Precautions Act 1914 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Parliament of Australia | |
| Date assented to | 29 October 1914 |
| Date repealed | 2 December 1920 |
| Status: Repealed | |
The War Precautions Act 1914 was an Act of the Parliament of Australia which gave the Government of Australia special powers for the duration of World War I and for six months afterwards. The Act was made pursuant to the defence power in Section 51(vi) of the Australian Constitution which empowers the federal Parliament to make laws with respect to the naval and military defence of the Commonwealth.
It has been held that during wartime, the scope of the federal Government's power expanded to meet the exigencies of wartime. This expansion allows the federal Government to overcome limits on its other powers and provided constitutional support for the War Precautions Act. During peacetime, the federal Government's powers under the Constitution are limited to specified subject matters; other matters were within the power of the Australian States. Under the defence power, however, the federal government's power is very wide.
Provisions
Under the War Precautions Act, the federal Government could make regulations about anything that affected the war effort. This resulted in a dramatic increase in the range of federal regulations.
The federal Government also began to exercise powers that it had possessed prior to the war but had chosen not to exercise. For example, it began to levy income tax, which had previously only been levied by the Australian States.
The powers available to the federal Government under the Act were exercisable by regulation. This means that they did not need to be passed by Parliament in order to become law. Any document prepared by the relevant Minister and signed by the Governor-General became law. Many War Precautions Regulations were made in this way.
Some of the activities carried out under the authority of the War Precautions Act include:
- cancellation of commercial contracts with firms in enemy countries,
- levying of an income tax,
- issue of passports,
- price fixing,
- interning of "enemy aliens" and
- censorship of publications and letters.
Operation
There were 3,442 prosecutions under the Act, almost all of which were successful. Penalties ranged from cautionary fines to imprisonment for up to six months.
The Act required all persons over 16 years of age, on leaving Australia, to possess a passport.[1]
Some of the uses of the War Precautions Act were highly controversial. For example, leading up to the referendums on conscription, a Regulation that banned statements likely to prejudice recruiting was used to hamper the anti-conscription campaign. Almost any anti-conscriptionist speech could be construed as offending, and a number of prominent anti-conscriptionists were charged, including John Curtin.
Another controversial use of the Act was in the settling of labour disputes. When coal-miners in New South Wales went on strike in 1916, the Act was used to empower the Attorney-General to order the men back to work. The following year, a nationwide strike of Waterfront workers was defeated by the passing of a regulation that deprived the Waterside Workers Federation of preferences in seven of the busiest ports in Australia. Although in many cases the use of the Act in settling labour disputes could be seen as necessary for the war effort, some other uses appeared calculated to suppress the labour movement. For example, in September 1918 the War Precautions Act was used to ban the use of the red flag, a traditional labour emblem.
Following the end of the war, the continued operation of the Act lead to a series of violent demonstrations known as the Red Flag Riots.[2][3]
The War Precautions Act was repealed by the War Precautions Act Repeal Act 1920.
References
- ↑ Passports.gov.au Passport History
- ↑ Evans 1992, pp. 126–171.
- ↑ Coulthard-Clark 1998, p. 165.
Readings
- Coulthard-Clark, Christopher (1998). Where Australians Fought: The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles (1st ed.). Sydney: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86448-611-2.
- Evans, Raymond (1992). "Agitation, ceaseless agitation: Russian radicals in Australia and the Red flag riots". In McNair, John & Poole, Thomas. Russia and the Fifth Continent. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. pp. 126–171. ISBN 978-0-7022-2420-1.
- Scott, Ernest (1941). Australia During the War. The Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918, Volume XI. Sydney: Angus and Robertson.