Whalley Range, Manchester

Whalley Range
Whalley Range  Whalley Range shown within Greater Manchester
Population	15,430 (2011)
OS grid reference	SJ831948
Metropolitan borough	City of Manchester
Metropolitan county	Greater Manchester
Region	North West
Country	England
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	MANCHESTER
Postcode district	M16
Dialling code	0161
Police	Greater Manchester
Fire	Greater Manchester
Ambulance	North West
EU Parliament	North West England
UK Parliament	Manchester Gorton
List of places UK England Greater Manchester

Coordinates: 53°27′00″N 2°15′11″W / 53.450°N 2.253°W

Whalley Range is an area of Manchester, England, about 2 miles southwest of the city centre. The population of the Whalley Range ward taken at the 2011 census was 15,430.^[1] Historically in Lancashire, it was one of the earliest of the city's suburbs, built by local businessman Samuel Brooks.

History

Whalley Range was one of Manchester's first suburbs, built by Manchester banker and businessman Samuel Brooks as "a desirable estate for gentlemen and their families".^[2]

In September 1834, Samuel Brooks bought 39 Lancashire acres of land from Robert Fielden, called Oak Farm in Moss Side, also known locally as Barber's Farm. Brooks also bought 42 Lancashire acres from the Egerton Estate. This land is described in the deeds as being part of Hough Moss, but in the Egerton Estate's records as Fletcher's Moss. It was also known locally as Jackson's, Plant's or Woodall's Moss, and was part of the Manor of Withington. In 1867, the area was given its own postcode by the post office - 'Manchester SW 16'. In 1894, the area north of the Black Brook was incorporated into the newly formed Stretford Urban District. With the sale of Manley Hall in 1905, a contiguous strip of land was added to the south and west of the estate for house building, formerly being a part of the parish of Chorlton-cum-Hardy. Because all of this land was covered in peat from a thickness of eighteen inches to three feet, Samuel Brooks drained it, and initially built villas for wealthy businessmen such as himself. He was born near Whalley, Lancashire, after which he named his own home Whalley House, which may be the origin of the area's name. A toll gate guarded this exclusive area and this place (where Chorlton Road and Withington Road meet) is still called Brooks's Bar (pron. Brooks Bar).^[3] The toll-gate was first removed to the junction with Wood Road, and then the charging of tolls came to an end on 10 June 1896.

The residents never tried to incorporate the area as a separate local authority, as in the age of light-touch government they saw no need. The area was more or less equally divided between the Moss Side and Withington Urban Districts (some existing street furniture remains from that period). The urban district councils in turn sub-contracted some functions to Lancashire County Council, notably policing (see 'Murder most foul' below). Additionally the residents paid for a private police force, to collect tolls and protect property. This arrangement seemed to be quite effective, as the area rarely appears in Victorian and Edwardian crime reports, with the one exception below. The private police survived the elimination of toll-charging and incorporation into the City, only becoming defunct with the manpower shortages of the First World War. Residents to the south of the area could also call on the Cheshire Lines Committee Police and Manchester City Council maintained a park police. The unusual nature of the area has given rise to some myths, notably that no alcohol could be sold within it. Brooks was a High Church Anglican, so there was no religious reason for any restrictive covenants, rather a desire to keep up the tone of the area. Whalley Range had several private members' clubs (see the Carlton Club below), as well as a public hall and a cinema in Withington Road, at the end of Dudley Road. Also in Withington Road was the 'Caught on the Hop' pub^[4] on Withington Road, as well as the much older 'Whalley Hotel' at the Brooks's Bar corner of Upper Chorlton Road, and the 'Seymour', at the other end. All have now been either demolished or sold for other uses. The original plans for the area envisaged it as much larger. For instance, Hough End Crescent was meant to be an arc of very large houses, linking the ends of Alexandra and Withington Roads. This idea was made impossible by the difficulty of draining the area, and the later building of the railway. Drainage difficulties are a feature of the area, as it was crossed by a large number of streams, some being notable as open sewers.^[5] Many roads are in fact built over culverts, notably Upper Chorlton Road and Brantingham Road. As late as the 1930s significant drainage work had to be carried out in the Manley Road area.^[6] Clarendon Road was built on the site of clay pits, and needed remedial work on gable-ends due to subsidence in the 1980s. Even today the remaining open brooks are regularly worked on to prevent flooding.

Incorporation shrank the area considerably, thanks to ward and constituency boundary changes. West Point was lost to Chorlton, and Darley Park to Old Trafford, as well as the eastern side at the north end of Withington Road. Postcode changes, made necessary by the inter-war development of the Egerton Estate, meant that the southern end of the area was lost. Whalley Range has had a large Polish community since the late 1940s.^[7] By the 1960s the area became synonymous with bedsit-land, the encroachment of property developers, and gained a poor reputation as a red-light district. There has been a recent return ^[8] of this phenomenon. Estate agents took to describing it as 'Chorlton Borders', and the City Council made a short-lived attempt to rename it as East Chorlton. However the area had two redoubtable female defenders: one of these was Ingeborg Tipping, the Chair of the Residents' Association, who made great efforts to ensure the area was properly policed, among many other matters. City Councillor the late Kath Fry was a highly pro-active champion of the area.

On 24 June 2012 the Olympic Torch passed along the full length of Upper Chorlton Road on its nationwide tour.

Transport

Public transport was resisted until the whole area became incorporated into the City of Manchester. No railway line was allowed through: the nearest station was at the southern end of Alexandra Road South, designed to serve the Alexandra Park Aerodrome at Hough End. The aerodrome ran a scheduled service to Croydon Airport. The travel agent, Robinson's on Withington Road, would reassure nervous passengers' relatives, by sending round a messenger boy once news of a safe landing had been received telegraphically. The aerodrome, along with its ancillary landing-field at Turn Moss in Stretford, closed in 1924. The station fell to Beeching's axe, although it had a one-day reprieve as Chorltonville station, for a Granada TV showcase of Blues musicians staged at the site, on 7 May 1964.

Stretford horse-drawn trams had to terminate at their stables at the corner of Cornbrook Road and Chorlton Road, until Stretford built up to Brooks's Bar, when they were allowed to terminate at the Withington Road side of the Whalley Hotel. Manchester trams ended at the Prince of Wales Hotel, at the corner of Moss Lane West and Upper Moss Lane, Moss Side. As Alexandra Road became an important shopping street, the trams terminated at their stables at the end of Range Road. By the 1920s, however, Whalley Range was fully served, and the Clarendon Road/Manley Park development had its own, eccentric, no. 86 motor-bus route. The area also had its own "ghost bus", which served the above station, timed to meet trains, for at least a decade after passenger services stopped.^[9] Taxi ranks were established outside the shops on Withington Road, as well as outside the Whalley and Seymour Hotels (the Seymour Hotel was at the southern end of Upper Chorlton Road).

Manley Hall

Manley Hall was built by the wealthy businessman Samuel Mendel (near the present-day Manley Park) in the 1860s.^[10] It was very grand and contained a fine art collection; the gardens were extensive. The cost of building was £120,000. After Lord Egerton, the lord of the manor, and William Cunliffe Brooks, Mendel was one of the richer residents. He converted from Judaism to High Church Anglicanism, and with the above two grandees worshipped at the Old Church of St Clement, Chorlton. Along with Brooks and Egerton he opposed the building of a new church for the expanding population.^[11] However the opening of the Suez Canal caused such problems for the Mendel trading business that he became a bankrupt and the hall was put up for sale. No buyer for something so grand could be found, (cf. the fate of nearby Longford Park, bought by the local authority), and it fell into disrepair.^[12] Until it was demolished in about 1905, it was used as a pleasure garden, its most famous visitor being "Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show" ^[13][14]

PC Nicholas Cock

An infamous murder in the area occurred when it was at the height of its fashionable status in the 1870s. PC Nicholas Cock was a Lancashire Constabulary beat officer for the then sparsely-populated Chorlton-cum-Hardy and Firs Farm areas. Around midnight on 1 August 1876, he was talking to a Whalley Range private policeman at the corner of Rye Bank Road and Trafford Road (now Seymour Grove). They heard a suspicious noise coming from the house of Samuel Gratrix, a wealthy member of the Manchester Exchange. They separated to investigate the outside of the property, and PC Cock was fatally shot, the bullet embedding itself in the boundary wall. The building, West Point, was later substantially extended on its eastern side to become the Seymour Hotel, but the place in the wall where the bullet lodged was marked, and was visible on Woodside Road. The wall has since been demolished with the rest of the building. PC Cock died on 2 August 1876 and was buried in Chorlton's Old Churchyard, although his elaborate gravestone, paid for by public subscription, was removed in 1956 to the Lancashire Constabulary HQ at Hutton near Preston.

Two local farm labourers living at nearby Firs Farm Cottages, the Habron brothers, were suspected and William Habron (aged 18) was tried and condemned for the murder, although there must have been some doubt, as the sentence was commuted. Some years later, an infamous criminal, Charles Peace, confessed to the murder before he was due for execution; because of this Habron was released, and given £1,000, held in trust by his former employer at Firs Farm, and the Roman Catholic Bishop of Salford, Herbert Vaughan. The intention was for Habron to buy a farm locally, which would have cost around £250. But he chose to return to County Mayo in Ireland, where he ran a beer shop for many years.^[15][16]

Votes for Women!

Whalley Range had another unusual feature for Victorian times – enfranchised women. The Poor Law Unions linked representation with taxation: anyone with an interest in real property above a certain rateable value could vote on local matters, irrespective of gender. The successor urban district councils continued this rule. In Moss Side, for instance, of the 55,000 approximate population, about 3,300 could vote. Married women could not vote, their property interests were subordinate to their husbands, but wealthy widows and single women (spinsters) could. This period of enfranchisement appears to end with incorporation. Women graduates of Oxbridge and, from 1918 seven other universities as the Combined English Universities could vote in both local and national elections, in the constituencies specifically set aside for those institutions.

Geography and administration

Political divisions

The area is represented on Manchester City Council by Angeliki Stogia,^[17] Mary Watson and Aftab Razaq (all Labour).^[18] The Whalley Range Ward includes parts of Chorlton. The ward was until 2009 in Manchester Central Constituency represented by Tony Lloyd (Labour) and moved to the Gorton Constituency for the 2010 elections and is now represented by Gerald Kaufman (Labour).^[19]

Topography

Whalley Range is characterised by large detached and semi-detached Victorian era houses, many of which have been converted into flats, intermixed with late 20th century low-rise flats or blocks of flats, with some early 20th century housing to the west. Many of the roads and avenues are lined with trees. The district has limited shopping facilities, as these were felt to be unnecessary for the class of person envisaged as a resident: these are predominantly found on Withington Road and on Upper Chorlton Road.

Upper Chorlton Road (looking northeast from the Wood Road inward bus stop)

A peculiarity of Upper Chorlton Road is that along most of its length the two sides of the road are in different metropolitan boroughs with the boundary in the centre of the road so going southwards the left side is in the City of Manchester and the right side in the Borough of Trafford. The street furniture is different: in the earlier 20th century the tramway systems were different so Manchester Corporation Tramways designs were faced by those of Stretford Urban District.^[20] Boundary anomalies along the route were only corrected in the late 1980s. Upper Chorlton Road was laid out so that the classical doorway of Williams & Glyn's Bank,^[21] on Chorlton Road in Old Trafford, was visible along almost all its length. The road had several drill halls on its length. The most obvious is the red-brick castellated building at the corner of Kings Road (in Old Trafford). It is dated 1903 and the design is influenced by Tudor architecture.^[22] It actually extended over a considerable area to the rear, (now occupied by the M16 Postal Sorting Office, some open land and derelict buildings). It housed a military police unit and the Air Training Corps, but in 2011 there is the 207 Manchester Field Hospital there. The ATC has moved to Hough End in Withington, a relic of its time as Alexandra Park Aerodrome. The Yeomanry had two depots on Upper Chorlton Road; one is now a housing estate, the other a Council depot. A largely redundant centre is still in partial use near the end of College Road, it formerly housed the Transport Corps (now in Weaste), and the Royal Marines.

The area also had a feature that appears in many Victorian and Edwardian large-scale developments in Manchester: the entirely private road. Some can still be seen off Wilbraham Road, and the best example elsewhere in the area is Green Walk off Wood Road. Wellington Road was only adopted by the highway authority within living memory, and the stretch between Alness Road and Alexandra Road is still wholly owned by St Bede's College, as it bisects their campus. The area also has no 'streets', as these were a status indicator to Victorians. The few extant highways were renamed 'road' from 'lane', as this also indicated a certain status. This appears to be merely a fashion, however, as later Victorians appeared to favour the bucolic part of the 'rus in urbes' equation. Too bucolic, however, wasn't popular either: Doghouse Lane became Kingsbrook Road and Dark Lane became Clarendon Road.

Whalley Hotel, Brooks's Bar

Demographics

According to the 2001 census^[23]

• White British – 48.86%
• White Other – 4.43%
• White Irish – 3.39%
• Mixed Race – 4.23%
• British Asian – 28.48%
• Black British – 8.24%
• Chinese or other – 2.37%

Location grid

Religion

The former St Edmund's Church

Churches and chapels

Religion played a major role in Victorian life, and the size and number of religious buildings testifies to this. Although Brooks was a High Church Anglican, he allowed non-Anglican Christian sects (Roman Catholics, Non-conformists, and Methodists) to buy and build on substantial plots, as long as these were on the fringes of the development.

There are Anglican parish churches in Whalley Range: St Margaret's, significantly positioned in the heart of the original phase of development, on the corner of Whalley Road and Rufford Road, and St Edmund's on Alexandra Road South opposite Alexandra Park. The original St Edmund's Grade II listed building has been converted into apartments, and the church congregation now meets in the modern worship-centre next door. Also on Alexandra Road South is the Manchester Chinese Church, and on Withington Road is Whalley Range Methodist Church. Manley Park Methodist Church is on Egerton Road North; the congregation began worshipping in a tin tabernacle in 1905 and the present building was opened in 1910.^[24] The Welsh Methodist congregation worshipped next door, in a smaller brick building.

Near Hartley Hall is the English Martyrs Roman Catholic Church, built in 1895–96: the tall spire is its most remarkable feature. From the time of the school's move to Alexandra Road South, St Bede's College supported the nearby St Bede's Mission, and priests on the school's staff worked to provide for the spiritual needs of the Catholic population in Whalley Range. In 1893 the Bishop of Salford, John Bilsborrow, appointed Father James Rowan, a former teacher at the college, as priest-in-charge of the district. The new church^[25] was consecrated on the Feast of the English Martyrs, 4 May 1922. There were also two convents; the Cenacle, on alexandra Road, and Mount Carmel, on Whalley Road. Another Roman Catholic congregation meets in Deerpark Road.

There are also New Testament Church of God (in Upper Chorlton Road, formerly a Nonconformist chapel, and lacking the upper part of the spire which was deliberately removed), and Spiritualist (in Alexandra Road South) churches.

Other places of worship

Gita Bhavan Hindu Temple, Wilbraham Road

The Minhaj-ul-Qur'an Central Mosque is on Withington Road and there is also a British Muslim Heritage Centre in College Road and a number of smaller mosques.^[26] There is a Hindu temple in a former chapel on the corner of Wilbraham Road and Withington Road; on Upper Chorlton Road near Brooks's Bar is a Sikh temple. A new £2 million Gurdwara (Sikh place of worship) and cultural centre has been constructed on Upper Chorlton Road. This opened on 14 March 2011.^[27][28] The Vairochana Buddhist Centre was once in Dudley Road but has moved to Chorlton-cum-Hardy.^[29] The ISKCON Hare Krishna movement has a centre on Mayfield Road.

Education and health

Higher education

The Lancashire Independent College at College Road, 1840–43, was established by the Lancashire Congregational Union to train ministers for service. The architects were Francis Chester and John Gould Irwin and the style is neo-Gothic. George Hadfield MP gave £2000 towards the building costs, and laid the foundation stone. It is the area's best-known building, and has been in continuous educational use since it was built. Following the Nazi takeover of Czecho-Slovakia in 1938, the University used it to house refugee Czech academics and intellectuals. Ironically, in the German Invasion Handbook for Operation Sea Lion (Unternehmen Seelöwe) it was named as one of several large properties in the area suitable for use by the occupation authorities. It closed as a Congregational College in the late 20th century and has since been reused by the General, Municipal and Boilermakers' Union (GMB) as a training centre for their trade union members. At the beginning of this century the union tried to sell it to developers. A successful protest movement was convened by Jeremi Palka-Zawadzki, a long-term resident, and others. It now operates as the British Muslim Heritage Centre (BMHC) and has undergone a multimillion-pound repair and renovation. The centre held its first public outdoor event – BMHC Family Day – on Sunday 1 May 2011.^[30]

Schools

Secondary schools

Four decorative panels by George Tinworth, from St Bede's College, Manchester

St Bede's College, Manchester (on Alexandra Road South), a Roman Catholic independent school founded in 1876, was originally built as an aquarium but this was not a commercial success. The college acquired it after having been established in Manchester City Centre. It is built of red brick and terracotta and the frontage is very ornate. If the building appears asymmetrical, that is because the money ran out for a wing on the north side of the main entrance, built in the 1870s. It was only in the 1930s that the College gave up the land at the end of Mayfield Road, preferring to expand eclectically westwards toward Alness Road, then known as Albert Road. At the same time it sold its playing fields which had been between College Road and Burford Road, originally the site of Whalley Range Cricket Club, and where St Margaret's C.E. Primary now has its playing fields, acquiring the freehold of Whalley Farm. The area west of Withington Road became playing fields, the rest continued as a farm until the late 1960s, when it became the site of St George's RC High School. In the 1980s the Cenacle Convent's large red brick building on Wellington Road became part of the College's campus, along with the area freed by the demolition of several houses on that road.

William Hulme's Grammar School (in Springbridge Road) was established as an independent school in 1887, became a direct grant grammar school in 1946, and returned to full independence in 1976. In 2007, the school rejoined the state education sector, scrapping its annual tuition fees and selective admissions test in exchange for funding as an academy. The school's specialist subject is languages, and it will continue to select 10% of its pupils on the basis of their aptitude for modern languages.

Hartley College^[31] further down Alexandra Road South was built as a Primitive Methodist College in 1879: it is now Kassim Darwish School for Boys (a Muslim grammar school).^[32]

Whalley Range 11–18 High School and Business and Enterprise College is a large non-denominational secondary school for girls, on Wilbraham Road, where it moved in the 1930s from a smaller site on the corner of Burford Road and Withington Road (known then as 'Britannia Row', because of the large statue of Britannia on the frontage of an annexe on Burford Road. The statue came from Manchester's old Town Hall on King Street). There was also a Preparatory Department at 'Crimsworth', now the site of Manley Park Junior School.^[33] The anomalous bulge and bend in Withington Road at this point is explained by the need for a carriage entrance to this building. Unusually, the school had begun as a boys' school on Graeme Street, before moving to this site. It only became a girls' school in 1891, as a counterpart to the two boys' schools mentioned above. Nowadays, the large majority of students is from minority ethnic backgrounds, many originating in Pakistan. Almost all of the students in the sixth form are from minority ethnic backgrounds. The number of students whose first language is other than English is much higher than the national average, with the three most common languages spoken by students being Urdu, Somali and Arabic. The school has specialist status as a business and enterprise college, and since 2007 has also been a designated sports college. The school was assessed as "good" in its March 2007 Ofsted report.^[34] Estelle Morris, now Baroness Morris of Yardley, one time Secretary of State for Education and Skills and Minister for the Arts, is a notable alumna.^[35]

Primary schools

Our Lady's R.C. Primary School on Whalley Road was partly housed, until the 1990s, in the former Imperial German consulate, seized during the First World War by the Custodian of Enemy Property.

Originally there was meant to be a third parallel road to York Avenue and Cromwell Avenue, called Woodlands Road, but the authorities noticed the large number of children now growing up in the area. The developer was therefore only allowed to build Bury Avenue, the rest of the plot was devoted to Manley Park County Primary School, and a recreation ground, now known as Manley Park, (colloquially known as 'the rec' until the 1980s). After the phase of further developments on the Egerton Estate, the school expanded into the Crimsworth Annexe, a large house and garden at the west end of College Road. In the 1970s the school was famous for its steel band.

St. Margaret's CofE Primary school on Withington Road occupies the pre-World War II site of Whalley Range High School for Girls. The playing fields at the rear had formerly belonged to St Bede's College, Manchester.

Hospitals

In Russell Road is the Spire Manchester Hospital (private) offering a range of services.^[36] The site once occupied by the Nello James Centre had been a Red Cross Hospital, dating from World War I.

Cultural associations

The poet Jane Crewdson lived for part of her life in Whalley Range. The writer Dodie Smith spent part of her early life at Claremont, Wood Road, as she records in her autobiography Look Back With Love (1974).

The district has a number of cultural associations, including:

• Whalley Range is home to Extraordinary Rendition Manchester Musicians' Collective (aka EXR) which is based at the Carlton, Carlton Road, Whalley Range, Manchester M16 8BE. EXR comprises upwards of 100 Manchester bands and acoustic performers. EXR records, established during 2007 released its first compilation album in December 2007.
• Steve Hopkins, record producer and keyboardist of John Cooper Clarke, Nico, The Invisible Girls, and the Archangel Orchestra, lived in Whalley Range and has an art studio there.^[37]
• The Smiths' eponymous album mentioned Whalley Range in the song "Miserable Lie", with the lyrics "What do we get for our trouble and pain? Just a rented room in Whalley Range".
• Nigel Pivaro, actor and journalist, was baptised at English Martyrs RC Church in 1960.
• Les Dawson, comedian and writer, died at the Spire Hospital on 10 June 1993.

Notable people

• John Prettyjohns VC, the first Royal Marine to be awarded the Victoria Cross, was subsequently the Steward of the Whalley Range Bowling Club on Demesne Road.

References

1. "City of Manchester ward population 2011". Retrieved 5 January 2016.
2. "Whalley Range Conservation Area" (HTTP). Manchester City Council. Retrieved 24 August 2007.
3. Brackenbury, Allan (November 1993). "The Road from Brooklands Station". Journal of the Railway and Canal Historical Society 31/4 (156): 170–174. ISSN 0033-8834.
4. In the 1970s
5. Old Chorlton website
6. Manchester Local Images Collection in Manchester Central Library
7. Burgess, Marissa "Sto lat!" (Barbakan delicatessen): The Big Issue in the North; no. 505, Feb. 23-29, 2004; pp. 18-19
8. Manchester Evening News 17 January 2012
9. SELNEC timetables
10. "Manley Park". Manchester Public Parks & Gardens. Manchester 2002. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
11. Lloyd (1972); p. 100-02
12. Manchester Local Images Collection
13. Manchester Evening News; date
14. Lloyd, John (1985) Looking Back at Chorlton-cum-Hardy. Altrincham: Willow; p. [36]
15. Lloyd (1972); pp. 95–97
16. Lloyd, John (1985) Looking Back at Chorlton-cum-Hardy. Altrincham: Willow; p. [40]
17. Manchester.gov.uk/ localelectionresults
18. "Councillors by Ward: Whalley Range". Manchester City Council. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
19. Wright, Susannah. "Battlefield Withington". South Manchester Reporter (April 8, 2010): 1, 5.
20. Yearsley, Ian (1962) The Manchester Tram. Huddersfield: Advertiser Press; pp. 109, 140, 150–51
21. Now occupied by a bookmaker.
22. Hartwell, Clare, et al. (2004) Lancashire: Manchester and the South-east. New Haven: Yale University Press; p. 655
23. Lead View Table
24. Glendinning, Amy "The 'tin tabernacle' turns 100", in: South Manchester Reporter; June 10, 2010, p. 15
25. Parish of the English Martyrs, Manchester. "English Martyrs Parish Church".
26. "Whalley Range mosques". Retrieved 7 July 2011.
27. "First stone laid for new Sikh temple". M.E.N. Media. 19 August 2010.
28. http://www.manchestergurdwara.co.uk/new-gurdwara-project.htm
29. "Non-Conformist Christian Churches, Non-Christian, Temples, Chapels, Meeting Places & Organisations". Manchester UK. Papillon Graphics. 2002. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
30. "British Muslim Heritage Centre". Retrieved 7 July 2011.
31. Afterwards Hartley-Victoria College and later used as a hall of residence for the Royal Northern College of Music
32. "KD Grammar School for Boys". Geolocation. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
33. History of Whalley Range School for Girls, 1920
34. "Whalley Range 11–18 High School and Business and Enterprise College". Ofsted. 19 March 2007. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved 18 May 2007.
35. "Guardian Unlimited". London: Guardian News and Media Limited. Archived from the original (HTTP) on January 23, 2005. Retrieved 15 April 2007.
36. "Spire Manchester Hospital". Retrieved 20 April 2010.