Daucus carota

Wild carrot
The umbel of a wild carrot
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Apiales
Family:	Apiaceae
Genus:	Daucus
Species:	D. carota
Binomial name
Daucus carota L.
Synonyms[1]
Carota sylvestris (Mill.) Rupr. Caucalis carnosa Roth Caucalis carota (L.) Crantz Caucalis daucus Crantz Daucus alatus Poir. Daucus allionii Link Daucus australis Kotov nom. illeg. Daucus blanchei Reut. Daucus brevicaulis Raf. Daucus communis Rouy & E.G.Camus Daucus dentatus Bertol. Daucus esculentus Salisb. Daucus exiguus Steud. Daucus glaber Opiz ex Čelak. Daucus heterophylus Raf. Daucus kotovii M.Hiroe Daucus levis Raf. Daucus marcidus Timb.-Lagr. Daucus maritimus With. nom. illeg. Daucus montanus Schmidt ex Nyman Daucus neglectus Lowe Daucus nudicaulis Raf. Daucus officinalis Gueldenst. ex Ledeb. Daucus polygamus Jacq. ex Nyman nom. inval. Daucus scariosus Raf. Daucus sciadophylus Raf. Daucus strigosus Raf. Daucus sylvestris Mill. Daucus vulgaris Garsault nom. inval. Daucus vulgaris Neck.

Daucus carota, whose common names include wild carrot, bird's nest, bishop's lace, and Queen Anne's lace (North America), is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native to temperate regions of Europe and southwest Asia, and naturalized to North America and Australia.

Domesticated carrots are cultivars of a subspecies, Daucus carota subsp. sativus.

Description

Fruit cluster containing oval fruits with hooked spines

The wild carrot is a herbaceous, somewhat variable biennial plant that grows between 30 and 60 cm (1 and 2 ft) tall, roughly hairy, with a stiff, solid stem. The leaves are tripinnate, finely divided and lacy, and overall triangular in shape. The flowers are small and dull white, clustered in flat, dense umbels. They may be pink in bud and may have a reddish flower in the centre of the umbel. The lower bracts are three-forked or pinnate, which distinguishes the plant from other white-flowered umbellifers. As the seeds develop, the umbel curls up at the edges, becomes more congested, and develops a concave surface. The fruits are oval and flattened, with short styles and hooked spines.^[2] The dried umbels detach from the plant, becoming tumbleweeds.^[3] The function of the tiny red flower, coloured by anthocyanin, is to attract insects.

Similar in appearance to the deadly poison hemlock, D. carota is distinguished by a mix of tripinnate leaves, fine hairs on its solid green stems and on its leaves, a root that smells like carrots, and occasionally a single dark red flower in the center of the umbel.^[4][5]

Uses

Like the cultivated carrot the D. carota root is edible while young, but it quickly becomes too woody to consume.

Extra caution should be used when collecting D. carota because it bears a close resemblance to poison hemlock. In addition, the leaves of the wild carrot can cause phytophotodermatitis,^[6] so caution should also be used when handling the plant. It has also been used as a method of contraception and an abortifacient for centuries.^[7]

If used as a dyestuff, the flowers give a creamy, off-white color.

D. carota, when freshly cut, will draw or change color depending on the color of the water in which it is held. This effect is only visible on the "head" or flower of the plant. Carnations also exhibit this effect. This occurrence is a popular science demonstration in primary grade school.

Beneficial weed

This beneficial weed can be used as a companion plant to crops. Like most members of the umbellifer family, it attracts wasps to its small flowers in its native land; however, where it has been introduced, it attracts only very few of such wasps. This species is also documented to boost tomato plant production when kept nearby, and it can provide a microclimate of cooler, moister air for lettuce, when intercropped with it.^[8]

However, the USDA has listed it as a noxious weed,^[9] and it is considered a serious pest in pastures. It persists in the soil seed bank for two to five years.^[10]

Queen Anne's lace

D. carota was introduced and naturalised in North America, where it is often known as "Queen Anne's lace". Both Anne, Queen of Great Britain, and her great grandmother Anne of Denmark are taken to be the Queen Anne for which the plant is named.^[11] It is so called because the flower resembles lace; the red flower in the center is thought to represent a blood droplet where Queen Anne pricked herself with a needle when she was making the lace.

Taxonomy

Carrot was first officially described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 work Species Plantarum.^[12]

See also

• List of beneficial weeds
• List of companion plants
• Daucus pusillus, American wild carrot

References

1. The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species, retrieved 20 December 2015
2. McClintock, David; Fitter, R.S.R. (1956). The Pocket Guide to Wild Flowers. Collins. p. 103.
3. Faulkner, Herbert Waldron (1917). The Mysteries of the Flowers. Frederick A. Stokes. p. 210.
4. Noxious weeds: Poison-hemlock, King County, Washington
5. Hemlock Poisoning, Medscape
6. Phytophotodermatitis Clinical Presentation, Medscape
7. Contraception and Abortion from the Ancient World to the Renaissance, John M. Riddle, pg 58
8. Philbrick H. and Gregg R. B. Companion Plants.
9. USDA PLANTS. PLANTS Profile for Daucus carota (Queen Anne's lace. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
10. Clark, D. L.; Wilson, M. V. (2003). "Post-dispersal seed fates of four prairie species". American Journal of Botany 90 (5): 730. doi:10.3732/ajb.90.5.730.
11. "Queen Ann's Lace". Retrieved November 10, 2012.
12. Linnaeus, Carolus (1753). Species Plantarum (in Latin) 1. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. p. 242.

Further reading

• Blanchan, Neltje (2005). Wild Flowers Worth Knowing. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.
• Bradeen, James M.; Simon, Philipp W. (2007). "Carrot". In Cole, Chittaranjan (ed.). Vegetables. Genome Mapping and Molecular Breeding in Plants 5. New York, New York: Springer. pp. 162–184. ISBN 978-3-540-34535-0.
• Clapham, A. R.; Tutin, T. G.; Warburg, E. F. (1962). Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press.
• Mabey, Richard (1997). Flora Britannica. London: Chatto and Windus.
• Rose, Francis (2006). The Wild Flower Key (edition revised and expanded by Clare O'Reilly). London: Frederick Warne. ISBN 0-7232-5175-4.
• Rubatsky, V.E.; Quiros, C.F.; Siman, P.W. (1999). Carrots and Related Vegetable Umbelliferae. CABI Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85199-129-0.

External links

• Connecticut Botanical Society