William Lawrence (Ohio Republican)

William Lawrence
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio's 4th district
In office March 4, 1865 – March 3, 1871
Preceded by	John Franklin McKinney
Succeeded by	John Franklin McKinney
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio's 8th district
In office March 4, 1873 – March 3, 1877
Preceded by	John Beatty
Succeeded by	J. Warren Keifer
Member of the Ohio House of Representatives from Hardin County and Logan County
In office December 7, 1846 – December 3, 1848
Preceded by	Richard S. Canby
Succeeded by	Samuel Watt
Member of the Ohio Senate from Logan County and other counties
In office December 3, 1849 – January 4, 1852
Preceded by	Joshua Judy
Succeeded by	John J. Williams
Member of the Ohio Senate from the 13th district
In office January 2, 1854 – January 6, 1856
Preceded by	John J. Williams
Succeeded by	Cornelius S. Hamilton
Personal details
Born	June 26, 1819 Mount Pleasant, Ohio, U.S.
Died	May 8, 1899 (aged 79) Kenton, Ohio, U.S.
Resting place	Bellefontaine Cemetery, Bellefontaine, Ohio, U.S.
Political party	Republican
Alma mater	Franklin College Cincinnati Law School
Signature

William Lawrence (June 26, 1819 – May 8, 1899) was a Republican politician from Ohio. He was most noted for being a US Representative, and was influential in attempting to impeach Andrew Johnson, creating the United States Department of Justice, helping to create the American Red Cross, and ratifying the Geneva Convention.

Early life and education

Lawrence was born on June 26, 1819 in Mount Pleasant, Ohio. He attended Tidball's Academy in Knoxville, Tennessee. After teaching at Pennsville and McConnelsville, Ohio, he was graduated in 1838 from Franklin College in New Athens, Ohio. He was then graduated in 1840 from law school at the University of Cincinnati, and was admitted to the bar.^[1] In 1873, Lawrence was awarded the LL. D. from Franklin College.^[2]

Career

Lawrence's house in Bellefontaine, now listed on the National Register of Historic Places

In 1841, Lawrence moved to Bellefontaine, Ohio, and there set up his law practice.^[1] From July 15, 1841 to July 15, 1843 he was law partner of Benjamin Stanton, and from July, 1851 to February, 1854 with his law student William H. West.^[3] From 1841 to 1843, he continued his studies, then in the field of medicine. In 1842, he became the Commissioner of Bankruptcy for Logan County.^[4]

From 1845 to 1847, Lawrence served as the editor of the Logan Gazette, which later became the Bellefontaine Examiner. During this time, Lawrence was elected as the Logan County Prosecutor (in 1845). He also served as a member of the Ohio House of Representatives, in 1846 and 1847. In 1849, Lawrence was first elected to the Ohio Senate, serving until 1851 when he became the reporter of the Ohio Supreme Court. He returned to the Ohio Senate in 1854. He also served as an editor of Western Law Monthly from 1859 to 1862.^[1][2] In 1860 or 1861, Lawrence built a house along North Main Street in Bellefontaine; today, the William Lawrence House remains largely intact and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.^[5]

Civil War

In 1857, Lawrence was appointed Judge of the Court of Common Pleas and of the District Court, serving until he resigned in 1864. In 1862, he entered the Union Army as colonel of the 84th Ohio Infantry, a three-month regiment. In 1863, Lawrence was appointed to serve as the wartime judge for the United States district court in Florida; however, he declined the appointment.^[2]

Congressman and national political figure

On March 4, 1865, William Lawrence was inaugurated as the U.S. Representative for the 4th district of Ohio, having been elected to this office the previous November. He supported the adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment, stating in an 1866 speech that it would "protect every citizen, including the millions of people of foreign birth who will flock to our shores to become citizens and to find here a land of liberty and law."^[6]

Lawrence served in the Thirty-ninth, Fortieth, and Forty-first Congresses, ending his third term on March 3, 1871.^[1] As Representative, Lawrence was among the authors of the bill of impeachment against U.S. President Andrew Johnson in 1868.^[7]

Created the Department of Justice

In 1867, as a member of the House Judiciary Committee, Lawrence directed an inquiry into the creation of a "law department" headed by the Attorney General and composed of the various department solicitors and district attorneys. On February 19, 1868, Lawrence authored the bill that ultimately created the United States Department of Justice. However, this first bill died in Congress due to the Congress's (and Lawrence's) concern with the impeachment of President Johnson.

In the following Congress, the issue was brought back to the table. Representative Thomas Jenckes of Rhode Island introduced a bill to create the Department of Justice on February 25, 1870. Though Lawrence did not write this bill, it incorporated many of the ideas from Lawrence's previous bill, and he gave the bill his full support. On June 22, 1870, President Ulysses Grant signed this second bill into law, creating the Department of Justice.^[8]

To Bellefontaine, and back to Washington

Returning to Bellefontaine in 1871, Lawrence founded the Bellefontaine National Bank^[1] (acquired by Huntington National Bank in 1977^[9]), and served as its first president. He returned to Congress in 1873, this time from the 8th Ohio Congressional district. Lawrence served in the Forty-third and Forty-fourth Congresses, and completed his fifth and final term on March 3, 1877. During this service, Lawrence was the chairman of the Committee on War Claims arising from the American Civil War.^[1]

The American Red Cross and the Geneva Convention

Lawrence was appointed by President Rutherford B Hayes in 1880 to serve as the First Comptroller of the Treasury, a post he held until 1885. Lawrence then appealed on behalf of Clara Barton to Hayes' successor, James Garfield, to support the creation of the American Red Cross on May 21, 1881. He then served as the organization's first Vice President.^[4][10] Lawrence and Barton were also instrumental in persuading the United States to ratify the Geneva Convention in 1882.

In 1891, Lawrence was appointed President of the National Wool Growers Association. He died on May 8, 1899 in Kenton, Ohio. Lawrence is interred at Bellefontaine Cemetery in Bellefontaine, Ohio.^[1]

References

1. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
2. History of Logan County and Ohio, p. 269. O. L. Baskin & Co., Chicago, 1880
3. Reed, George Irving; Randall, Emilius Oviatt; Greve, Charles Theodore, eds. (1897). Bench and Bar of Ohio: a Compendium of History and Biography 2. Chicago: Century Publishing and Engraving Company. p. 52.
4. A Brief History of Logan County, Ohio by K. Todd McCormick, Curator, Logan County Historical Society and Logan County Museum. Retrieved March 13, 2006.
5. O'Connor, Mark S. National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: William Lawrence House. National Park Service, 1979-02-05.
6. Lawrence, William, speech in the House of Representatives (7 April 1866)
7. History of the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson by Edmund G. Ross. American History ebooks Library, James Goulding, retrieved March 13, 2006.
8. "Presenting the Case of the United States As It Should Be": The Solicitor General in Historical Context. Address to the Supreme Court Historical Society by Seth P. Waxman, Solicitor General of the United States, June 1, 1998. Archived at the website of the Office of the Solicitor General, retrieved March 13, 2006.
9. Historical Timeline on the website of Huntington Bancshares, Inc. Retrieved March 13, 2006.
10. Website of the Triangle Area Chapter of the American Red Cross. Retrieved March 13, 2006.