39th United States Congress

39th United States Congress

38th ← → 40th United States Capitol (1877) Duration: March 4, 1865 – March 4, 1867 Senate President: Andrew Johnson (until April 15, 1865) Vacant (from April 15, 1865) Senate Pres. pro tem: Lafayette S. Foster Benjamin Wade House Speaker: Schuyler Colfax Members: 54 Senators 193 Representatives 9 Non-voting members Senate Majority: Republican House Majority: Republican Sessions Special: March 4, 1865 – March 11, 1865 1st: December 4, 1865 – July 28, 1866 2nd: December 3, 1866 – March 4, 1867

The Thirty-ninth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1865 to March 4, 1867, during the first month of Abraham Lincoln's fifth year as president, and the first two years of his successor, U.S. President Andrew Johnson.

The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Eighth Census of the United States in 1860. Both chambers had a Republican majority.

Major events

• March 4, 1865: Second inauguration of President Abraham Lincoln.
• April 9, 1865: Surrender of Confederate forces at Appomattox Court House, effectively ending the American Civil War
• April 15, 1865: Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson became President of the United States
• December 11, 1865: Creation of the House Appropriations Committee and the House Banking and Commerce Committee, reducing the tasks of the House Ways and Means Committee
• January, 1866: The second and current United States Capitol dome completed after 11 years of work.
• July 24, 1866: Tennessee became the first U.S. state to be readmitted to the Union following the American Civil War.
• November 5, 1866: United States House of Representatives elections, 1866
• January 8, 1867: African American men are granted the right to vote in the District of Columbia

Major legislation

• April 9, 1866: Civil Rights Act of 1866, Sess. 1, ch. 31, 14 Stat. 27
• July 16, 1866: Freedmen's Bureau Bill, Sess. 1, ch. 200, 14 Stat. 173
• July 23, 1866: Judicial Circuits Act, Sess. 1, ch. 210, 14 Stat. 209, reduced the number of United States circuit courts to nine and the number of Supreme Court justices to seven
• July 25, 1866: An Act to revive the Grade of General in the United States Army, Sess. 1, ch. 232, 14 Stat. 223, (now called "5-star general"); Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant became the first to have this rank.
• July 28, 1866: Metric Act of 1866, Sess. 1, ch. 301, 14 Stat. 339, legalized the use of the metric system for weights and measures in the United States.

Constitutional amendments

• December 18, 1865: Thirteenth Amendment declared ratified
• June 13, 1866: Fourteenth Amendment passed Congress and sent to the states for ratification.^[1]

States admitted

• March 1, 1867: Nebraska admitted as the 37th state, Sess. 2, ch. 36, 14 Stat. 391 (over president's veto)

• July 24, 1866: Tennessee readmitted to representation.

Party summary

The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, when they were first seated. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.

Senate

During this Congress, two seats were added for the new state of Nebraska.

	Party (Shading shows control)				Total	Vacant
	Democratic (D)	Republican (R)	Unionist (U)	Unconditional Unionist (UU)
End of the previous congress	10	33	3	4	50	22
Begin	9	37	1	1	48	24
End	8	41	3	2	54	20
Final voting share	14.8%	75.9%	5.6%	3.7%
Beginning of the next congress	8	45	0	0	53	21

House of Representatives

During this Congress, one seat was added for the new state of Nebraska.

Affiliation	Party (Shading indicates majority/plurality caucus)						Total
	Democratic (D)	Republican (R)	Independent Republican (IR)	Unionist (U)	Unconditional Unionist (UU)	Other		Vacant
End of previous Congress	72	84	2	9	16	0	183	56
Begin	40	132	1	4	14	0	191	51
End	41	134			13		193	49
Final voting share	21.2%	69.9%	2.1%	6.7%	0.0%
Beginning of the next Congress	45	140	1	0	0	2	188	55

Leadership

President of the Senate
Andrew Johnson, until April 15, 1865

Senate

• President: Andrew Johnson (D), succeeded to the U.S. Presidency April 15, 1865, vacant thereafter.
• President pro tempore: Lafayette S. Foster (R), until March 2, 1867
  • Benjamin F. Wade (R), elected March 2, 1867

House of Representatives

• Speaker: Schuyler Colfax (R)
• Republican Conference Chairman: Justin S. Morrill

Members

This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district.

Senate

Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1868; Class 2 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring reelection in 1870; and Class 3 meant their term ended in this Congress, requiring reelection in 1866.

Alabama 2. Vacant 3. Vacant Arkansas 2. Vacant 3. Vacant California 3. James A. McDougall (D) 1. John Conness (R) Connecticut 3. Lafayette S. Foster (R) 1. James Dixon (R) Delaware 2. Willard Saulsbury, Sr. (D) 1. George Read Riddle (D) Florida 1. Vacant 3. Vacant Georgia 2. Vacant 3. Vacant Illinois 3. Lyman Trumbull (R) 2. Richard Yates (R) Indiana 3. Henry S. Lane (R) 1. Thomas A. Hendricks (D) Iowa 3. James Harlan (R), until May 15, 1865 Samuel J. Kirkwood (R), from January 13, 1866 2. James W. Grimes (R) Kansas 3. Samuel C. Pomeroy (R) 2. James H. Lane (R), until July 11, 1866 Edmund G. Ross (R), from July 19, 1866 Kentucky 3. Garrett Davis (U) 2. James Guthrie (D) Louisiana 2. Vacant 3. Vacant Maine 1. Lot M. Morrill (R) 2. William Pitt Fessenden (R) Maryland 1. Reverdy Johnson (D) 3. John A. J. Creswell (UU), from March 9, 1865 Massachusetts 1. Charles Sumner (R) 2. Henry Wilson (R) Michigan 1. Zachariah Chandler (R) 2. Jacob M. Howard (R) Minnesota 1. Alexander Ramsey (R) 2. Daniel S. Norton (R) Mississippi 1. Vacant 2. Vacant

Missouri 1. John B. Henderson (R) 3. B. Gratz Brown (R) Nebraska 2. John M. Thayer (R), from March 1, 1867 1. Thomas Tipton (R), from March 1, 1867 Nevada 1. William M. Stewart (R) 3. James W. Nye (R) New Hampshire 3. Daniel Clark (R), until July 27, 1866 George G. Fogg (R), from August 31, 1866 2. Aaron H. Cragin (R) New Jersey 1. William Wright (D), until November 1, 1866 Frederick T. Frelinghuysen (R), from November 12, 1866 2. John P. Stockton (D), March 15, 1865 – March 27, 1866 Alexander G. Cattell (R), from September 19, 1866 New York 3. Ira Harris (R) 1. Edwin D. Morgan (R) North Carolina 2. Vacant 3. Vacant Ohio 1. Benjamin F. Wade (R) 3. John Sherman (R) Oregon 3. James W. Nesmith (D) 2. George H. Williams (R) Pennsylvania 3. Edgar Cowan (R) 1. Charles R. Buckalew (D) Rhode Island 2. Henry B. Anthony (R) 1. William Sprague (R) South Carolina 2. Vacant 3. Vacant Tennessee 2. Joseph S. Fowler (U), from July 24, 1866 1. David T. Patterson (U), from July 28, 1866 Texas 1. Vacant 2. Vacant Vermont 1. Solomon Foot (R), until March 28, 1866 George F. Edmunds (R), from April 3, 1866 3. Jacob Collamer (R), until November 9, 1865 Luke P. Poland (R), from November 21, 1865 Virginia 1. Vacant 2. Vacant West Virginia 1. Peter G. Van Winkle (UU) 2. Waitman T. Willey (R) Wisconsin 1. James R. Doolittle (R) 3. Timothy O. Howe (R)

Senate President pro tempore Lafayette S. Foster, until March 2, 1867 Senate President pro tempore Benjamin F. Wade, from March 2, 1867

House of Representatives

The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.

Alabama 1. Vacant 2. Vacant 3. Vacant 4. Vacant 5. Vacant 6. Vacant Arkansas 1. Vacant 2. Vacant 3. Vacant California 1. Donald C. McRuer (R) 2. William Higby (R) 3. John Bidwell (R) Connecticut 1. Henry C. Deming (R) 2. Samuel L. Warner (R) 3. Augustus Brandegee (R) 4. John H. Hubbard (R) Delaware At-large. John A. Nicholson (D) Florida At-large. Vacant Georgia 1. Vacant 2. Vacant 3. Vacant 4. Vacant 5. Vacant 6. Vacant 7. Vacant Illinois 1. John Wentworth (R) 2. John F. Farnsworth (R) 3. Elihu B. Washburne (R) 4. Abner C. Harding (R) 5. Ebon C. Ingersoll (R) 6. Burton C. Cook (R) 7. Henry P. H. Bromwell (R) 8. Shelby M. Cullom (R) 9. Lewis W. Ross (D) 10. Anthony Thornton (D) 11. Samuel S. Marshall (D) 12. Jehu Baker (R) 13. Andrew J. Kuykendall (R) At-large. Samuel W. Moulton (R) Indiana 1. William E. Niblack (D) 2. Michael C. Kerr (D) 3. Ralph Hill (R) 4. John H. Farquhar (R) 5. George W. Julian (R) 6. Ebenezer Dumont (R) 7. Daniel W. Voorhees (D), until February 23, 1866 Henry D. Washburn (R), from February 23, 1866 8. Godlove S. Orth (R) 9. Schuyler Colfax (R) 10. Joseph H. Defrees (R) 11. Thomas N. Stilwell (R) Iowa 1. James F. Wilson (R) 2. Hiram Price (R) 3. William B. Allison (R) 4. Josiah B. Grinnell (R) 5. John A. Kasson (R) 6. Asahel W. Hubbard (R) Kansas At-large. Sidney Clarke (R) Kentucky 1. Lawrence S. Trimble (D) 2. Burwell C. Ritter (D) 3. Henry Grider (D), until September 7, 1866 Elijah Hise (D), from December 3, 1866 4. Aaron Harding (D) 5. Lovell H. Rousseau (UU), until July 21, 1866 and from December 3, 1866 6. Green C. Smith (UU), until July ??, 1866 Andrew H. Ward (D), from December 3, 1866 7. George S. Shanklin (D) 8. William H. Randall (UU) 9. Samuel McKee (UU) Louisiana 1. Vacant 2. Vacant 3. Vacant 4. Vacant 5. Vacant Maine 1. John Lynch (R) 2. Sidney Perham (R) 3. James G. Blaine (R) 4. John H. Rice (R) 5. Frederick A. Pike (R) Maryland 1. Hiram McCullough (D) 2. Edwin H. Webster (UU), until July ??, 1865 John L. Thomas, Jr. (UU), from December 4, 1865 3. Charles E. Phelps (UU) 4. Francis Thomas (UU) 5. Benjamin G. Harris (D) Massachusetts 1. Thomas D. Eliot (R) 2. Oakes Ames (R) 3. Alexander H. Rice (R) 4. Samuel Hooper (R) 5. John B. Alley (R) 6. Daniel W. Gooch (R), until September 1, 1865 Nathaniel P. Banks (R), from December 4, 1865 7. George S. Boutwell (R) 8. John D. Baldwin (R) 9. William B. Washburn (R) 10. Henry L. Dawes (R) Michigan 1. Fernando C. Beaman (R) 2. Charles Upson (R) 3. John W. Longyear (R) 4. Thomas W. Ferry (R) 5. Rowland E. Trowbridge (R) 6. John F. Driggs (R) Minnesota 1. William Windom (R) 2. Ignatius L. Donnelly (R) Mississippi 1. Vacant 2. Vacant 3. Vacant 4. Vacant 5. Vacant Missouri 1. John Hogan (D) 2. Henry T. Blow (R) 3. Thomas E. Noell (R) 4. John R. Kelso (IR) 5. Joseph W. McClurg (R) 6. Robert T. Van Horn (R) 7. Benjamin F. Loan (R) 8. John F. Benjamin (R) 9. George W. Anderson (R) Nebraska At-large. Turner M. Marquette (R), from March 2, 1867 Nevada At-large. Delos R. Ashley (R) New Hampshire 1. Gilman Marston (R) 2. Edward H. Rollins (R) 3. James W. Patterson (R) New Jersey 1. John F. Starr (R) 2. William A. Newell (R) 3. Charles Sitgreaves (D) 4. Andrew J. Rogers (D) 5. Edwin R. V. Wright (D)

New York 1. Stephen Taber (D) 2. Teunis G. Bergen (D) 3. James Humphrey (R), until June 16, 1866 John W. Hunter (D), from December 4, 1866 4. Morgan Jones (D) 5. Nelson Taylor (D) 6. Henry J. Raymond (R) 7. John W. Chanler (D) 8. James Brooks (D), until April 7, 1866 William E. Dodge (R), from April 7, 1866 9. William A. Darling (R) 10. William Radford (D) 11. Charles H. Winfield (D) 12. John H. Ketcham (R) 13. Edwin N. Hubbell (D) 14. Charles Goodyear (D) 15. John A. Griswold (R) 16. Orlando Kellogg (R), until August 24, 1865 Robert S. Hale (R), from December 3, 1866 17. Calvin T. Hulburd (R) 18. James M. Marvin (R) 19. Demas Hubbard, Jr. (R) 20. Addison H. Laflin (R) 21. Roscoe Conkling (R) 22. Sidney T. Holmes (R) 23. Thomas T. Davis (R) 24. Theodore M. Pomeroy (R) 25. Daniel Morris (R) 26. Giles W. Hotchkiss (R) 27. Hamilton Ward, Sr. (R) 28. Roswell Hart (R) 29. Burt Van Horn (R) 30. James M. Humphrey (D) 31. Henry H. Van Aernam (R) North Carolina 1. Vacant 2. Vacant 3. Vacant 4. Vacant 5. Vacant 6. Vacant 7. Vacant Ohio 1. Benjamin Eggleston (R) 2. Rutherford B. Hayes (R) 3. Robert C. Schenck (R) 4. William Lawrence (R) 5. Francis C. Le Blond (D) 6. Reader W. Clarke (R) 7. Samuel Shellabarger (R) 8. James R. Hubbell (R) 9. Ralph P. Buckland (R) 10. James M. Ashley (R) 11. Hezekiah S. Bundy (R) 12. William E. Finck (D) 13. Columbus Delano (R) 14. Martin Welker (R) 15. Tobias A. Plants (R) 16. John A. Bingham (R) 17. Ephraim R. Eckley (R) 18. Rufus P. Spalding (R) 19. James A. Garfield (R) Oregon At-large. James H. D. Henderson (R) Pennsylvania 1. Samuel J. Randall (D) 2. Charles O'Neill (R) 3. Leonard Myers (R) 4. William D. Kelley (R) 5. M. Russell Thayer (R) 6. Benjamin M. Boyer (D) 7. John M. Broomall (R) 8. Sydenham E. Ancona (D) 9. Thaddeus Stevens (R) 10. Myer Strouse (D) 11. Philip Johnson (D), until January 29, 1867 12. Charles Denison (D) 13. Ulysses Mercur (R) 14. George F. Miller (R) 15. Adam J. Glossbrenner (D) 16. Alexander H. Coffroth (D), until February 19, 1866 William H. Koontz (R), from July 18, 1866 17. Abraham A. Barker (R) 18. Stephen F. Wilson (R) 19. Glenni W. Scofield (R) 20. Charles V. Culver (R) 21. John L. Dawson (D) 22. James K. Moorhead (R) 23. Thomas Williams (R) 24. George V. Lawrence (R) Rhode Island 1. Thomas A. Jenckes (R) 2. Nathan F. Dixon, Jr. (R) South Carolina 1. Vacant 2. Vacant 3. Vacant 4. Vacant Tennessee 1. Nathaniel G. Taylor (U), from July 24, 1866 2. Horace Maynard (UU), from July 24, 1866 3. William B. Stokes (UU), from July 24, 1866 4. Edmund Cooper (U), from July 24, 1866 5. William B. Campbell (U), from July 24, 1866 6. Samuel M. Arnell (UU), from July 24, 1866 7. Isaac R. Hawkins (U), from July 24, 1866 8. John W. Leftwich (UU), from July 24, 1866 Texas 1. Vacant 2. Vacant 3. Vacant 4. Vacant Vermont 1. Frederick E. Woodbridge (R) 2. Justin S. Morrill (R) 3. Portus Baxter (R) Virginia 1. Vacant 2. Vacant 3. Vacant 4. Vacant 5. Vacant 6. Vacant 7. Vacant 8. Vacant West Virginia 1. Chester D. Hubbard (UU) 2. George R. Latham (UU) 3. Kellian V. Whaley (UU) Wisconsin 1. Halbert E. Paine (R) 2. Ithamar C. Sloan (R) 3. Amasa Cobb (R) 4. Charles A. Eldredge (D) 5. Philetus Sawyer (R) 6. Walter D. McIndoe (R) Non-voting members Arizona Territory. John N. Goodwin (R) Colorado Territory. Allen A. Bradford (R) Dakota Territory. Walter A. Burleigh (R) Idaho Territory. Edward D. Holbrook (D) Montana Territory. Samuel McLean (D) Nebraska Territory. Phineas W. Hitchcock (R), until March 1, 1867 New Mexico Territory. J. Francisco Chaves (R) Utah Territory. William H. Hooper (D) Washington Territory. Arthur A. Denny (R)

Speaker of the House Schuyler Colfax

Changes in membership

The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.

Senate

• replacements: 8
  • Democratic: 2-seat net loss
  • Republican: 2-seat net gain
  • Unionist: no net change
  • Unconditional Union: no net change
• deaths: 4
• resignations: 2
• vacancy: 1
• seats of newly admitted states: 2
• seats of re-admitted states: 2
• Total seats with changes: 12

State (class)	Vacator	Reason for change	Successor	Date of successor's formal installation
Maryland (3)	Vacant	Sen. Thomas Hicks had died during previous congress. Successor elected March 9, 1865.	John Creswell (UU)	March 9, 1865
New Jersey (2)	Vacant	Although elected in time for this Congress, the Senator-elect was not seated until March 15, 1865. Senator was later removed in election dispute, see below.	John P. Stockton (D)	March 15, 1865
Tennessee (2)	Vacant	Tennessee re-admitted to the Union. Senators were elected July 24, 1866.	Joseph S. Fowler (U)	July 24, 1866
Tennessee (1)			David T. Patterson (U)	July 28, 1866
Iowa (3)	James Harlan (R)	Resigned May 15, 1865 after being appointed U.S. Secretary of the Interior. Successor elected January 13, 1866.	Samuel J. Kirkwood (R)	January 13, 1866
Vermont (3)	Jacob Collamer (R)	Died November 9, 1865. Successor was appointed November 21, 1865 to continue the term. Appointee was elected October 24, 1866 to finish the term.[2]	Luke P. Poland (R)	November 21, 1865
New Jersey (2)	John P. Stockton (D)	Disputed election led to Senate vacating the seat March 27, 1866. Successor elected September 19, 1866.	Alexander G. Cattell (R)	September 16, 1866
Vermont (1)	Solomon Foot (R)	Died March 28, 1866. Successor was appointed April 3, 1866 to continue the term. Appointee was elected October 24, 1866 to finish the term.[2]	George F. Edmunds (R)	April 3, 1866
Kansas (2)	James H. Lane (R)	Died July 11, 1866 after being mortally wounded from a self-inflicted gunshot 10 days earlier Successor was appointed July 19, 1866 to continue the term. Appointee was elected January 23, 1867 to finish the term.[3]	Edmund G. Ross (R)	July 19, 1866
New Hampshire (3)	Daniel Clark (R)	Resigned July 27, 1866 after being appointed Judge of the U.S. District Court for the District of New Hampshire. Successor was appointed August 31, 1866.	George G. Fogg (R)	August 31, 1866
New Jersey (1)	William Wright (D)	Died November 1, 1866. Successor was appointed November 12, 1866. Appointee was elected January 23, 1867 to finish the term.[4]	Frederick T. Frelinghuysen (R)	November 12, 1866
Nebraska (1)	New seat	Nebraska admitted to the Union March 1, 1867.	Thomas Tipton (R)	March 1, 1867
Nebraska (2)			John M. Thayer (R)

House of Representatives

• replacements: 9
  • Democratic: 1-seat net gain
  • Republican: 2-seat net gain
  • Unconditional Unionist: 1 seat net loss
  • Unionist: 0 net change
• deaths: 4
• resignations: 4
• contested election: 3
• seats from newly admitted states: 1
• seats from re-admitted states: 8
• Total seats with changes: 21

District	Vacator	Reason for change	Successor	Date successor seated
Tennessee 1st	Vacant	Tennessee re-admitted into the Union	Nathaniel G. Taylor (U)	July 24, 1866
Tennessee 2nd			Horace Maynard (UU)
Tennessee 3rd			William B. Stokes (UU)
Tennessee 4th			Edmund Cooper (U)
Tennessee 5th			William B. Campbell (U)
Tennessee 6th			Samuel M. Arnell (UU)
Tennessee 7th			Isaac R. Hawkins (U)
Tennessee 8th			John W. Leftwich (UU)
Maryland 2nd	Edwin H. Webster (UU)	Resigned some time in July, 1865 after being appointed Collector of Customs for the port of Baltimore	John L. Thomas, Jr. (UU)	December 4, 1865
New York 16th	Orlando Kellogg (R)	Died August 24, 1865	Robert S. Hale (R)	December 3, 1865
Massachusetts 6th	Daniel W. Gooch (R)	Resigned September 1, 1865 after being appointed Navy Agent for the port of Boston	Nathaniel P. Banks (R)	December 4, 1865
Pennsylvania 16th	Alexander H. Coffroth (D)	Lost contested election February 19, 1866	William H. Koontz (R)	July 18, 1866
Indiana 7th	Daniel W. Voorhees (D)	Lost contested election February 23, 1866	Henry D. Washburn (R)	February 23, 1866
New York 8th	James Brooks (D)	Lost contested election April 7, 1866	William E. Dodge (R)	April 7, 1866
New York 3rd	James Humphrey (R)	Died June 16, 1866	John W. Hunter (D)	December 4, 1866
Kentucky 6th	Green C. Smith (UU)	Resigned some time in July, 1866 after being appointed Governor of the Montana Territory.	Andrew H. Ward (D)	December 3, 1866
Kentucky 5th	Lovell Rousseau (UU)	Resigned July 21, 1866 after being reprimanded for his assault of Iowa Rep. Josiah B. Grinnell. Was re-elected to fill his own seat.	Lovell Rousseau (UU)	December 3, 1866
Kentucky 3rd	Henry Grider (D)	Died September 7, 1866	Elijah Hise (D)	December 3, 1866
Pennsylvania 11th	Philip Johnson (D)	Died January 29, 1867	Vacant	Not filled this term
Nebraska Territory At-large	Phineas Hitchcock (R)	Nebraska achieved statehood March 1, 1867	District eliminated
Nebraska At-large	New State	Nebraska admitted to the Union March 1, 1867. Seat remained vacant until March 2, 1867	Turner M. Marquette (R)	March 2, 1867

Employees

• Architect of the Capitol: Thomas U. Walter, resigned May 26, 1865
  • Edward Clark, appointed August 30, 1865

Senate

• Chaplain: Edgar H. Gray (Baptist)
• Secretary: John W. Forney
• Sergeant at Arms: George T. Brown

House of Representatives

• Chaplain: Charles B. Boynton (Congregationalist)
• Clerk: Edward McPherson
• Doorkeeper: Ira Goodnow
• Messenger to the Speaker: William D. Todd
• Postmaster: Joshua Given
• Sergeant at Arms: Nehemiah G. Ordway

References

1. "The Constitution: Amendments 11–27". National Archives. Archived from the original on 5 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
2. Byrd & Wolff, page 176
3. Byrd & Wolff, page 108
4. Byrd & Wolff, page 142

Further reading

• Aynes, Richard L. "The 39th Congress (1865–1867) and the 14th Amendment: Some Preliminary Perspectives," Akron Law Review, 42 (no. 4, 2009), 1019–49.
• Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
• Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
• Byrd, Robert C.; Wolff, Wendy (October 1, 1993). "The Senate, 1789-1989: Historical Statistics, 1789-1992" (volume 4 Bicentennial ed.). U.S. Government Printing Office.

External links

• Statutes at Large, 1789–1875
• Senate Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
• House Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
• Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
• U.S. House of Representatives: House History
• U.S. Senate: Statistics and Lists