57th United States Congress

57th United States Congress

56th ← → 58th United States Capitol (1906) Duration: March 4, 1901 – March 4, 1903 Senate President: Theodore Roosevelt (until September 14, 1901) Vacant (from September 14, 1901) Senate Pres. pro tem: William P. Frye House Speaker: David B. Henderson Members: 90 Senators 357 Representatives 5 Non-voting members Senate Majority: Republican House Majority: Republican Sessions Special: March 4, 1901 – March 9, 1901 1st: December 2, 1901 – July 1, 1902 2nd: December 1, 1902 – March 3, 1903

The Fifty-seventh United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, DC from March 4, 1901 to March 4, 1903, during the final six months of William McKinley's presidency, and the first year and a half of the first administration of his successor, U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Eleventh Census of the United States in 1890. Both chambers had a Republican majority.

Major events

• September 6, 1901: Leon Czolgosz shot President William McKinley at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York
• September 14, 1901: President William McKinley died. Theodore Roosevelt became President of the United States
• October 16, 1901: President Roosevelt invited African American leader Booker T. Washington to the White House. The American South reacted angrily to the visit, and racial violence increased in the region.
• December 3, 1901: President Roosevelt delivered a 20,000-word speech to the House of Representatives, asking Congress to curb the power of trusts "within reasonable limits."
• February 22, 1902: Senators Benjamin Tillman and John L. McLaurin, both of South Carolina, have a fist fight while Congress is in session.^[1] Both Tillman and McLaurin were later censured by the Senate on February 28.
• June 2, 1902: The Anthracite Coal Strike by the United Mine Workers began, continuing until October 21, 1902.
• July 4, 1902: The Philippine–American War ended

Major legislation

• June 17, 1902: Newlands Reclamation Act
• June 28, 1902: Isthmian Canal Act (Panama Canal), Sess. 1, ch. 1302, 32 Stat. 481
• January 21, 1903: Militia Act of 1903 (Dick Act), 32 Stat. 775
• February 11, 1903: Expediting Act, Sess. 2, ch. 544, 32 Stat. 823
• February 19, 1903: Elkins Act
• March 3, 1903: Immigration Act of 1903, including §39, the Anarchist Exclusion Act

Party summary

Senate

	Party (Shading shows control)					Total	Vacant
	Democratic (D)	Populist (P)	Republican (R)	Silver (S)	Silver Republican (SR)
End of the previous congress	23	7	54	2	2	88	2
Begin	28	2	53	0	3	86	4
End			56			89	1
Final voting share	31.5%	2.2%	62.9%	0.0%	3.4%
Beginning of the next congress	33	0	55	0	2	90	0

• Note: Fred T. Dubois (Idaho) was elected as a Silver Republican, but changed parties to Democratic after this Congress began.

House of Representatives

• Democratic: 151
• Republican: 200 (majority)
• Populist: 5
• Silver (Silver Republican): 1

TOTAL members: 357

Leadership

President of the Senate
Theodore Roosevelt

Senate

• President: Theodore Roosevelt (R), until September 14, 1901, vacant thereafter.
• President pro tempore: William P. Frye (R)
• Democratic Caucus Chairman: James K. Jones (D)
• Republican Conference Chairman: William B. Allison (R)

House of Representatives

• Speaker: David B. Henderson (R)
• Democratic Caucus Chairman: James Hay (D)
• Republican Conference Chairman: Joseph G. Cannon (R)

Majority (Republican) leadership

• Majority Leader: Sereno E. Payne
• Majority Whip: James A. Tawney

Minority (Democratic) leadership

• Minority Leader: James D. Richardson
• Minority Whip: James T. Lloyd

Members

This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district.

Senate

At this time, Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. The Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election, precede the names in the list below. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1904; Class 2 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1906; and Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1902.

Alabama 2. John T. Morgan (D) 3. Edmund W. Pettus (D) Arkansas 3. James K. Jones (D) 2. James H. Berry (D) California 3. George C. Perkins (R) 1. Thomas R. Bard (R) Colorado 3. Henry M. Teller (Silver R) 2. Thomas M. Patterson (D) Connecticut 3. Orville H. Platt (R) 1. Joseph R. Hawley (R) Delaware 1. vacant 2. J. Frank Allee (R), from March 2, 1903 Florida 3. Stephen Mallory (D) 1. James P. Taliaferro (D) Georgia 2. Augustus O. Bacon (D) 3. Alexander S. Clay (D) Idaho 3. Henry Heitfeld (Pop.) 2. Fred T. Dubois (D) Illinois 2. Shelby M. Cullom (R) 3. William E. Mason (R) Indiana 3. Charles W. Fairbanks (R) 1. Albert J. Beveridge (R) Iowa 3. William B. Allison (R) 2. Jonathan P. Dolliver (R) Kansas 3. William A. Harris (Pop.) 2. Joseph R. Burton (R) Kentucky 3. William J. Deboe (R) 2. Joseph C. S. Blackburn (D) Louisiana 3. Samuel D. McEnery (D) 2. Murphy J. Foster (D) Maine 1. Eugene Hale (R) 2. William P. Frye (R) Maryland 3. George L. Wellington (R) 1. Louis E. McComas (R) Massachusetts 2. George Frisbie Hoar (R) 1. Henry Cabot Lodge (R) Michigan 2. James McMillan (R), until August 10, 1902 Russell A. Alger (R), appointed September 27, 1902, subsequently elected 1. Julius C. Burrows (R) Minnesota 2. Knute Nelson (Rep.) 1. Moses E. Clapp (Rep.) Mississippi 1. Hernando D. Money (D) 2. Anselm J. McLaurin (D) Missouri 1. Francis M. Cockrell (D) 3. George G. Vest (D) Montana 2. William A. Clark (D) 1. Paris Gibson (D), from March 7, 1901

Nebraska 1. William V. Allen (Pop.), until March 28, 1901 Charles H. Dietrich (R), from December 2, 1901 2. Joseph H. Millard (R), from March 28, 1901 Nevada 3. John P. Jones (R) 1. William M. Stewart (R) New Hampshire 3. Jacob H. Gallinger (R) 2. Henry E. Burnham (R) New Jersey 2. William J. Sewell (R), until December 27, 1901 John F. Dryden (R), appointed to fill vacancy January 29, 1902 1. John Kean (R) New York 3. Thomas C. Platt (R) 1. Chauncey M. Depew (R) North Carolina 3. Jeter C. Pritchard (R) 2. Furnifold M. Simmons (D) North Dakota 3. Henry C. Hansbrough (R) 1. Porter J. McCumber (R) Ohio 3. Joseph B. Foraker (R) 1. Marcus A. Hanna (R) Oregon 3. Joseph Simon (R) 2. John H. Mitchell (R) Pennsylvania 3. Boies Penrose (R) 1. Matthew S. Quay (R) Rhode Island 1. Nelson W. Aldrich (R) 2. George P. Wetmore (R) South Carolina 2. Benjamin R. Tillman (D) 3. John L. McLaurin (D) South Dakota 3. James H. Kyle (R), until July 1, 1901 Alfred B. Kittredge (R), appointed July 11, 1901, subsequently elected 2. Robert J. Gamble (R) Tennessee 1. William B. Bate (D) 2. Edward W. Carmack (D) Texas 1. Charles A. Culberson (D) 2. Joseph W. Bailey (D) Utah 3. Joseph L. Rawlins (D) 1. Thomas Kearns (R) Vermont 1. Redfield Proctor (R) 3. William P. Dillingham (R) Virginia 1. John W. Daniel (D) 2. Thomas S. Martin (D) Washington 3. George Turner (Silver R) 1. Addison G. Foster (Silver R) West Virginia 2. Stephen B. Elkins (R) 1. Nathan B. Scott (R) Wisconsin 3. John C. Spooner (R) 1. Joseph V. Quarles (R) Wyoming 1. Clarence D. Clark (R) 2. Francis E. Warren (R)

House of Representatives

Alabama 1. George W. Taylor (D) 2. Ariosto A. Wiley (D) 3. Henry D. Clayton (D) 4. Sydney J. Bowie (D) 5. Charles Winston Thompson (D) 6. John H. Bankhead (D) 7. John L. Burnett (D) 8. William N. Richardson (D) 9. Oscar W. Underwood (D) Arkansas 1. Philip D. McCulloch, Jr. (D) 2. John S. Little (D) 3. Thomas C. McRae (D) 4. Charles C. Reid (D) 5. Hugh A. Dinsmore (D) 6. Stephen Brundidge, Jr. (D) California 1. Frank Coombs (R) 2. Samuel D. Woods (R) 3. Victor H. Metcalf (R) 4. Julius Kahn (R) 5. Eugene F. Loud (R) 6. James McLachlan (R) 7. James C. Needham (R) Colorado 1. John F. Shafroth (Silver R) 2. John Calhoun Bell (Populist) Connecticut 1. E. Stevens Henry (R) 2. Nehemiah D. Sperry (R) 3. Charles A. Russell (R), until October 23, 1902 Frank Bosworth Brandegee (R), from November 4, 1902 4. Ebenezer J. Hill (R) Delaware At-large. L. Heisler Ball (R) Florida 1. Stephen M. Sparkman (D) 2. Robert W. Davis (D) Georgia 1. Rufus E. Lester (D) 2. James M. Griggs (D) 3. Elijah B. Lewis (D) 4. William C. Adamson (D) 5. Leonidas F. Livingston (D) 6. Charles L. Bartlett (D) 7. John W. Maddox (D) 8. William M. Howard (D) 9. Farish C. Tate (D) 10. William H. Fleming (D) 11. William G. Brantley (D) Idaho At-large. Thomas L. Glenn (Populist) Illinois 1. James R. Mann (R) 2. John J. Feely (D) 3. George P. Foster (D) 4. James McAndrews (D) 5. William Frank Mahoney (D) 6. Henry S. Boutell (R) 7. George E. Foss (R) 8. Albert J. Hopkins (R) 9. Robert R. Hitt (R) 10. George W. Prince (R) 11. Walter Reeves (R) 12. Joseph G. Cannon (R) 13. Vespasian Warner (R) 14. Joseph V. Graff (R) 15. J. Ross Mickey (D) 16. Thomas J. Selby (D) 17. Ben F. Caldwell (D) 18. Thomas M. Jett (D) 19. Joseph B. Crowley (D) 20. James R. Williams (D) 21. Fred J. Kern (D) 22. George W. Smith (R) Indiana 1. James A. Hemenway (R) 2. Robert W. Miers (D) 3. William T. Zenor (D) 4. Francis M. Griffith (D) 5. Elias S. Holliday (R) 6. James E. Watson (R) 7. Jesse Overstreet (R) 8. George W. Cromer (R) 9. Charles B. Landis (R) 10. Edgar D. Crumpacker (R) 11. George W. Steele (R) 12. James M. Robinson (D) 13. Abraham L. Brick (R) Iowa 1. Thomas Hedge (R) 2. John N. W. Rumple (R), until January 31, 1903, vacant thereafter 3. David B. Henderson (R) 4. Gilbert N. Haugen (R) 5. Robert G. Cousins (R) 6. John F. Lacey (R) 7. John A. T. Hull (R) 8. William P. Hepburn (R) 9. Walter I. Smith (R) 10. James P. Conner (R) 11. Lot Thomas (R) Kansas 1. Charles Curtis (R) 2. Justin De Witt Bowersock (R) 3. Alfred Metcalf Jackson (D) 4. James Monroe Miller (R) 5. William A. Calderhead (R) 6. William A. Reeder (R) 7. Chester I. Long (R), until March 4, 1903, vacant thereafter At-large. Charles Frederick Scott (R) Kentucky 1. Charles K. Wheeler (D) 2. Henry Dixon Allen (D) 3. John S. Rhea (D), until March 25, 1902 J. McKenzie Moss (R), from March 25, 1902 4. David Highbaugh Smith (D) 5. Harvey Samuel Irwin (R) 6. Daniel Linn Gooch (D) 7. South Trimble (D) 8. George G. Gilbert (D) 9. James Nicholas Kehoe (D) 10. James Bramford White (D) 11. Vincent Boreing (R) Louisiana 1. Adolph Meyer (D) 2. Robert C. Davey (D) 3. Robert F. Broussard (D) 4. Phanor Breazeale (D) 5. Joseph E. Ransdell (D) 6. Samuel M. Robertson (D) Maine 1. Amos L. Allen (R) 2. Charles E. Littlefield (R) 3. Edwin C. Burleigh (R) 4. Llewellyn Powers (R), from April 8, 1901 Maryland 1. William Humphreys Jackson (R) 2. Albert Blakeney (R) 3. Frank C. Wachter (R) 4. Charles R. Schirm (R) 5. Sydney E. Mudd (R) 6. George A. Pearre (R) Massachusetts 1. George P. Lawrence (R) 2. Frederick H. Gillett (R) 3. John R. Thayer (D) 4. Charles Q. Tirrell (R) 5. William S. Knox (R) 6. William H. Moody (R), until May 1, 1902 Augustus P. Gardner (R), from November 4, 1902 7. Ernest W. Roberts (R) 8. Samuel W. McCall (R) 9. Joseph A. Conry (D) 10. Henry F. Naphen (D) 11. Samuel L. Powers (R) 12. William C. Lovering (R) 13. William S. Greene (R) Michigan 1. John B. Corliss (R) 2. Henry C. Smith (R) 3. Washington Gardner (R) 4. Edward L. Hamilton (R) 5. William Alden Smith (R) 6. Samuel W. Smith (R) 7. Edgar Weeks (R) 8. Joseph W. Fordney (R) 9. Roswell P. Bishop (R) 10. Rousseau O. Crump (R), until May 1, 1901 Henry H. Alpin (R), from October 15, 1901 11. Archibald B. Darragh (R) 12. Carlos D. Shelden (R) Minnesota 1. James A. Tawney (R) 2. James T. McCleary (R) 3. Joel P. Heatwole (R) 4. Frederick C. Stevens (R) 5. Loren Fletcher (R) 6. R. Page W. Morris (R) 7. Frank M. Eddy (R) Mississippi 1. Ezekiel S. Candler, Jr. (D) 2. Thomas Spight (D) 3. Patrick Stevens Henry (D) 4. Andrew F. Fox (D) 5. John Sharp Williams (D) 6. Frank A. McLain (D) 7. Charles E. Hooker (D) Missouri 1. James T. Lloyd (D) 2. William W. Rucker (D) 3. John Dougherty (D) 4. Charles F. Cochran (D) 5. William S. Cowherd (D) 6. David A. De Armond (D) 7. James Cooney (D) 8. Dorsey W. Shackleford (D) 9. James Beauchamp Clark (D) 10. Richard Bartholdt (R) 11. Charles F. Joy (R) 12. James Joseph Butler (D), until June 28, 1902, then November 4, 1902 – February 26, 1903 George Chester Robinson Wagoner (R), from February 26, 1903 13. Edward Robb (D) 14. Willard D. Vandiver (D) 15. Maecenas E. Benton (D) Montana At-large. Caldwell Edwards (Pop.) Nebraska 1. Elmer J. Burkett (R) 2. David H. Mercer (R) 3. John S. Robinson (D) 4. William L. Stark (Populist) 5. Ashton C. Shallenberger (D) 6. William Neville (Populist)

Nevada At-large. Francis G. Newlands (D) New Hampshire 1. Cyrus A. Sulloway (R) 2. Frank Dunklee Currier (R) New Jersey 1. Henry C. Loudenslager (R) 2. John J. Gardner (R) 3. Benjamin F. Howell (R) 4. Joshua S. Salmon (D), until May 6, 1902 De Witt C. Flanagan (D), from June 18, 1902 5. James F. Stewart (R) 6. Richard W. Parker (R) 7. Allan L. McDermott (D) 8. Charles N. Fowler (R) New York 1. Frederic Storm (R) 2. John J. Fitzgerald (D) 3. Henry Bristow (R) 4. Harry A. Hanbury (R) 5. Frank E. Wilson (D) 6. George H. Lindsay (D) 7. Nicholas Muller (D), until December 1, 1902 Montague Lessler (R), from January 7, 1903 8. Thomas J. Creamer (D) 9. Henry M. Goldfogle (D) 10. Amos J. Cummings (D), until May 2, 1902 Edward Swann (D), from November 4, 1902 11. William Sulzer (D) 12. George B. McClellan, Jr. (D) 13. Oliver H.P. Belmont (D) 14. William H. Douglas (R) 15. Jacob Ruppert, Jr. (D) 16. Cornelius A. Pugsley (D) 17. Arthur S. Tompkins (R) 18. John H. Ketcham (R) 19. William Draper (R) 20. George N. Southwick (R) 21. John Knox Stewart (R) 22. Lucius N. Littauer (R) 23. Louis W. Emerson (R) 24. Charles L. Knapp (R), from November 5, 1901 25. James S. Sherman (R) 26. George W. Ray (R), until September 11, 1902 John W. Dwight (R), from November 4, 1902 27. Michael E. Driscoll (R) 28. Sereno E. Payne (R) 29. Charles W. Gillet (R) 30. James Wolcott Wadsworth (R) 31. James B. Perkins (R) 32. William H. Ryan (D) 33. De Alva S. Alexander (R) 34. Edward B. Vreeland (R) North Carolina 1. John Humphrey Small (D) 2. Claude Kitchin (D) 3. Charles R. Thomas (D) 4. Edward W. Pou (D) 5. William W. Kitchin (D) 6. John D. Bellamy (D) 7. Theodore F. Kluttz (D) 8. E. Spencer Blackburn (R) 9. James M. Moody (R), until February 5, 1903, vacant for remainder of term North Dakota At-large. Thomas Frank Marshall (R) Ohio 1. William B. Shattuc (R) 2. Jacob H. Bromwell (R) 3. Robert M. Nevin (R) 4. Robert B. Gordon (D) 5. John S. Snook (D) 6. Charles Q. Hildebrant (R) 7. Thomas B. Kyle (R) 8. William R. Warnock (R) 9. James H. Southard (R) 10. Stephen Morgan (R) 11. Charles H. Grosvenor (R) 12. Emmett Tompkins (R) 13. James A. Norton (D) 14. William W. Skiles (R) 15. Henry C. Van Voorhis (R) 16. John J. Gill (R) 17. John W. Cassingham (D) 18. Robert W. Tayler (R) 19. Charles W. F. Dick (R) 20. Jacob A. Beidler (R) 21. Theodore E. Burton (R) Oregon 1. Thomas H. Tongue (R), until January 11, 1903, vacant thereafter 2. Malcolm A. Moody (R) Pennsylvania 1. Henry H. Bingham (R) 2. Robert Adams, Jr. (R) 3. Henry Burk (R) 4. James R. Young (R) 5. Edward D. Morrell (R) 6. Thomas S. Butler (R) 7. Irving P. Wanger (R) 8. Howard Mutchler (D) 9. Henry D. Green (D) 10. Marriott Brosius (R), until March 16, 1901 Henry Burd Cassel (R), from November 5, 1901 11. William Connell (R) 12. Henry W. Palmer (R) 13. George R. Patterson (R) 14. Marlin E. Olmsted (R) 15. Charles F. Wright (R) 16. Elias Deemer (R) 17. Rufus K. Polk (D), until March 5, 1902 Alexander Billmeyer (D), from November 4, 1902 18. Thaddeus M. Mahon (R) 19. Robert Jacob Lewis (R) 20. Alvin Evans (R) 21. Summers M. Jack (R) 22. John Dalzell (R) 23. William H. Graham (R) 24. Ernest F. Acheson (R) 25. Joseph B. Showalter (R) 26. Arthur L. Bates (R) 27. Joseph C. Sibley (R) 28. James K.P. Hall (D), until November 29, 1902, vacant for remainder of term At-large. Galusha A. Grow (R) At-large. Robert H. Foerderer (R) Rhode Island 1. Melville Bull (R) 2. Adin B. Capron (R) South Carolina 1. William Elliott (D) 2. W. Jasper Talbert (D) 3. Asbury C. Latimer (D) 4. Joseph T. Johnson (D) 5. David E. Finley (D) 6. Robert B. Scarborough (D) 7. J. William Stokes (D), until July 6, 1901 Asbury F. Lever (D), from November 5, 1901 South Dakota At-large. Charles H. Burke (R) At-large. Eben W. Martin (R) Tennessee 1. Walter P. Brownlow (R) 2. Henry R. Gibson (R) 3. John A. Moon (D) 4. Charles E. Snodgrass (D) 5. James D. Richardson (D) 6. John W. Gaines (D) 7. Lemuel P. Padgett (D) 8. Thetus W. Sims (D) 9. Rice A. Pierce (D) 10. Malcolm R. Patterson (D) Texas 1. Thomas H. Ball (D) 2. Samuel B. Cooper (D) 3. Reese C. De Graffenreid (D), until August 29, 1902 Gordon J. Russell (D), from November 4, 1902 4. John L. Sheppard (D), until October 11, 1902 Morris Sheppard (D), from November 15, 1902 5. Choice B. Randell (D) 6. Robert E. Burke (D), until June 5, 1901 Dudley G. Wooten (D), from July 13, 1901 7. Robert L. Henry (D) 8. Samuel W.T. Lanham (D), until January 15, 1903, vacant thereafter 9. Albert S. Burleson (D) 10. George F. Burgess (D) 11. Rudolph Kleberg (D) 12. James L. Slayden (D) 13. John H. Stephens (D) Utah At-large. George Sutherland (R) Vermont 1. David J. Foster (R) 2. Kittredge Haskins (R) Virginia 1. William A. Jones (D) 2. Harry L. Maynard (D) 3. John Lamb (D) 4. Francis R. Lassiter (D) 5. Claude A. Swanson (D) 6. Peter J. Otey (D), until May 4, 1902 Carter Glass (D), from November 4, 1902 7. James Hay (D) 8. John F. Rixey (D) 9. William F. Rhea (D) 10. Henry D. Flood (D) Washington At-large. Francis W. Cushman (R) At-large. Wesley L. Jones (R) West Virginia 1. Blackburn B. Dovener (R) 2. Alston G. Dayton (R) 3. Joseph H. Gaines (R) 4. James Anthony Hughes (R) Wisconsin 1. Henry Allen Cooper (R) 2. Herman B. Dahle (R) 3. Joseph W. Babcock (R) 4. Theobald Otjen (R) 5. Samuel S. Barney (R) 6. James H. Davidson (R) 7. John J. Esch (R) 8. Edward S. Minor (R) 9. Webster E. Brown (R) 10. John J. Jenkins (R) Wyoming At-large. Frank W. Mondell (R) Non-voting members Arizona Territory. Marcus Aurelius Smith (D) Hawaii Territory. Robert W. Wilcox (Independent) New Mexico Territory. Bernard Shandon Rodey (R) Oklahoma Territory. Dennis T. Flynn (R) Puerto Rico. Federico Degetau (R)

Speaker of the House David B. Henderson

Employees

• Architect of the Capitol: Edward Clark, died January 6, 1902.
  • Elliott Woods, appointed February 19, 1902.

Senate

• Secretary: Charles G. Bennett
• Sergeant at Arms: Daniel M. Ransdell
• Chaplain: William H. Millburn, Methodist
  • F.J. Prettyman, Methodist, elected December 2, 1902.

House of Representatives

• Clerk: Alexander McDowell
• Sergeant at Arms: Henry Casson
• Doorkeeper: William J. Glenn
• Postmaster: Joseph C. McElroy
• Clerk: Asher C. Hinds
• Chaplain: Henry N. Couden, Universalist

References

1. "SENATORS FIGHT ON SENATE FLOOR; McLaurin and Tillman of South Carolina Come to Blows. BOTH ADJUDGED IN CONTEMPT They Apologize, but Committee Will Pass on the Affair. Fisticuffs Followed McLaurin's Assertion That Tillman Had Lied About Him in the Course of Philippine Debate". The New York Times. February 23, 1902.

• Gould, Lewis L. (2005). The Most Exclusive Club. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books Group. ISBN 0-465-02778-4.
• Remini, Robert V. (2006). The House. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-06-088434-7.
• U.S. Congress (2005). "Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress". Archived from the original on June 1, 2006. Retrieved 2006-06-01.
• U.S. House of Representatives (2006). "Congressional History". Archived from the original on June 1, 2006. Retrieved 2006-06-01.
• U.S. Senate (2006). "Statistics and Lists". Archived from the original on June 1, 2006. Retrieved 2006-06-01.