Wind power in Thailand

Wind power in Thailand amounts to an installed production capacity of 224.5 MW as of the end of 2014.[1] Installed capacity was 112 MW by the end of 2012, with 111 MW added in 2013, and some minor amount added in 2014. This ranks Thailand 46th in the world by installed capacity as of 2015.

Picture of a wind turbine at Laem Phromthep, Phuket, Thailand from a pilot project by EGAT.

Thailand's natural gas reserves are set to run out in 2021, and Thailand began importing expensive liquefied natural gas in 2011. These factors have led to increased demand for renewable energy, and Thailand's Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) in 2011 called for 25% of its energy to come from renewable sources by 2036. By June 2012, projects totaling over 1,600 MW had been proposed.[2]

History

With increasing demand in energy, Thailand finds itself dependant on a great amount of energy imported from other countries, mainly oil and natural gas. This, along with repeated occurrence of oil crises, has raised awareness of renewable energy utilization since The Fifth National Economic and Social Development Plan (1983-1987)[3] . The support for renewable energy became clear when the National Energy Policy Council Act was declared in 1992. The act started the energy conservation plan, which aimed to decrease the amount of imported energy by developing renewable energy sources in Thailand, including wind power.

Wind resources mapping

The first study of Thai wind energy potential was conducted in 1975 by the Department of Energy Development and Promotion,[4] which is now called Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency (DEDE). Data of mean wind speed from the Thai Meteorological Department (TMD) was used to produce a wind map of areas with medium to high potential. Later, in 1981, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Thonburi (KMITT) and King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology North Bangkok (KMITNB), in cooperation with Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT), produced another wind resource map with 13-year-long data (1966-1978) from 53 wind speed measurement stations of TMD, using power law to standardize all wind speed to 10 m. In 1984, another similar attempt was carried out by KMITT, using 17-year-long (1966-1982) data from 62 measurement stations, and with financial support from USAID.[4]

The aforementioned attempts at producing wind resource maps of Thailand all faced the problem of shortage in wind speed data, especially ones offshore and from high elevation.[5] This resulted in maps with low coverage. In 2001, another set of wind resource maps was produced by DEDE using data from over 150 measurement stations including offshore stations and high elevation stations. The data was processed using computer simulation and mathematical modeling, and the map and data were also published in electronic forms. In the same year, the World Bank offered another set of wind resource maps for four countries: Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and Thailand, which was calculated from global wind data and each country's geographical data using computer simulation.[6]

In 2008, wind speed data in Southern Thailand was further calibrated with the setup of more stations in six provinces of southern Thailand.[4] Southern Thailand was shown in previous studies to have the highest wind energy potential in Thailand. The stations were installed to measure wind speeds at 80, 90, and 100-m heights. Also, from 2007 to 2009 wind speed and direction were measured and recorded from several stations in the Northern Thailand.

In 2011, research to improve the wind map was conducted by the Department of Physics of Silpakorn University.[7] The research produced mesoscale wind maps with resolution of 3x3 km2 cells using atmospheric model and computer simulation software, and also experimented with the making of microscale wind maps, which could be the next step in the study of Thai wind energy potential.

Wind turbines

In 1983, Thailand had its first set of electricity generating wind turbines, consisting of 6 turbines, installed at Laem Phromthep in Phuket Province by EGAT as a pilot project.[4] The generated electricity was used to power nearby research stations. The outcome was satisfying, so in 1988 EGAT planned to connect the turbines to the power grid of the Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA), and in 1990 they started operating. This was the first time in Thailand to have electricity generated by wind power supplying the power grid. Later, in 1992, 2 more turbines with 10 kW of capacity were installed and connected to the grid.[4]

Later on, both government and private organizations, especially educational institutes, had more interest in the potential in wind power in Thailand. In 1996, KMUTT was the first organization to install 2.5 kW and 10 kW wind turbines at Phu Kradueng National Park in Loei Province, and Tarutao National Marine Park in Satun Province. Later in the same year, the Recycle Engineering Company Limited installed one 150 kW wind turbine at its facility at Koh Chang district in Chonburi Province, becoming Thailand’s first private wind turbine.

On the government side, in 2007, DEDE installed wind turbine of 250 kW capacity at Hua Sai District in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, and later in 2009, another of 1.5 MW capacity. Also in 2009, two wind turbines of 1.25 MW capacity each were installed by EGAT at the upper reservoir of Lam Takhong Cholapawattana power plant, a hydroelectric power plant in Sikhio District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, becoming Thailand’s first large electricity-generating wind power plant.

Wind resources

Thailand has relatively low average wind speeds with most areas being of class 1-1.4 wind speed, or about 2.8–4 m/s measured at 10 m. This is because Thailand is located near the equator which has generally low wind speed.[4]

Nevertheless, Thailand still has some areas with utilizable wind speeds of no less than class 3, that is, with no lower than 6.4 m/s annual average wind speed.[4] This is caused by the two monsoons that affect Thailand annually, the Northeast Monsoon and the Southwest Monsoon. The Northeast Monsoon comes from the South China Sea during the period between November and March, producing strong wind in the Gulf of Thailand and the coastal area in the southern part of Thailand. The Southeast Monsoon comes from the Indian Sea between May and October, producing strong wind at the peaks of mountain ranges in the west part of upper southern and lower northern Thailand.

In general, Thai inland wind is sub-par, but there are areas with topography that helps increase wind speeds such as mountain ranges, canyons, and slopes.

For offshore wind, there are some areas with high wind speeds that are not located in forbidden area in Ban Don Gulf in Surat Thani Province, Pattani Gulf in Songkhla and Pattani Province, and the Songkhla Lake (which is actually a lagoon) in Songkhla Province.[4]

Capacity and production

Thai production of wind energy (MW)[1]
20102011201220132014
5.67.3111.7222.7224.5
List of wind farms in Thailand (as of May, 2015)[8]
NameCapacity (KW)
Theppana Wind Farm6,900
First Korat Wind103,500
K.R. Two103,500
Lamtakhong2,500
Chang Hua Man50
Samut Green Energy900
Ko Tao250
DEDE (Wind Energy for Generation)15,000
Tha-le Pang (Hua Sai)250
Sating Phra1,500
Laem Phrom Thep192
TOTAL:234,542

As of the end of 2014, Thailand’s wind power capacity stands at 224.5 MW, generating 305 GWh of energy throughout the year. This ranks Thailand 46th in the world by wind power capacity[9] .

The spikes in increase in capacity in 2012 and 2013 were caused by the construction of “First Korat Wind” wind farm and “K.R. Two” wind farm by Wind Energy Holding Co., Ltd. in each year, respectively. Each wind farm comprises 45 wind turbines, each with 2.3 MW capacity, resulting in wind farms with highest capacities in Southeast Asia.[4]

Future plans

The latest plan to develop alternative energy in Thailand is the Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP). The plan aims to increase the share of renewable energy in the total energy production to 25%.[10] The share of renewable energy stands at 11.91% as of 2014[1][11] .

Formerly, the AEDP was planned to span 2012 to 2021 and to employ Adder system: extra subsidies for independent sales of wind power from small and very small power producers, aiming to promote electricity generation from wind power. However, under the lead of Prime Minister General Prayuth Chan Ocha, the plan is revised to span 2015 to 2036.[11] FiT (Feed-in-tariff) system is used instead of Adder, which calculates sales price of energy from real development cost of the energy producer but with premium extra rate of 0.50 baht/kWh for the southern border provinces.[12] This prevents the price of energy from increasing too much.

Also, Energy Absolute Public Company Limited is constructing 3 wind farms projects in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province with combined install capacity of 126 MW. It also has 5 more projects planned to be located in Chaiyaphum Province which will produce 260 MW of electricity.[13] As of 2012, total capacity of proposed big scale wind farm projects that are accepted by the government amounts to 787.37 MW, with 1674.20 MW more yet to be confirmed.[14]

Economics

Cost of production

According to a research study by King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi,[15] typical cost of wind energy production in Thailand ranges from about 2-6 baht/kWh, but in some unsuitable areas the cost can be as high as 11 baht/kWh. When compared to cost of production in Denmark at about 45 øre (about 2.36 baht) /kWh, Thailand’s cost is relatively higher. But with PEA buying electricity with FiT system at the typical rate of about 6 baht/kWh, production by very small power producer (VSPP) is possible.

Investment

As a result of the government’s continuous supporting policy, renewable energy consumption has grown dramatically. This leads to an increase in investments from private organizations in renewable energy industry. Most recently in 2014, combined net value of investment in renewable energy both from the government and private organizations amounts to 84,588 million baht.[1] Of this amount, the wind energy industry received the highest proportion of the investment, which amounts to 25,720 million baht, 30.4% of total investment.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Thailand Alternative Energy Situation 2014 (PDF) (Report). Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency. 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  2. ↑ "Global Wind Energy Outlook 2012" (PDF). Greenpeace. November 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  3. ↑ "ประวัติการพัฒนาพลังงานของประเทศไทย" [history of energy development of Thailand]. eppo.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 19 Nov 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Chingulpitak, Sakkarin; Wongwises, Somchai (2014). "Critical review of the current status of wind energy in Thailand". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 31: 312–318. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.11.038. ISSN 1364-0321.
  5. ↑ Phupongpaibul, Somchai. "WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OF THAILAND". www2.dede.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  6. ↑ "WIND ENERGY RESOURCE ATLAS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA" (PDF). siteresources.worldbank.org. The World Bank. September 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  7. ↑ Promsen, Worrapass (2011). Development of Windmap for Thailand by Using Atmospheric Mesoscale Model (PDF) (Ph.D.). Silpakorn University. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  8. ↑ "แผนที่แสดงที่ตั้งโรงไฟฟ้าพลังงานทดแทนในประเทศไทย". www4.dede.go.th (in Thai). Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  9. ↑ "Global Wind Statistics 2014" (PDF). gwec.net. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  10. ↑ "The 10-Year Alternative Energy Development Plan". weben.dede.go.th. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  11. 1 2 Yaowateera Achawangkul, Ph.D. (4 June 2015). "Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) 2015" (PDF). renewableenergy-asia.com. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  12. ↑ "นโยบายการรับซื้อไฟฟ้าจากพลังงานหมุนเวียนในรูปแบบ Feed-in Tariff" [policy on purchase of electricity from renewable energy in form of Feed-in-Tariff system] (PDF). eppo.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  13. ↑ "EA :: ENERGY ABSOLUTE PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED :: Wind". energyabsolute.co.th. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  14. ↑ สถานการณ์รับซื้อไฟฟ้าจากพลังงานลม ณ 31 ธันวาคม 2555 [electricity from wind power purchase situation 2012] (PDF). eppo.go.th (Report) (in Thai) (Energy Policy and Planning Office). 31 December 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  15. ↑ Kunshornrat, Chantana; Hajbulla, Salwanee (2010). การวิเคราะห์ทางเศรษฐศาสตร์และประเมินต้นทุนของการผลิตไฟฟ้าด้วยพลังงานลม [Economic analysis and cost assessment of wind power generation] (Thesis) (in Thai). King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi.
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