List of World Heritage in Danger

The Church of the Nativity, traditionally considered the birthplace of Jesus, is one of several sites to have been designated as World Heritage Sites and World Heritage in Danger in the same year.

The List of World Heritage in Danger is compiled by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) through the World Heritage Committee according to Article 11.4 of the World Heritage Convention,^{[nb 1]} which was established in 1972 to designate and manage World Heritage Sites. Entries in the list are threatened World Heritage Sites for the conservation of which major operations are required and for which "assistance has been requested".^[1] The list is intended to increase international awareness of the threats and to encourage counteractive measures.^[2] Threats to a site can be either proven imminent threats or potential dangers that could have adverse effects on a site.

In the case of natural sites, ascertained dangers include the serious decline in the population of an endangered or other valuable species or the deterioration of natural beauty or scientific value of a property caused by human activities such as logging, pollution, settlement, mining, agriculture and major public works. Ascertained dangers for cultural properties include serious deterioration of materials, structure, ornaments or architectural coherence and the loss of historical authenticity or cultural significance. Potential dangers for both cultural and natural sites include development projects, armed conflicts, insufficient management systems or changes in the legal protective status of the properties. In the case of cultural sites, gradual changes due to geology, climate or environment can also be potential dangers.^[3]

Before a property is inscribed on the List of World Heritage in Danger, its condition is assessed and a potential programme for corrective measures is developed in cooperation with the State Party involved. The final decision about inscription is made by the committee. Financial support from the World Heritage Fund may be allocated by the committee for listed properties. The state of conservation is reviewed on a yearly basis, after which the committee may request additional measures, delete the property from the list if the threats have ceased or consider deletion from both the List of World Heritage in Danger and the World Heritage List.^[3] Of the two Former UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the Dresden Elbe Valley was delisted after placement on the List of World Heritage in Danger while the Arabian Oryx Sanctuary was directly delisted.^[4][5] As of 2012, there are 38 entries (17 natural, 21 cultural) on the List of World Heritage in Danger.^[6] Some sites have been designated as World Heritage Sites and World Heritage in Danger in the same year, such as the Church of the Nativity, traditionally considered to be the birthplace of Jesus. Many of the listed sites are located in the developing world with 17 in Africa (of which 5 are in the Democratic Republic of the Congo), 9 in Asia,^{[nb 2]} 8 in the Americas and 4 in Europe.^{[nb 3][7]} The majority of the endangered natural sites (12) are located in Africa.^[8]

In some cases, danger listing has sparked conservation efforts and prompted the release of funds, resulting in a positive development for sites such as the Galápagos Islands and Yellowstone National Park, both of which have subsequently been removed from the List of World Heritage in Danger. Despite this, the list itself and UNESCO's implementation of it have been the focus of criticism.^[9][10] In particular, States Parties and other stakeholders of World Heritage Sites have questioned the authority of the Committee to declare a site in danger without their consent.^[11] Until 1992, when UNESCO set a precedent by placing several sites on the danger list against their wishes, States Parties would have submitted a programme of corrective measures before a site could be listed.^[12] Instead of being used as intended, the List of World Heritage in Danger is perceived by some states as a black list and according to Christina Cameron, Professor at the School of Architecture, Canada Research Chair on Built Heritage, University of Montreal, has been used as political tool to get the attention of States Parties.^[13][14] The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) notes that UNESCO has referenced the List of World Heritage in Danger (without actually listing the site) in a number of cases where the threat could be easily addressed by the State Party.^[15] The Union also argues that keeping a site listed as endangered over a long period is questionable and that other mechanisms for conservation should be sought in these cases.^[16]

Currently listed sites

Table legend

Name; as listed by the World Heritage Committee^[17]

Location; at city or provincial level and country name, with coordinates; column sorts by state^{[nb 4]}

Criteria; the site was listed under

Area; in hectares and acres if provided by UNESCO

Year (WHS); the year the site was inscribed on the World Heritage List

Endangered; the year the site appeared on the List of World Heritage in Danger

Reason; threats to the site which prompted UNESCO to list it as in danger

  * Trans-border site

Name	Image	Location	Criteria	Area ha (acre)	Year (WHS)	Endangered	Reason	Refs
Abu Mena		EgyAbusir,  Egypt 30°50′30″N 29°39′50″E / 30.84167°N 29.66389°E	Cultural: (iv)	182 (450)	1979	2001-	Cave-ins in the area caused by the clay at the surface, which becomes semi-liquid when met with "excess water"	[18][19] [20]
Air and Ténéré Natural Reserves		Niger1Arlit Department,  Niger 18°17′N 8°0′E / 18.283°N 8.000°E	Natural: (vii), (ix), (x)	7,736,000 (19,120,000)	1991	1992-	Military conflict and civil disturbance in the region as well as a reduction of wildlife population and degradation of the vegetation cover	[21][22]
Ancient City of Aleppo		Aleppo Governorate,  Syria 36°14′0″N 37°10′0″E / 36.23333°N 37.16667°E	Cultural: (iii)(iv)	350 (860)	1986	2013-	Syrian Civil War, currently held partly by rebels and the government. Incessant bombing runs by the government, and mortar and gunfire by rebels endangers foundations.	[23]
Ancient City of Bosra		Daraa Governorate,  Syria 32°31′5″N 36°28′54″E / 32.51806°N 36.48167°E	Cultural: (i)(iii)(vi)	—	1980	2013-	Syrian Civil War, held by the government.	[24]
Ancient City of Damascus		Damascus Governorate,  Syria 33°30′41″N 36°18′23″E / 33.51139°N 36.30639°E	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi)	86 (210)	1979	2013-	Syrian Civil War, rebel gunfire and mortar shelling, followed by aircraft bombings by the government endangers foundations.	[25]
Ancient Villages of Northern Syria		Syria 36°20′3″N 36°50′39″E / 36.33417°N 36.84417°E	Cultural: (iii)(iv)(v)	12,290 (30,400)	2011	2013-	Syrian Civil War, some held by rebels. Reports of looting and demolitions by Islamist groups.	[26]
Ashur (Qal'at Sherqat)		IraqSalah ad Din,  Iraq 35°27′24″N 43°15′45″E / 35.45667°N 43.26250°E	Cultural: (iii), (iv)	70 (170)	2003	2003-	A planned reservoir that would have partially flooded the site was suspended in the wake of the Iraq War by the new administration; lack of adequate protection	[27][28]
Bagrati Cathedral and Gelati Monastery		GeorImereti,  Georgia 42°15′44″N 42°42′59″E / 42.26222°N 42.71639°E	Cultural: (iv)	7.87 (19.4)	1994	2010-	Major reconstruction project that will lead to irreversible interventions and undermine the authenticity and integrity of the site	[29][30]
Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System		BelBelize, Stann Creek and Toledo  Belize 17°19′N 87°32′W / 17.317°N 87.533°W	Natural: (vii), (ix), (x)	96,300 (238,000)	1996	2009-	Mangrove cutting and excessive development	[31][32]
Chan Chan Archaeological Zone		PerLa Libertad,  Peru 8°6′40″S 79°04′30″W / 8.11111°S 79.07500°W	Cultural: (i), (iii)	600 (1,500)	1986	1986-	Natural erosion	[33][34]
Birthplace of Jesus: Church of the Nativity and the Pilgrimage Route, Bethlehem		Pal Bethlehem,  Palestine 31°42′16″N 35°12′27″E / 31.70444°N 35.20750°E	Cultural: (iv), (vi)	2.98 (7.4)	2012	2012-	Damage due to water leaks - however current restoration work is taking place to save the site.	[35][36]
Comoé National Park		CotZanzan,  Côte d'Ivoire 9°10′N 3°40′W / 9.167°N 3.667°W	Natural: (ix), (x)	1,150,000 (2,800,000)	1983	2003-	Civil unrest, poaching and lack of effective management mechanisms	[37][38]
Coro and its Port		VenFalcón,  Venezuela 11°25′N 69°40′W / 11.417°N 69.667°W	Cultural: (iv), (v)	107 (260)	1993	2005-	Damage to a great number of structures due to heavy rain between November 2004 and February 2005 as well as the construction of a new monument, a beach walkway and an entrance gate to the city in the buffer zone which could have considerable impact on the value of the site	[39][40]
Crac des Chevaliers and Qal’at Salah El-Din		Homs and Latakia Governorates,  Syria 34°46′54″N 36°15′47″E / 34.78167°N 36.26306°E	Cultural: (ii)(iv)	9 (22)	2006	2013-	Syrian Civil War, once held by Al-Nusra Front and other Islamist groups, reclaimed by Syrian Arab Army and Hezbollah fighters. Reports of damages and looting caused by Islamist groups was released by the government.	[41]
Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley		AfgBamyan,  Afghanistan 34°49′55″N 67°49′36″E / 34.83194°N 67.82667°E	Cultural: (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (vi)	159 (390)	2003	2003-	Fragile conservation state due to abandonment, military action and dynamite explosions; causing dangers such as risk of collapse of Buddha niches, further deterioration of cave murals, looting and illicit excavations. Destruction during the rule of Taliban due to their teachings that the statues are abominations to Islam.	[42][43]
East Rennell		Solomon IslandRennell and Bellona Province,  Solomon Islands 11°40′59″S 160°10′59″E / 11.68306°S 160.18306°E	Natural: (ix)	37,000 (91,000)	1998	2013-	Damage to the site due to logging and its effect on the local ecoystem	[44]
Everglades National Park		United StatesFlorida,  United States 25°19′N 80°56′W / 25.317°N 80.933°W	Natural: (viii), (ix), (x)	592,920 (1,465,100)	1979	1993–2007, 2010-	Damage due to Hurricane Andrew and deterioration of water flow and quality due to agricultural and urban development (1993); continued degradation of the site resulting in a loss of marine habitat and decline in marine species (2010)	[45][46] [47]
Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama: Portobelo-San Lorenzo		PanColón Province,  Panama 9°33′14″N 79°39′21″W / 9.55389°N 79.65583°W	Cultural: (i), (iv)	—	1980	2012-	Environmental factors, lack of maintenance and urban development	[48][49]
Garamba National Park		DemOrientale,  Democratic Republic of the Congo 4°0′N 29°15′E / 4.000°N 29.250°E	Natural: (vii), (x)	500,000 (1,200,000)	1980	1984–1992, 1996-	Reduction of Northern White Rhinoceros population (1984); poaching of two white rhinos, killing of three rangers and no plan for corrective measures by the authorities (1996)	[50][51] [52]
Hatra		IrqNineveh Governorate,  Iraq 35°35′17.016″N 42°43′5.988″E / 35.58806000°N 42.71833000°E	Cultural: (ii), (iii), (iv), (vi)	324 (800)	1985	2015-	Damage inflicted to the property by armed groups	[53]
Historical Monuments of Mtskheta		GeorMtskheta-Mtianeti,  Georgia 41°51′N 44°43′E / 41.850°N 44.717°E	Cultural: (iii), (iv)	—	1994	2009-	Concerns about the preservation of the site	[54][55]
Historic Town of Zabīd		YemAl Hudaydah,  Yemen 14°12′N 43°19′E / 14.200°N 43.317°E	Cultural: (ii), (iv), (vi)	—	1993	2000-	Deteriorating state of historic buildings, inscribed on request of the State Party	[56][57]
Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works		ChilTarapacá,  Chile 20°12′30″S 69°47′40″W / 20.20833°S 69.79444°W	Cultural: (ii), (iii), (iv)	—	2005	2005-	Fragile nature of structures due to lack of maintenance for 40 years; also damage, vandalism and some dismantling; looting	[58][59]
Kahuzi-Biega National Park		DemSouth Kivu and Maniema,  Democratic Republic of the Congo 2°30′S 28°45′E / 2.500°S 28.750°E	Natural: (x)	600,000 (1,500,000)	1980	1997-	Deforestation, hunting as well as war and civil strife	[60][61]
Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile City		United KingdomLiverpool England,  United Kingdom 53°24′24″N 2°50′40″W / 53.40667°N 2.84444°W	Cultural: (ii), (iii), (iv)	136 (340)	2004	2012-	Due to the proposed redevelopment of historic docklands known as Liverpool Waters	[62][63]
Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park		CenBamingui-Bangoran,  Central African Republic 9°0′N 21°30′E / 9.000°N 21.500°E	Natural: (ix), (x)	1,740,000 (4,300,000)	1988	1997-	Illegal grazing and poaching, deteriorating security situation	[64][65]
Minaret and Archaeological Remains of Jam		AfgGhōr,  Afghanistan 34°23′48″N 64°30′58″E / 34.39667°N 64.51611°E	Cultural: (ii), (iii), (iv)	70 (170)	2002	2002-	Lack of legal protection, lack of protection measure or management plan, poor condition of the site	[66][67]
Medieval Monuments in Kosovo		SerbiaKosovo,  Serbia 42°39′40″N 20°15′56″E / 42.66111°N 20.26556°E	Cultural: (ii), (iii), (iv)	2.88 (7.1)	2004	2006-	Lack of legal protection and management; political instability and security	[68][69]
Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve		CotLola Prefecture,  Côte d'Ivoire*  Guinea* 7°36′N 8°23′W / 7.600°N 8.383°W	Natural: (ix), (x)	18,000 (44,000)	1981	1992-	Iron ore mining concession on part of the World Heritage Site and influx of large number of refugees on the Guinean part of the site	[70][71]
Niokolo-Koba National Park		SenTambacounda Region and Kédougou Region,  Senegal 13°0′N 12°40′W / 13.000°N 12.667°W	Natural: (x)	913,000 (2,260,000)	1981	2007-	Degradation of property, low mammal population, management problems and impact of a proposed dam on the Gambia River	[72][73]
Okapi Wildlife Reserve		Dem Orientale,  Democratic Republic of the Congo 2°0′N 28°30′E / 2.000°N 28.500°E	Natural: (x)	1,372,625 (3,391,830)	1996	1997-	Looting of park facilities and killing of elephants as a result of an armed conflict in the area	[74][75]
Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls		JerJerusalem District (no nation named by UNESCO)[nb 5] 31°46′36″N 35°14′03″E / 31.77667°N 35.23417°E	Cultural: (ii), (iii), (vi)	—	1981	1982-	Uncontrolled urban development, general deterioration of the state of conservation due to tourism and lack of maintenance.	[76][77][78]
Old City of Sana'a		YemSana'a Governorate,  Yemen 15°21′20″N 44°12′29″E / 15.35556°N 44.20806°E	Cultural: (iv), (v), (vi)	—	1986	2015-	Damage inflicted to the property due to armed conflict	[79]
Old Walled City of Shibam		YemHadhramaut Governorate,  Yemen 15°55′36.984″N 48°37′36.012″E / 15.92694000°N 48.62667000°E	Cultural: (iii), (iv), (v)	—	1982	2015-	Potential threat from the armed conflict, compounding safeguarding and management problems already observed at the site	[79]
Rainforests of the Atsinanana		MadEastern Madagascar,  Madagascar 14°28′S 49°42′E / 14.467°S 49.700°E	Natural: (ix), (x)	479,660 (1,185,300)	2007	2010-	Illegal logging and hunting of endangered lemurs	[80][81]
Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve		HonLa Mosquitia,  Honduras 15°44′40″N 84°40′30″W / 15.74444°N 84.67500°W	Natural: (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)	—	1982	1996–2007, 2011-	Logging, fishing and land occupation; poaching and the reduced capacity of the state to manage the site; largely due to the deterioration of law and to the presence of drug traffickers	[82][83]
Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins of Songo Mnara		TanKilwa District,  Tanzania 8°57′28″S 39°31′22″E / 8.95778°S 39.52278°E	Cultural: (iii)	—	1981	2004-	Continuing deterioration of the site due to various agents such as erosion or plants	[84][85]
Salonga National Park		DemÉquateur and Bandundu Province,  Democratic Republic of the Congo 2°0′S 21°0′E / 2.000°S 21.000°E	Natural: (vii), (ix)	3,600,000 (8,900,000)	1984	1999-	Breakdown of civil order	[86][87] [88]
Samarra Archaeological City		IraqSalah ad Din,  Iraq 34°12′N 43°52′E / 34.200°N 43.867°E	Cultural: (ii), (iii), (iv)	15,058 (37,210)	2007	2007-	Security situation following the Iraq War and lack of state control for protection or management of the site	[89][90]
Simien National Park		EthAmhara Region,  Ethiopia 13°11′N 38°4′E / 13.183°N 38.067°E	Natural: (vii), (x)	22,000 (54,000)	1978	1996-	Deterioration of population of Walia ibex	[91][92]
Site of Palmyra		Homs Governorate,  Syria 34°33′15″N 38°16′0″E / 34.55417°N 38.26667°E	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iv)	0.36 (0.89)	1980	2013-	Syrian Civil War, captured by the notoriously iconoclastic Islamic State terrorist organization (ISIS).	[93]
Timbuktu		MalTimbuktu, Timbuktu Region,  Mali 16°46′24″N 2°59′58″W / 16.77333°N 2.99944°W	Cultural: (ii), (iv), (v)	—	1988	2012-	Threat of destruction by the Islamist groups like Al-Qaeda in Islamic Maghreb, Ansar Dine and Boko Haram. Some monuments are now pillaged and destroyed.	[94][95]
Tomb of Askia		MalGao, Gao Region,  Mali 16°17′21.60″N 0°2′41.68″E / 16.2893333°N 0.0449111°E	Cultural: (ii), (iii), (iv)	4.24 (10.5)	2004	2012-	Damaged by Islamist groups like Al-Qaeda in Islamic Maghreb and Ansar Dine. Reported destroyed by Ansar Dine when they captured Timbuktu.	[95][96]
Tombs of Buganda Kings at Kasubi		UgandaKampala District,  Uganda 0°19′45″N 32°33′12″E / 0.32917°N 32.55333°E	Cultural: (i), (iii), (iv), (vi)	27 (67)	2001	2010-	Destruction of the Muzibu Azaala Mpanga, the main building of the site, by fire in March 2010	[97][98]
Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra		IndonesiaSumatra,  Indonesia 02°30′S 101°30′E / 2.500°S 101.500°E	Natural: (vii), (ix), (x)	2,595,124 (6,412,690)	2004	2011-	Poaching, illegal logging, agricultural encroachment, and plans to build roads through the site	[99][100]
Virunga National Park		DemNorth Kivu and Orientale,  Democratic Republic of the Congo 0°55′N 29°10′E / 0.917°N 29.167°E	Natural: (vii), (viii), (x)	800,000 (2,000,000)	1979	1994-	Deforestation and poaching as a result of the influx of refugees due to the Rwandan Civil War	[101][102]
Palestine: Land of Olives and Vines – Cultural Landscape of Southern Jerusalem, Battir		Pal Battir,  Palestine 31°43′11″N 35°7′50″E / 31.71972°N 35.13056°E	Cultural: (iv)(v)	349 (860)	2014	2014-	The Israeli West Bank barrier "may isolate farmers from fields they have cultivated for centuries".	[103][104]

Previously listed sites

There exist a number of sites that were previously listed as being in danger, but later removed from the list after improvements in management and conservation. The Everglades National Park was listed from 1993 to 2007 and again since 2010; the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve was listed from 1996 to 2007 and again since 2011. Both are therefore included in the list of currently listed sites (above).

•   Delisted as a World Heritage Site

Name	Image	Location	Criteria	Area ha (acre)	Year (WHS)	Endangered	Reason	Refs
Angkor		Siem Reap Province,  Cambodia 13°26′N 103°50′E / 13.433°N 103.833°E	Cultural: (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)	—	1992	1992–2004	Inscription initially limited to a three-year period (1993–1995) during which effective legal protection, boundary and buffer zones were to be established and international conservation efforts were to be monitored and coordinated; at the time of inscription, Cambodia was UN-controlled following the civil war in the 1980s.	[105][106] [107]
Bahla Fort		Bahla,  Oman 22°58′N 57°18′E / 22.967°N 57.300°E	Cultural: (iv)	—	1987	1988–2004	Degradation of earth structures of the fort and of the oasis of Bahla	[108][109] [110][111]
Bam and its Cultural Landscape		IranKerman,  Iran 29°07′01″N 58°22′07″E / 29.11694°N 58.36861°E	Cultural: (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)	—	2004	2004–2013	Following the damage due to the 2003 Bam earthquake	[112][113][114]
Butrint		Sarandë District,  Albania 39°45′N 20°01′E / 39.750°N 20.017°E	Cultural: (iii)	3,980 (9,800)	1992	1997–2005	Damages due to management and conservation	[115][116] [117]
Cologne Cathedral		North Rhine-Westphalia,  Germany 50°56′29″N 6°57′29″E / 50.94139°N 6.95806°E	Cultural: (i), (ii), (iv)	—	1996	2004–2006	High-rise building plan near the cathedral threatening to inflict damage to the integrity of the property; delisted[nb 6] after the building plan was halted and a buffer zone introduced	[118][119] [120]
Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary		Biffeche,  Senegal 16°30′N 16°10′W / 16.500°N 16.167°W	Natural: (vii), (x)	16,000 (40,000)	1981	1984–1988, 2000–2006	Long term threat by construction plan for a down-stream dam (1984); delisted[nb 6] (1988) as water supply to the park was insured by the construction of a sluice and a management plan was being prepared; relisted[nb 7] (2000) due to environmental and economical threats posed by the introduced species Salvinia molesta and Pistia stratiotes as well as issues with water management in the park	[51][121] [122][123] [124][125]
Dresden Elbe Valley		Saxony,  Germany 51°03′N 13°49′E / 51.050°N 13.817°E	Cultural: (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)	1,930 (4,800)	2004	2006–2009	Construction plans for the Waldschlösschen Bridge in the core area of the cultural landscape; removed from the list of World Heritage Sites in 2009 after construction commenced at the end of 2007	[126][127]
Dubrovnik		Dubrovnik-Neretva County,  Croatia 42°38′25″N 18°06′30″E / 42.64028°N 18.10833°E	Cultural: (i), (iii), (iv)	97 (240)	1979	1991–1998	Croatian War of Independence	[128][129] [130]
Fort and Shalamar Gardens in Lahore		PakPunjab,  Pakistan 31°35′25″N 74°18′35″E / 31.59028°N 74.30972°E	Cultural: (i), (ii), (iii)	—	1981	2000–2012	Destruction of historic water tanks in 1999 to widen a road and deteriorating perimeter walls of the Garden, listed on request of the Pakistan government	[131][132]
Galápagos Islands		Galápagos Province,  Ecuador 0°40′S 90°30′W / 0.667°S 90.500°W	Natural: (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)	14,066,514 (34,759,110)	1978	2007–2010	Various threats including insufficient prevention of possibilities for the introduction of alien species, insufficient resource allocation for conservation agencies and park management, presence of a large number of illegal immigrants, rapid uncontrolled growth of tourism, fishing over-capacity and sports fishing	[133][134] [135][136]
Group of Monuments at Hampi		Bellary district,  India 15°20′6″N 76°27′43″E / 15.33500°N 76.46194°E	Cultural: (i), (iii), (iv)	—	1986	1999–2006	Partial construction of two cable-suspended bridges within the protected archaeological areas of Hampi threatening the integrity and authenticity of the site	[137][138] [139]
Ichkeul National Park		Bizerta,  Tunisia 37°10′N 9°40′E / 37.167°N 9.667°E	Natural: (x)	12,600 (31,000)	1980	1996–2006	Construction of dams limiting the freshwater flow to the area and causing an increased salinity of the lake and the marshes as well as a decrease in the number of migrating bird populations	[140][141] [142]
Iguaçu National Park		Paraná State,  Brazil 25°41′S 54°26′W / 25.683°S 54.433°W	Natural: (vii), (x)	170,086 (420,290)	1986	1999–2001	Illegally opened road ("Estrada do Colono", Portuguese for "Settler's Road") through the park, dams on the Iguazu River and helicopter flights.	[88][143] [144]
Kathmandu Valley		Kathmandu Valley,    Nepal 27°42′14″N 85°18′31″E / 27.70389°N 85.30861°E	Cultural: (iii), (iv), (vi)	167 (410)	1979	2003–2007	Partial or substantial loss of the traditional elements of six out of seven monument zones and resulting general loss of authenticity and integrity of the whole property.	[145][146] [147]
Los Katíos National Park		Antioquia and Chocó,  Colombia 7°40′0″N 77°0′0″W / 7.66667°N 77.00000°W	Natural: (ix), (x)	72,000 (180,000)	1994	2009–2015	Deforestation, illegal fishing and hunting. Removed following significant improvements to Park management	[148]
Manas Wildlife Sanctuary		Assam,  India 26°30′N 91°51′E / 26.500°N 91.850°E	Natural: (vii), (ix), (x)	39,100 (97,000)	1985	1992–2011	Poaching, damage to the park's infrastructure and decrease in the population of some species particularly the Greater One Horned Rhino following an invasion by militants of the Bodo tribe in 1992	[149][150] [151]
Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor		Bay of Kotor, Kotor and surrounding territory,  Montenegro 42°29′N 18°42′E / 42.483°N 18.700°E	Cultural: (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)	—	1979	1979–2003	Damage following the earthquake from April 15, 1979	[152][153] [154]
Ngorongoro Conservation Area		Arusha Region,  Tanzania 3°11′S 35°32′E / 3.183°S 35.533°E	Natural: (iv), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)	—	1978	1984–1989	Declining conservation status	[51][155] [156]
Plitvice Lakes National Park		Lika-Senj County,  Croatia 44°53′N 15°37′E / 44.883°N 15.617°E	Natural: (vii), (viii), (ix)	19,200 (47,000)	1979	1992–1997	Potential threat due to the Croatian War of Independence	[157][158] [159]
Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras		PhiIfugao,  Philippines 16°55′N 121°3′E / 16.917°N 121.050°E	Cultural: (iii), (iv), (v)	500,000 (1,200,000)	1995	2001–2012	Absence of systematic monitoring programme or a comprehensive management plan	[160][161]
Royal Palaces of Abomey		Zou Department,  Benin 7°11′26″N 1°59′36″E / 7.19056°N 1.99333°E	Cultural: (iii), (iv)	48 (120)	1985	1985–2007	General state of deterioration due to the elements and inappropriate restoration which are in conflict with the authenticity of the site	[162][163] [164][165]
Rwenzori Mountains National Park		Bundibugyo, Kabarole and Kasese District,  Uganda 0°13′N 29°55′E / 0.217°N 29.917°E	Natural: (vii), (ix)	99,600 (246,000)	1994	1999–2004	Security situation and lack of monitoring of a major part of the park	[88][166] [167]
Sangay National Park		Chimborazo, Morona-Santiago and Tungurahua Province,  Ecuador 1°50′S 78°20′W / 1.833°S 78.333°W	Natural: (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)	271,925 (671,940)	1983	1992–2005	Heavy poaching, illegal livestock grazing, encroachment and potential threat through a road construction project	[168][169] [170]
Srebarna Nature Reserve		Srebarna, Silistra Province,  Bulgaria 44°06′50″N 27°04′40″E / 44.11389°N 27.07778°E	Natural: (x)	638 (1,580)	1983	1992–2003	Prevention of seasonal flooding and agricultural use causing a decline or disappearance of the water and passerine bird populations	[171][172] [173]
Timbuktu		Circle and Region of Tombouctou,  Mali 16°46′24″N 2°59′58″W / 16.77333°N 2.99944°W	Cultural: (ii), (iv), (v)	—	1988	1990–2005	Threat of sand encroachment	[174][175] [176]
Tipasa		Tipaza Province,  Algeria 36°33′24″N 2°23′00″E / 36.55667°N 2.38333°E	Cultural: (iii), (iv)	52 (130)	1982	2002–2006	Inadequat maintenance affecting the integrity of the site and its buffer zone	[177][178] [179]
Wieliczka Salt Mine		Wieliczka, Wieliczka County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship,  Poland 49°58′45″N 20°03′50″E / 49.97917°N 20.06389°E	Cultural: (iv)	969 (2,390)	1978	1989–1998	Humidity problem	[156][180] [181]
Yellowstone National Park		Wyoming and small areas of Montana and Idaho,  United States 44°30′N 110°50′W / 44.500°N 110.833°W	Natural: (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)	898,349 (2,219,870)	1978	1995–2003	Ascertained dangers to Yellowstone cutthroat trout as well as sewage leakage and waste contamination in parts of the park; potential threats to water quantity and quality, past and proposed mining activities, a proposed control programme to eradicate brucellosis in the bison herds	[182][183] [184]

Notes

1. Full title: Convention concerning the protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage
2. Includes the Jerusalem site
3. Includes two sites in Georgia
4. The Jerusalem site is not associated with a state by UNESCO and sorts as "Jerusalem".
5. Site proposed by Jordan. UNESCO has stated that "In line with relevant UN resolutions, East Jerusalem remains part of the occupied Palestinian territory, and the status of Jerusalem must be resolved in permanent status negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians."
6. From the List of World Heritage in Danger
7. On the List of World Heritage in Danger

References

Notes

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6. "List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
7. Timothy & Nyaupane 2009, p. 11
8. IUCN 2009, pp. 4–7
9. Chape, Spalding & Jenkins 2008, p. 87
10. Timothy & Nyaupane 2009, p. 83
11. IUCN 2009, pp. 2–3
12. Chape, Spalding & Jenkins 2008, p. 86
13. Thorsell, J. W.; Sawyer, Jacqueline (1992). World heritage 20 years later (illustrated ed.). IUCN. p. 23. ISBN 978-2-8317-0109-7. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
14. IUCN 2009, p. 0
15. IUCN 2009, pp. 18–19
16. IUCN 2009, pp. 19–20
17. "List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
18. "Abu Mena". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
19. "Abu Mena–Threats to the Site (2001)". UNESCO. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
20. 25th session 2001, p. 134
21. "Air and Ténéré Natural Reserves". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
22. 16th session 1992, p. 29
23. "Ancient City of Aleppo". UNESCO. Retrieved 17 Aug 2011.
24. "Ancient City of Bosra". UNESCO. Retrieved 17 Aug 2011.
25. "Ancient City of Damascus". UNESCO. Retrieved 17 Aug 2011.
26. "Ancient Villages of Northern Syria". UNESCO. Retrieved 17 Aug 2011.
27. "Ashur (Qal'at Sherqat)". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
28. 27th session 2003, pp. 123–124
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32. 33rd session 2009, pp. 81–82
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34. "World Heritage Committee: Tenth session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 6. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
35. "Birthplace of Jesus: Church of the Nativity and the Pilgrimage Route, Bethlehem". UNESCO. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
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37. "Comoé National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
38. 27th session 2003, p. 30
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40. 29th session 2005, pp. 102–103
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42. "Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
43. 27th session 2003, pp. 122–123
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45. "Everglades National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
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47. 34th session 2010, pp. 82–83
48. "Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama: Portobelo-San Lorenzo". UNESCO. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
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50. "Garamba National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
51. 8th session 1984, p. 18
52. 20th session 1996, p. 32
53. World Heritage Committee. "The Iraqi site of Hatra added to the List of World Heritage in Danger". United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 2015-07-14.
54. "Historical Monuments of Mtskheta". UNESCO. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
55. 33rd session 2009, p. 139
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57. 24th session 2000, pp. 26–27
58. "Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
59. 29th session 2005, pp. 142–143
60. "Kahuzi-Biega National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
61. 21st session 1997, pp. 19–20
62. "Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile City". UNESCO. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
63. "World Heritage Committee places Liverpool on List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
64. "Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
65. 21st session 1997, pp. 18–19
66. "Minaret and Archaeological Remains of Jam". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
67. "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-sixth session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 55. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
68. "Medieval Monuments in Kosovo". UNESCO. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
69. 30th session 2006, pp. 157–158
70. "Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
71. 16th session 1992, pp. 26–28
72. "Niokolo-Koba National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
73. 31st session 2007, pp. 41–43
74. "Okapi Wildlife Reserve". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
75. 21st session 1997, p. 19
76. "Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
77. "World Heritage Committee: Sixth session" (PDF). UNESCO. pp. 10–12. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
78. "UNESCO replies to allegations". UNESCO. 15 July 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
79. World Heritage Committee. "Yemen’s Old City of Sana’a and Old Walled City of Shibam added to List of World Heritage in Danger". United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 2015-07-15.
80. "Rainforests of the Atsinanana". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
81. 34th session 2010, pp. 57–58
82. "Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve". UNESCO. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
83. 20th session 1996, p. 29
84. "Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins of Songo Mnara". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
85. 28th session 2004, pp. 96–97
86. "Salonga National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
87. 8th session 1984, p. 14
88. 23rd session 1999, p. 29
89. "Samarra Archaeological City". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
90. 31st session 2007, pp. 152–153
91. "Simien National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
92. 20th session 1996, pp. 28–29
93. "Site of Palmyra". UNESCO. Retrieved 17 Aug 2011.
94. "Timbuktu". UNESCO. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
95. "Heritage sites in northern Mali placed on List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
96. "Tomb of Askia". UNESCO. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
97. "Tombs of Buganda Kings at Kasubi". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
98. 34th session 2010, pp. 103–105
99. "Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra". UNESCO. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
100. "Danger listing for Indonesia’s Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
101. "Virunga National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
102. "World Heritage Committee: Eighteenth session" (PDF). UNESCO. pp. 21, 51. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
103. "Palestine: Land of Olives and Vines – Cultural Landscape of Southern Jerusalem, Battir". UNESCO. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
104. "Palestine: Land of Olives and Vines - Cultural Landscape of Southern Jerusalem, Battir, inscribed on World Heritage List and on List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
105. "Angkor". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
106. 16th session 1992, pp. 37–38, annex VI
107. 28th session 2004, pp. 66–67
108. "Bahla Fort". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
109. "World Heritage Committee: Twelfth session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 19. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
110. 28th session 2004, p. 64
111. "World Heritage Committee: Eleventh session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 7. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
112. "Bam and its Cultural Landscape". UNESCO. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
113. 28th session 2004, pp. 47–48
114. "World Heritage Committee removes the Iranian World Heritage site of Bam and its Cultural Landscape from danger listing". UNESCO. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
115. "Butrint". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
116. 21st session 1997, pp. 24–25
117. 29th session 2005, pp. 31–32
118. "Cologne Cathedral". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
119. 28th session 2004, p. 116
120. 30th session 2006, p. 46
121. "Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
122. "World Heritage Committee: Twelfth session" (PDF). UNESCO. pp. 7, 16. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
123. 24th session 2000, pp. 109–110
124. 29th session 2005, pp. 15–16
125. 30th session 2006, pp. 23–24
126. "Dresden Elbe Valley". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
127. 30th session 2006, pp. 112–113
128. "Dubrovnik". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
129. "World Heritage Committee: Fifteenth session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 31. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
130. "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-second session" (PDF). UNESCO. pp. 12–13. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
131. "Fort and Shalamar Gardens in Lahore". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
132. 24th session 2000, p. 26
133. "Galápagos Islands". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
134. 30th session 2006, pp. 70–71
135. 31st session 2007, pp. 68–69
136. 34th session 2010, pp. 34–35
137. "Group of Monuments at Hampi". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
138. 23rd session 1999, pp. 32–33
139. 30th session 2006, pp. 38–40
140. "Ichkeul National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
141. 20th session 1996, pp. 31–32
142. 30th session 2006, pp. 25–26
143. "Iguaçu National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
144. 25th session 2001, pp. 15–16
145. "Kathmandu Valley". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
146. 27th session 2003, pp. 64–65
147. 31st session 2007, p. 32
148. World Heritage Committee. "Colombia’s Los Katíos National Park removed from List of Heritage in Danger". United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 2015-07-15.
149. "Manas Wildlife Sanctuary". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
150. 16th session 1992, p. 28
151. "Successful preservation of India's Manas Wildlife Sanctuary enables withdrawal from the List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
152. "Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
153. "World Heritage Committee: Third session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 13. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
154. 27th session 2003, p. 27
155. "Ngorongoro Conservation Area". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
156. "World Heritage Committee: Thirteenth session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 14. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
157. "Plitvice Lakes National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
158. 16th session 1992, pp. 24–25
159. 21st session 1997, pp. 10–11
160. "Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
161. 25th session 2001, pp. 139–141
162. "Royal Palaces of Abomey". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
163. "Royal Palaces of Abomey: Advisory Body Evaluation" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
164. "World Heritage Committee: Ninth session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 7. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
165. 31st session 2007, pp. 21–22
166. "Rwenzori Mountains National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
167. 28th session 2004, p. 55
168. "Sangay National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
169. 16th session 1992, pp. 25–26
170. 29th session 2005, pp. 18–19
171. "Srebarna Nature Reserve". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
172. 16th session 1992, pp. 21–22
173. 27th session 2003, p. 15
174. "Timbuktu". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
175. "World Heritage Committee: Fourteenth session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 8. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
176. 29th session 2005, pp. 20–21
177. "Tipasa". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
178. "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-sixth session" (PDF). UNESCO. pp. 36–37. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
179. 30th session 2006, p. 32
180. "Wieliczka Salt Mine". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
181. "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-second session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 13. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
182. "Yellowstone National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
183. "World Heritage Committee: Nineteenth session" (PDF). UNESCO. pp. 18–19. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
184. 16th session 1992, pp. 16–17

General

• "World Heritage in Danger: A compendium of key decisions on the conservation of natural World Heritage properties via the List of World Heritage in Danger" (PDF). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
• Chape, Stuart; Spalding, Mark; Jenkins, Martin (2008). The world's protected areas: status, values and prospects in the 21st century (illustrated ed.). University of Castile-La Mancha. ISBN 978-0-520-24660-7. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
• Timothy, Dallen J.; Nyaupane, Gyan P. (2009). Cultural heritage and tourism in the developing world: a regional perspective. Contemporary geographies of leisure, tourism and mobility 10 (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-77622-6. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
• "World Heritage Committee: Eighth session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
• "World Heritage Committee: Sixteenth session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
• "World Heritage Committee: Twentieth session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
• "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-first session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
• "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-third session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
• "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-fourth session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
• "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-fifth session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
• "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-seventh session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
• "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-eighth session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
• "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-ninth session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
• "World Heritage Committee: Thirtieth session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
• "World Heritage Committee: Thirty-first session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
• "World Heritage Committee: Thirty-third session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
• "World Heritage Committee: Thirty-fourth session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.

External links

• UNESCO World Heritage Sites, official site
• UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage in Danger List, official site
• UNESCO Heritage Centre – World Heritage List, official site