X-Men

This article is about the superhero team. For other uses, see X-Men (disambiguation).
X-Men

Variant cover of Uncanny X-Men #500 (Sept. 2008)
Pictured, clockwise from top center: Jean Grey, Banshee, Nightcrawler, Cyclops, Wolverine, Colossus, and Storm
Art by Alex Ross
Publication information
Publisher Marvel Comics
First appearance The X-Men #1 (September 10, 1963)
Created by
In-story information
Base(s)
Member(s)
Roster
See:List of X-Men members

The X-Men are a fictional team of superheroes appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist/co-writer Jack Kirby, the characters first appeared in The X-Men #1 (September 1963). They are among the most recognizable and successful intellectual properties of Marvel Comics, appearing in numerous books, television shows, films, and video games.

The X-Men are mutants, a subspecies of humans who are born with superhuman abilities. The X-Men fight for peace and equality between normal humans and mutants in a world where antimutant bigotry is fierce and widespread. They are led by Charles Xavier, also known as Professor X, a powerful mutant telepath who can control and read minds. Their archenemy is Magneto, a powerful mutant with the ability to generate and control magnetic fields. Professor X and Magneto have opposing views and philosophies regarding the relationship between mutants and humans. While Professor X works towards peace and understanding between mutants and humans, Magneto views humans as a threat and believes in taking an aggressive approach against them, though he has found himself working alongside the X-Men from time to time.

Professor X is the founder of Xavier's School for Gifted Youngsters at a location commonly called the X-Mansion, which recruits mutants from around the world. Located in Westchester County, New York, the X-Mansion is the home and training site of the X-Men. The founding five members of the X-Men who appear in The X-Men #1 (September 1963) are Angel (Archangel), Beast, Cyclops, Iceman, and Marvel Girl (Jean Grey); Professor X and Magneto also make their first appearances in The X-Men #1. Since then, dozens of mutants from various countries and diverse backgrounds have held membership as X-Men.

Publication history

In 1963, with the success of Spider-Man in Amazing Fantasy, as well as the Hulk, Thor, Iron Man, and the Fantastic Four, co-creator Stan Lee wanted to create another group of superheroes without coming up with new origins for how they got their powers. In 2004, Stan Lee recalled "I couldn't have everybody bitten by a radioactive spider or exposed to a gamma ray explosion. And I took the cowardly way out. I said to myself, 'Why don't I just say they're mutants. They were born that way.'"[1]

In a 1987 interview, Jack Kirby said,

"The X-Men, I did the natural thing there. What would you do with mutants who were just plain boys and girls and certainly not dangerous? You school them. You develop their skills. So I gave them a teacher, Professor X. Of course, it was the natural thing to do, instead of disorienting or alienating people who were different from us, I made the X-Men part of the human race, which they were. Possibly, radiation, if it is beneficial, may create mutants that’ll save us instead of doing us harm. I felt that if we train the mutants our way, they’ll help us - and not only help us, but achieve a measure of growth in their own sense. And so, we could all live together."[2]
The X-Men #1 (Sept. 1963) is the debut of the X-Men, Professor X, and Magneto. Art by Jack Kirby.

Lee devised the series title after Marvel publisher Martin Goodman turned down the initial name, "The Mutants," stating that readers would not know what a "mutant" was.[3] Within the Marvel Universe, the X-Men are widely regarded to have been named after Professor Xavier himself. Xavier however claims that the name "X-Men" was never chosen to be a self-tribute.[4] The name is also linked to the "X-Gene," an unknown gene that causes the mutant evolution. The original explanation for the name, as provided by Xavier in The X-Men #1 (1963), is that mutants "possess an extra power... one which ordinary humans do not!! That is why I call my students... X-Men, for EX-tra power!"[5]

1960s

Early X-Men issues introduced the original team composed of Cyclops, Marvel Girl, Beast, Angel, and Iceman, along with their archenemy Magneto and his Brotherhood of Evil Mutants featuring Mastermind, Quicksilver, Scarlet Witch, and Toad. The comic focused on a common human theme of good versus evil and later included storylines and themes about prejudice and racism, all of which have persisted throughout the series in one form or another. The evil side in the fight was shown in human form and under some sympathetic beginnings via Magneto, a character who was later revealed to have survived Nazi concentration camps only to pursue a hatred for normal humanity. His key followers, Quicksilver and the Scarlet Witch, were Romani. Only one new member of the X-Men was added, Mimic/Calvin Rankin,[6] but soon left due to his temporary loss of power.[7]

The title lagged in sales behind Marvel's other comic franchises. In 1969, writer Roy Thomas and illustrator Neal Adams rejuvenated the comic book and gave regular roles to two recently introduced characters: Havok/Alex Summers (who had been introduced by Roy Thomas before Adams began work on the comic) and Lorna Dane, later called Polaris (created by Arnold Drake and Jim Steranko). However, these later X-Men issues failed to attract sales and Marvel stopped producing new stories with issue #66, later reprinting a number of the older comics as issues #67–93.[8]

Giant-Size X-Men #1 (May 1975). Cover art by Gil Kane and Dave Cockrum.

1970s

In Giant-Size X-Men #1 (1975), writer Len Wein and artist Dave Cockrum introduced a new team that starred in a revival of The X-Men, beginning with issue #94. This new team, however, differed greatly from the original. Unlike in the early issues of the original series, the new team was not made up of teenagers and they also had a more diverse background. Each was from a different country with varying cultural and philosophical beliefs, and all were already well-versed in using their mutant powers, several being experienced in combat. The "all-new, all-different X-Men"[9] were led by Cyclops, from the original team, and consisted of the newly created Colossus (from the Soviet Union), Nightcrawler (from West Germany), Storm (from Kenya), and Thunderbird (a Native American from the Apache nation). In addition to the newly created members were three previously introduced characters: Banshee (from Ireland), Sunfire (from Japan), and Wolverine (from Canada). Wolverine eventually became the breakout character on the team and, in terms of comic sales and appearances, the most popular X-Men character. A revamped Jean Grey soon rejoined the X-Men as the popular "Phoenix". Angel, Beast, Havok, and Polaris also made significant guest appearances.

The revived series was illustrated by Cockrum, and later by John Byrne, and written by Chris Claremont. Claremont became the series' longest-running contributor.[10] The run met with critical acclaim and produced such early storylines as the death of Thunderbird, the return of the Sentinels and the emergence of Phoenix, the saga of the Starjammers and the fight for control of the M'Kraan Crystal, the resurrection of Garokk the Petrified Man, the introduction of Alpha Flight[11] and the Proteus saga. Other characters introduced during this time include Amanda Sefton, Multiple Man, Mystique, and Moira MacTaggert, with her genetic research facility on Muir Island.

1980s

The 1980s began with the comic's best-known story arc, the Dark Phoenix Saga, which saw Phoenix manipulated by the illusionist Mastermind and becoming corrupted with an overwhelming lust for power and destruction as the evil Dark Phoenix. Other important storylines included Days of Future Past, the saga of Deathbird and the Brood, the discovery of the Morlocks, the invasion of the Dire Wraiths and The Trial of Magneto, as well as X-Men: God Loves, Man Kills, the partial inspiration for the 2003 movie X2: X-Men United.[12]

By the early 1980s, X-Men was Marvel's top-selling comic title. Its sales were such that distributors and retailers began using an "X-Men index", rating each comic book publication by how many orders it garnered compared to that month's issue of X-Men.[13] The growing popularity of Uncanny X-Men and the rise of comic book specialty stores led to the introduction of a number of ongoing spin-off series nicknamed "X-Books." The first of these was The New Mutants, soon followed by Alpha Flight, X-Factor, Excalibur, and a solo Wolverine title. When Claremont conceived a story arc, the Mutant Massacre, which was too long to run in the monthly X-Men, editor Louise Simonson decided to have it overlap into several X-Books. The story was a major financial success,[14] and when the later Fall of the Mutants was similarly successful, the marketing department declared that the X-Men lineup would hold such crossovers annually.[15]

Throughout the decade, Uncanny X-Men was written solely by Chris Claremont, and illustrated for long runs by John Byrne, Dave Cockrum, Paul Smith, John Romita, Jr., and Marc Silvestri. Additions to the X-Men during this time were Kitty Pryde/Shadowcat, Dazzler, Forge, Longshot, Psylocke, Rogue, Rachel Summers/Phoenix, and Jubilee. In a controversial move, Professor X relocated to outer space to be with Lilandra, Majestrix of the Shi'ar Empire, in 1986. Magneto then joined the X-Men in Xavier's place and became the director of the New Mutants. This period also included the emergence of the Hellfire Club, the arrival of the mysterious Madelyne Pryor, and the villains Apocalypse, Mister Sinister, Mojo, and Sabretooth.

1990s

In 1991, Marvel revised the entire lineup of X-Books, centered on the launch of a second X-Men series, simply titled X-Men. With the return of Xavier and the original X-Men to the team, the roster was split into two strike forces: Cyclops' "Blue Team" (chronicled in X-Men) and Storm's "Gold Team" (in Uncanny X-Men).

Its first issues were written by longstanding X-Men writer Chris Claremont and drawn and co-plotted by Jim Lee. Retailers pre-ordered over 8.1 million copies of issue #1, generating and selling nearly $7 million (though retailers probably sold closer to 3 million copies[16] ), making it the best-selling comic book of all-time, according to Guinness Book of World Records, which presented honors to Claremont at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con.[17][18][19]

Another new X-book released at the time was X-Force, featuring the characters from The New Mutants, led by Cable; it was written by Rob Liefeld and Fabian Nicieza. Internal friction soon split the X-books' creative teams. In a controversial move, X-Men editor Bob Harras sided with Lee (and Uncanny X-Men artist Whilce Portacio) over Claremont in a dispute over plotting. Claremont left after only three issues of X-Men, ending his 16-year run as X-Men writer.[20] Marvel replaced Claremont briefly with John Byrne, who scripted both books for a few issues. Byrne was then replaced by Nicieza and Scott Lobdell, who would take over the majority of writing duties for the X-Men until Lee's own departure months later when he and several other popular artists (including former X-title artists Liefeld, Portacio, and Marc Silvestri) would leave Marvel to form Image Comics. Jim Lee's X-Men designs would be the basis for much of the X-Men animated series and action figure line as well as several Capcom video games.

The 1990s saw an even greater number of X-books with numerous ongoing series and miniseries running concurrently. X-book crossovers continued to run annually, with "The X-Tinction Agenda" in 1990, "The Muir Island Saga" in 1991, "X-Cutioner's Song" in 1992, "Fatal Attractions" in 1993, "Phalanx Covenant" in 1994, "Legion Quest"/"Age of Apocalypse" in 1995, "Onslaught" in 1996, and "Operation: Zero Tolerance" in 1997. Though the frequent crossovers were criticized by fans as well as editorial and creative staff for being artificially regular, disruptive to the direction of the individual series, and having far less lasting impact than promised, they continued to be financially successful.[15]

There were many new popular additions to the X-Men in the 1990s, including Gambit, Cable, and Bishop. Gambit became one of the most popular X-Men, rivaling even Wolverine in size of fanbase after his debut in Uncanny X-Men #266 (Aug. 1990). Many of the later additions to the team came and went, such as Joseph, Maggott, Marrow, Cecilia Reyes, and a new Thunderbird. Xavier's New Mutants grew up and became X-Force, and the next generation of students began with Generation X, featuring Jubilee and other teenage mutants led and schooled by Banshee and former villainess Emma Frost at her Massachusetts Academy. In 1998, Excalibur and X-Factor ended and the latter was replaced with Mutant X, starring Havok stranded in a parallel universe. Marvel launched a number of solo series, including Deadpool, Cable, Bishop, X-Man, and Gambit, but few of the series would survive the decade.

2000s

In 2000, Claremont returned to Marvel and was put back on the primary X-Men titles during the Revolution event. He was later removed from the two flagship titles in 2001 and created his spin-off series, X-Treme X-Men. X-Men had its title changed to New X-Men and writer Grant Morrison took over. The book is often referred to as the Morrison-era, due to the drastic changes he made, beginning with "E Is For Extinction," where a new villain, Cassandra Nova, destroys Genosha, killing sixteen million mutants. Morrison also brought reformed ex-villain Emma Frost into the primary X-Men team, and opened the doors of the school by having Xavier "out" himself to the public about being a mutant. The bright spandex costumes that had become iconic over the previous decades were replaced by black leather street clothes reminiscent of the uniforms of the X-Men films. Morrison also introduced Xorn, who would figure prominently in the climax of his run. Ultimate X-Men set in Marvel's revised imprint was also launched. While Chuck Austen began his controversial run on Uncanny X-Men.

Several short-lived spin-offs and miniseries started featuring several X-Men in solo series, such as Emma Frost, Gambit, Mystique, Nightcrawler, and Rogue. Another series, Exiles, started at the same time and concluded in December 2007 which led to New Exiles in January 2008 written by Claremont. Cable and Deadpool's books were merged into one book, Cable & Deadpool. Following Morrison's departure, a third core X-Men title, Astonishing X-Men was launched which was written by Joss Whedon. New X-Men: Academy X was also launched focusing on the lives of the new young mutants at the Institute. This period included the resurrections of Colossus and Psylocke, a new death for Jean Grey, who later returned temporarily in the X-Men: Phoenix - Endsong, as well as Emma Frost becoming the new headmistress of the Institute. The Institute formerly ran as a school, until the depowering of 98% of the mutant population served as a safe haven to mutants who are still powered.

In 2007, the Messiah Complex crossover saw the destruction of the Xavier Institute and the disbanding of the X-Men. It spun the new volumes of X-Force, following the team led by Wolverine, and Cable, following Cable's attempts at protecting Hope Summers. X-Men was renamed into X-Men: Legacy which focused on Professor X, Rogue and Gambit. Under Cyclops' leadership, the X-Men later reformed in Uncanny X-Men #500, with their new base located in San Francisco.[21] Uncanny X-Men returned to its roots as the flagship title for the X-Franchise and served as the umbrella under which the various X-Books co-exist. In 2009, Messiah War written by Craig Kyle and Chris Yost served as the second part in the trilogy that began with Messiah Complex was released. Utopia written by Matt Fraction, was a crossover of Dark Avengers and Uncanny X-Men that served as a part of the Dark Reign storyline. A new New Mutants volume written by Zeb Wells, which featured the more prominent members of the original team reunited was launched. Magneto joined the X-Men during the Nation X storyline to the dismay of other members of the X-Men, such as Beast, who left the team.[22] Magneto began to work with Namor to transform Utopia into a homeland for both mutants and Atlanteans.[23] After the conclusion of Utopia, Rogue became the main character of X-Men: Legacy.

Notable additions to the X-Men have been Emma Frost, Husk, Northstar, Armor, Pixie and Warpath. While former villains such as Juggernaut, Lady Mastermind, Mystique, and Sabretooth became members of the X-Men. Other notable story arcs of this decade are "E Is For Extinction" (2001), "Planet X," "Here Comes Tomorrow," "Gifted" (2004), "House of M" (2005), Deadly Genesis (2005–2006), "Endangered Species" (2007), "Divided We Stand" (2008), "Manifest Destiny" (2008–2009), X-Infernus, and "Necrosha" (2009). The X-Men were also involved in the "Secret Invasion" storyline.

2010s

In 2010, "Second Coming" continued the plot threads on "Messiah Complex" and "House of M", while in 2012, "Avengers vs. X-Men" served as a closure to story lines such as "House of M" and "Decimation". It also ended with the death of Professor X and reappearance of new mutants.[24][25] The aftermath of the "X-Men: Schism" (2011) led to the fallout between Wolverine and Cyclops. Featured in a new series titled Wolverine and the X-Men, Wolverine rebuilt the original X-Mansion and named it as Jean Grey School for Higher Learning.

As part of the Marvel NOW! relaunch in 2012, many of the X-Men titles were canceled and relaunched, including X-Force, X-Factor, X-Men: Legacy, X-Men, and Uncanny X-Men. The relaunched Uncanny X-Men features Cyclops, his team, and the new mutants, taking up residency in the Weapon X facility, which they have rebuilt into a school and named as the New Charles Xavier School for Mutants. New flagship titles such as Amazing X-Men, Uncanny Avengers and All New X-Men were launched. Uncanny Avengers featured a team of Avengers and X-Men members while All-New X-Men featured the original five X-Men members being brought to the present day. In 2013, for the 50th anniversary of the X-Men franchise, "Battle of the Atom" was published which involved members of both X-Men schools try to decide what to do about the time-displaced original X-Men.

Notable additions to the X-Men have been X-23, Hope Summers, X-Man and Blink. Other notable story arcs of this decade are "Curse of the Mutants" (2010-2011), "Age of X", "Regenesis" (2011) and "AXIS" (2014).

World of the X-Men

The X-Men exist in the Marvel Universe along with other characters featured in Marvel Comics series. They often meet characters from other series, and the global nature of the mutant concept means the scale of stories can be highly varied. The X-Men's enemies range from mutant thieves to galactic threats.

Historically, the X-Men have been based in the Xavier Institute, near Salem Center, in north-east Westchester County, New York, and are often portrayed as a family. The X-Mansion is often depicted with three floors and two underground levels. To the outside world, it acted as a higher learning institute until the 2000s, when Xavier was publicly exposed as a mutant at which point it became a known mutant boarding school. Xavier funds a corporation aimed at reaching mutants worldwide, though it ceased to exist following the "Decimation." The X-Men benefit from advanced technology such as Xavier tracking down mutants with a device called Cerebro which amplifies his powers; the X-Men train within the Danger Room, first depicted as a room full of weapons and booby traps, now as generating holographic simulations; and the X-Men travel in their Blackbird jet.

The X-Men train in the Danger Room, as depicted in X-Men Origins #1 (Oct. 2008). Art by Mike Mayhew.

Fictional places

The X-Men introduced several fictional locations which are regarded as important within the shared universe in which Marvel Comics characters exist:

Other versions

Reflecting social issues

The conflict between mutants and normal humans is often compared to real-world conflicts experienced by minority groups in America such as African Americans, Jews, various religious (or "non-religious") groups, Communists, the LGBT community, etc.[27][28] It has been remarked that attitudes towards mutants do not make sense in the context of the Marvel Universe, since non-mutants with similar powers are rarely regarded with fear; X-Men editor Ann Nocenti remarked that "I think that's literary, really - because there is no difference between Colossus and the Torch. If a guy comes into my office in flames, or a guy comes into my office and turns to steel, I'm going to have the same reaction. It doesn't really matter that I know their origins. [...] as a book, The X-Men has always represented something different - their powers arrive at puberty, making them analogous to the changes you go through at adolescence - whether they're special, or out of control, or setting you apart - the misfit identity theme."[29] Also on an individual level, a number of X-Men serve a metaphorical function as their powers illustrate points about the nature of the outsider.

"The X-Men are hated, feared and despised collectively by humanity for no other reason than that they are mutants. So what we have here, intended or not, is a book that is about racism, bigotry and prejudice."

—Uncanny X-Men writer Chris Claremont, 1981

Cultural impact

The insecurity and anxieties in Marvel's early 1960s comic books such as The Fantastic Four, The Amazing Spider-Man, The Incredible Hulk, and X-Men ushered in a new type of superhero, very different from the certain and all-powerful superheroes before them, and changed the public's perception of superheroes.[49]

In other media

Main article: X-Men in other media

References

  1. ↑ "Stan Lee". Archive of American Television. March 22, 2004. Retrieved January 4, 2015.
  2. ↑ Conversations With The Comic Book Creators,” Leonard Pitts, 1987, published on the :Kirby Effect: The Journal of the Kirby Museum," 6 August 2012.
  3. ↑ Lee, Stan; Jack Kirby (August 2005). Son of Origins of Marvel Comics 1. John Buscema, Don Heck, Bill Everett, Gene Colan. Marvel Comics. p. 448. ISBN 0-671-22166-3.
  4. ↑ Tacopina, Robert. "Uncanny X-Men #309: ...When the Tigers Come at Night!". UncannyX-Men.net. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
  5. ↑ X-Men #1
  6. ↑ X-Men (1st series) #27
  7. ↑ X-Men (1st series) #29
  8. ↑ http://www.uncannyxmen.net/db/article/showquestion.asp?faq=4&fldAuto=289
  9. ↑ Giant-Size X-Men #1
  10. ↑ The X-Men Files
  11. ↑ Uncanny X-Men #120
  12. ↑ Brown, Scott (May 9, 2003). "The NeXt Level". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
  13. ↑ O'Neill, Patrick Daniel (August 1993). "Hitting the Right Chord". Wizard: X-Men Turn Thirty. pp. 84–85.
  14. ↑ Grant, Paul J. (August 1993). "Poor Dead Doug, and Other Mutant Memories". Wizard: X-Men Turn Thirty. pp. 66–69.
  15. 1 2 O'Neill, Patrick Daniel (August 1993). "The Future is Now". Wizard: X-Men Turn Thirty. pp. 12–25.
  16. ↑ "My Monthly Curse by Phill Hall No. 9 – Taking Apart a Guinness World Record". Bleeding Cool. May 9, 2011.
  17. ↑ Morse, Ben (August 10, 2010). "SDCC 2010: Marvel Breaks World Record", Marvel.com.
  18. ↑ Johnson, Rich. "X-Men #1 The Guinness World Record Best Selling Comic Of All Time?". Bleeding Cool. July 22, 2010
  19. ↑ Cantor, Michael (Producer); Schreiber, Liev (Narrator) Superheroes: A Never-Ending Battle. PBS. October 15, 2013.
  20. ↑ O'Neill, Patrick Daniel (October 1991). "X Marks the Spot: Chris Claremont and Marvel's Mutants". Wizard (2). Retrieved April 20, 2009.
  21. ↑ "State of the Art: The X-Men Post-Messiah CompleX". The Independent Comics Site. Retrieved January 27, 2008.
  22. ↑ Uncanny X-Men #519
  23. ↑ Uncanny X-Men #520
  24. ↑ "X-Writers Prepare for the "Second Coming"". Comic Book Resources. October 12, 2009. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
  25. ↑ "Second Coming: Prepare #1". Comic Vine. February 24, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
  26. ↑ "NYCC '09: Claremont and the X-Men: With a Twist". Newsarama. February 6, 2009. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
  27. ↑ Hall, Kelley J.; Lucal, Betsy (January 1999). "Tapping into parallel universes: using superhero comic books in sociology courses". Teaching Sociology 27 (1): 60–66. doi:10.2307/1319247. JSTOR 1319247.
  28. ↑ Shuckburgh, Emily (2008). Survival: the survival of the human race. Cambridge University Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-521-71020-6. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
  29. ↑ O'Neill, Patrick Daniel (October 1986). "Ann Nocenti". Comics Interview (39) (Fictioneer Books). pp. 58–59.
  30. ↑ Darius, Julan (September 25, 2002). "X-Men is Not an Allegory of Racial Tolerance". Sequart Research & Literacy Organization. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
  31. 1 2 Baron, Lawrence (2003). "X-Men as J Men: The Jewish Subtext of a Comic Book Movie". Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies (University of Nebraska Press) 22 (1): 44–52. doi:10.1353/sho.2003.0075. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
  32. ↑ Sen, Raja (May 26, 2006). "Mutants aren't what they used to be". Rediff.com. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
  33. ↑ Godwin, Garrett (January 14, 2009). "Dr. King's 80th Birthday". NewsBlaze. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
  34. ↑ Dalton, Russell (2011). Marvelous Myths: Marvel Superheroes and Everyday Faith. Chalice Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-8272-2338-7. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
  35. 1 2 Lyubansky, Mikhail (2008). "Prejudice lessons from the Xavier Institute". The Psychology of Superheroes: An Unauthorized Exploration. Benbella Books. pp. 75–90. ISBN 978-1-933771-31-1. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
  36. 1 2 Booker, M. Keith (2010). Encyclopedia of Comic Books and Graphic Novels. ABC-CLIO. p. 430. ISBN 978-0-313-35746-6. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
  37. 1 2 Housel, Rebecca; Wisnewski, Jeremy (2009). X-Men and philosophy: astonishing insight and uncanny argument in the mutant ... John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-41340-1. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
  38. ↑ Weiner, Robert G. (2008). Marvel graphic novels and related publications: an annotated guide to comics, prose novels, children's books, articles, criticism and reference works, 1965–2005. McFarland. p. 309. ISBN 978-0-7864-2500-6. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
  39. 1 2 Raafat, Ahmed; Nasser, Ali (May 2006). "Spotlight X-Men". TeenStuff (99). Retrieved July 14, 2011.
  40. ↑ Powell, John (July 14, 2000). "The X-Men slay Batman". Jam!. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
  41. ↑ Marvel Graphic Novel #4
  42. 1 2 Beckerman, Jim (July 5, 2006). "Comic-book characters defy stereotypes: Writers stretch appeal through diverse heroes". Chron. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
  43. ↑ Trushell, John M. (August 2004). "American Dreams of Mutants: The X-Men—"Pulp" Fiction, Science Fiction, and Superheroes". The Journal of Popular Culture (John Wiley & Sons) 38 (1): 149–168. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3840.2004.00104.x.
  44. ↑ Hartl, John (May 25, 2006). "The X-Men Come Out". MSNBC. Retrieved June 2, 2007.
  45. ↑ Wenz, John (June 5, 2006). "Lesbian Batwoman in danger of becoming stereotype". Daily Nebraskan. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
  46. ↑ "X-Men 3: The Last Stand (2006) Movie Review – 3.0 out of 4.0 stars". The Movie Insider. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
  47. ↑ Zimmerman, David A. (2004). Comic book character: unleashing the hero in us all. InterVarsity Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-8308-3260-6. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
  48. ↑ Weiner, Robert G. (2008). Marvel graphic novels and related publications: an annotated guide to comics, prose novels, children's books, articles, criticism and reference works, 1965–2005. McFarland. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-7864-2500-6. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
  49. ↑ Fingeroth, Danny (2006). "Review of Superman on the Couch: What Superheroes Really Tell Us About Ourselves and Our Society". ImageText (University of Florida). ISSN 1549-6732.

Further reading

External links

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