OLPC XO

OLPC XO
Manufacturer Quanta Computer
Type Subnotebook[1]
Media 1 GB flash memory
Operating system Fedora-based (Linux) with Sugar GUI
CPU AMD Geode LX700@0.8 W + 5536
Memory 256 MB DRAM
Display dual-mode (backlit color/direct-sunlight grayscale) 19.1 cm/7.5" diagonal TFT LCD 1200×900
Input Keyboard, touchpad, microphone, camera
Camera built-in video camera (640×480; 30 FPS)
Connectivity 802.11b/g /s wireless LAN, 3 USB 2.0 ports, MMC / SD card slot
Power NiMH or LiFePO4 removable battery pack
Dimensions 242 mm × 228 mm × 32 mm
Weight LiFePO4 battery: 1.45 kg [3.2 pounds]; NiMH battery: 1.58 kg (3.5 pounds)

The OLPC XO, previously known as the $100 Laptop,[2] Children's Machine,[3] and 2B1,[4] is an inexpensive laptop computer intended to be distributed to children in developing countries around the world,[5] to provide them with access to knowledge, and opportunities to "explore, experiment and express themselves" (constructionist learning).[6] The laptop is manufactured by Quanta Computer and developed by One Laptop per Child (OLPC), a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization.

The subnotebooks are designed for sale to government-education systems which then give each primary school child their own laptop. Pricing was set to start at $188 in 2006, with a stated goal to reach the $100 mark in 2008 and the 50-dollar mark by 2010.[7] When offered for sale in the Give One Get One campaigns of Q4 2006 and Q4 2007, the laptop was sold at $199.[8]

These rugged, low-power computers use flash memory instead of a hard drive, and come with an operating system derived from Fedora Linux as their pre-installed operating system with the Sugar GUI.[9] Mobile ad hoc networking via 802.11s Wi-Fi mesh networking is used to allow many machines to share Internet access as long as at least one of them can see and connect to a router or other access point.

The latest version of the OLPC XO is the XO-4 Touch.[10]

History

Main article: One Laptop per Child
OLPC XO-1 original design proposal

The first early prototype was unveiled by the project's founder Nicholas Negroponte and then-United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan on November 16, 2005, at the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) in Tunis, Tunisia.[11] The device shown was a rough prototype using a standard development board. Negroponte estimated that the screen alone required three more months of development. The first working prototype was demonstrated at the project's Country Task Force Meeting on May 23, 2006.

In 2006 there was a major controversy because Microsoft had suddenly developed an interest in the XO project and wanted the formerly open source effort to run Windows. Negroponte agreed to provide engineer assistance to Microsoft to facilitate their efforts. During this time, the project mission statement changed to remove mentions of "open source". A number of developers, such as Ivan Krstić and Walter Bender, resigned because of these changes in strategy.[12][13][14]

Approximately 400 developer boards (Alpha-1) were distributed in mid-2006; 875 working prototypes (Beta 1) were delivered in late 2006; 2400 Beta-2 machines were distributed at the end of February 2007;[15] full-scale production started November 6, 2007.[16] Quanta Computer, the project's contract manufacturer, said in February 2007 that it had confirmed orders for one million units. Quanta indicated that it could ship five million to ten million units that year because seven nations had committed to buy the XO-1 for their schoolchildren: Argentina, Brazil, Libya, Nigeria, Rwanda, Thailand, and Uruguay.[17] Quanta plans to offer machines very similar to the XO-1 on the open market.[18]

The One Laptop Per Child project originally stated that a consumer version of the XO laptop was not planned.[19] The project later established, in 2007 the laptopgiving.org website for outright donations and for a "Give 1 Get 1" offer valid (but only to the United States, its territories, and Canadian addresses) from November 12, 2007 until December 31, 2007.[20] For each computer purchased at a cost of $399, an XO is also sent to a child in a developing nation.[20] OLPC again restarted the G1G1 program through Amazon.com in November 2008, but has since stopped as of December 31 (2008 or 2009).[21]

On May 20, 2008, OLPC announced the next generation of XO, OLPC XO-2[22] which was thereafter cancelled in favor of the tablet-like designed XO-3. In late 2008, the NYC Department of Education began a project to purchase large numbers of XO computers for use by New York schoolchildren.[23]

The design received the Community category award of the 2007 Index: Award.[24][25]

According to Computer Aid International, in a test conducted in April 2009, the device was ranked as the most power saving among other information and communication technologies in education solutions.[26]

Goals

OLPC XO-1 laptop in e-book mode

The XO-1 is designed to be low-cost, small, durable, and efficient. It is shipped with a slimmed-down version of Fedora Linux and a GUI named Sugar that is intended to help young children collaborate. The XO-1 includes a video camera, a microphone, long-range Wi-Fi, and a hybrid stylus/touch pad. In addition to a standard plug-in power supply, human power and solar power sources are available, allowing operation far from a commercial power grid. Mary Lou Jepsen has listed the design goals of the device as follows:[27]

Various use models had been explored by OLPC with the help of Design Continuum and Fuseproject, including: laptop, e-book, theatre, simulation, tote, and tablet architectures. The current design, by Fuseproject, uses a transformer hinge to morph between laptop, e-book, and router modes.

In keeping with its goals of robustness and low power consumption, the design of the laptop intentionally omits all motor-driven moving parts; it has no hard drive, no optical (CD/DVD) media, no floppy drives and no fans (the device is passively cooled). An ATA interface is unnecessary due to the lack of hard drive. Storage is via an internal SD card slot.[28] There is also no PC card slot, although USB ports are included.

A built-in hand-crank generator was part of the notebook in the original design; however, it is now an optional clamp-on peripheral.[29]

Hardware

Production version (4th generation): functional survey
XO-1 motherboard
Marvell's IEEE 802.11 chipset runs an RTOS on an ARM9 and interfaces over a shim with the actual operating system
Rotatable display cover of the XO
XO-1 clamp charger
OLPC XO-2 Scheduled for release in 2010, canceled in favor of XO 3.0

The latest version of the OLPC XO is the XO-4 Touch.[10]

Display

Comparison of the XO-1 display (left) with a typical liquid crystal display (LCD). The images show 1×1 mm of each screen. A typical LCD addresses groups of 3 locations as pixels. The OLPC XO LCD addresses each location as a separate pixel

The first-generation OLPC laptops have a novel low-cost LCD. Later generations of the OLPC laptop are expected to use low-cost, low-power and high-resolution color displays with an appearance similar to electronic paper.

The display is the most expensive component in most laptops. In April 2005, Negroponte hired Mary Lou Jepsen—who was interviewing to join the Media Arts and Sciences faculty at the MIT Media Lab in September 2008[30]—as OLPC Chief Technology Officer. Jepsen developed a new display for the first-generation OLPC laptop, inspired by the design of small LCDs used in portable DVD players, which she estimated would cost about $35. In the OLPC XO-1, the screen is estimated to be the second most expensive component (after the CPU and chipset).[31]

Jepsen has described the removal of the filters that color the RGB subpixels as the critical design innovation in the new LCD. Instead of using subtractive color filters, the display uses a plastic diffraction grating and lenses on the rear of the LCD to illuminate each pixel. This grating pattern is stamped using the same technology used to make DVDs. The grating splits the light from the white backlight into a spectrum. The red, green and blue components are diffracted into the correct positions to illuminate the corresponding pixel with R, G or B. This innovation results in a much brighter display for a given amount of backlight illumination: while the color filters in a regular display typically absorb 85% of the light that hits them, this display absorbs little of that light. Most LCD screens use cold cathode fluorescent lamp backlights which are fragile, difficult or impossible to repair, require a high voltage power supply, are relatively power-hungry, and account for 50% of the screens' cost (sometimes 60%). The LED backlight in the XO-1 is easily replaceable, rugged, and inexpensive.[32][33]

The remainder of the LCD uses existing display technology and can be made using existing manufacturing equipment. Even the masks can be made using combinations of existing materials and processes.

When lit primarily from the rear with the white LED backlight, the display shows a color image composed of both RGB and grayscale information.[34] When lit primarily from the front by ambient light, for example from the sun, the display shows a monochromatic (black and white) image composed of just the grayscale information.

"Mode" change occurs by varying the relative amounts backlight and ambient light. With more backlight, a higher chrominance is available and a color image display is seen. As ambient light levels, such as sunlight, exceed the backlight, a grayscale display is seen; this can be useful when reading e-books for an extended time in bright light such as sunlight. The backlight brightness can also be adjusted to vary the level of color seen in the display and to conserve battery power.

In color mode (when lit primarily from the rear), the display does not use the common RGB pixel geometry for liquid crystal computer displays, in which each pixel contains three tall thin rectangles of the primary colors. Instead, the XO-1 display provides one color for each pixel. The colors align along diagonals that run from upper-right to lower left (see diagram on the right). To reduce the color artifacts caused by this pixel geometry, the color component of the image is blurred by the display controller as the image is sent to the screen. Despite the color blurring, the display still has high resolution for its physical size; normal displays as of February 2007 put about 588(H)×441(V) to 882(H)×662(V) pixels in this amount of physical area and support subpixel rendering for slightly higher perceived resolution. A Philips Research study measured the XO-1 display's perceived color resolution as effectively 984(H)×738(V).[35][36][37] A conventional liquid crystal display with the same number of green pixels (green carries most brightness or luminance information for human eyes) as the OLPC XO-1 would be 693×520. Unlike a standard RGB LCD, resolution of the XO-1 display varies with angle. Resolution is greatest from upper-right to lower left, and lowest from upper-left to lower-right. Images which approach or exceed this resolution will lose detail and gain color artifacts. The display gains resolution when in bright light; this comes at the expense of color (as the backlight is overpowered) and color resolution can never reach the full 200 dpi sharpness of grayscale mode because of the blur which is applied to images in color mode.

Power

XO-1 multi-battery charger
Selfmade laptop charging station in classroom

The laptop design specification goals are consumption of about 2 W of power during normal use, far less than the 10 W to 45 W of conventional laptops.[15] With build 656, power consumption is between 5 and 8 watts measured on G1G1 laptop. Future software builds are expected to meet the 2-watt target.

In e-book mode (XO 1.5), all hardware sub-systems except the monochrome dual-touch display are powered down. When the user moves to a different page, the other systems wake up, render the new page on the display, and then go back to sleep. Power consumption in this e-book mode is estimated to be 0.3 to 0.8 W. The XO 2.0 is planned to consume even less power than earlier versions, less than 1.0 W in full color mode.

Power options include batteries, solar power panels, and human-powered generators, which make the XO self-powered equipment. 10 batteries at once can be charged from the school building power in the XO multi-battery charger. The low power consumption combined with these power options are useful in many countries that lack a power infrastructure.

Networking

XO-1 Internet access through wireless mesh networking
An "active antenna" for extending network reach

IEEE 802.11b support will be provided using a Wi-Fi "Extended Range" chip set. Jepsen has said the wireless chip set will be run at a low bit rate, 2 Mbit/s maximum rather than the usual higher speed 5.5 Mbit/s or 11 Mbit/s to minimize power consumption. The conventional IEEE 802.11b system only handles traffic within a local cloud of wireless devices in a manner similar to an Ethernet network. Each node transmits and receives its own data, but it does not route packets between two nodes that cannot communicate directly. The OLPC laptop will use IEEE 802.11s to form the wireless mesh network.

Whenever the laptop is powered on it can participate in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) with each node operating in a peer-to-peer fashion with other laptops it can hear, forwarding packets across the cloud. If a computer in the cloud has access to the Internet—either directly or indirectly—then all computers in the cloud are able to share that access. The data rate across this network will not be high; however, similar networks, such as the store and forward Motoman project[41] have supported email services to 1000 schoolchildren in Cambodia, according to Negroponte. The data rate should be sufficient for asynchronous network applications (such as email) to communicate outside the cloud; interactive uses, such as web browsing, or high-bandwidth applications, such as video streaming should be possible inside the cloud. The IP assignment for the meshed network is intended to be automatically configured, so no server administrator or an administration of IP addresses is needed.

Building a MANET is still untested under the OLPC's current configuration and hardware environment. Although one goal of the laptop is that all of its software be open source, the source code for this routing protocol is currently closed source. While there are open-source alternatives such as OLSR or B.A.T.M.A.N., none of these options is yet available running at the data-link layer (Layer 2) on the Wi-Fi subsystem's co-processor; this is critical to OLPC's power efficiency scheme. Whether Marvell Technology Group, the producer of the wireless chip set and owner of the current meshing protocol software, will make the firmware open source is still an unanswered question. As of 2011, it has not done so.

Shell

Yves Behar is the chief designer of the present XO shell. The shell of the laptop is resistant to dirt and moisture, and is constructed with 2 mm thick plastic (50% thicker than typical laptops). It contains a pivoting, reversible display, movable rubber Wi-Fi antennas, and a sealed rubber-membrane keyboard.

Input and ports

Close-up of the OLPC keyboard

More than twenty different keyboards have been laid out, to suit local needs to match the standard keyboard for the country in which a laptop is intended. Around half of these have been manufactured for prototype machines.[42][43] There are parts of the world which do not have a standard keyboard representing their language. As Negroponte states this is "because there's no real commercial interest in making a keyboard".[44] One example of where the OLPC has bridged this gap is in creating an Amharic keyboard[45] for Ethiopia.

Negroponte has demanded that the keyboard not contain a caps lock key, which frees up keyboard space for new keys such as a future "view source" key.[46]

Beneath the keyboard was a large area that resembled a very wide touchpad that Jepsen referred to as the "mousepad". The capacitive portion of the mousepad was an Alps GlidePoint trackpad,[47][48] which was in the central third of the sensor and could be used with a finger. The full width was a resistive sensor which, though never supported by software, was intended to be used with a stylus. This unusual feature was eliminated in the CL1A hardware revision because it suffered from erratic pointer motion. Alps Electronics provided both the capacitive and resistive components of the mousepad.[47]

Release history

The first XO prototype, displayed in 2005, had a built-in hand-crank generator for charging the battery. The XO-1 beta, released in early 2007, used a separate hand-crank generator.

The XO-1 was released in late 2007.[49][50]

The XO 1.5 was released in early 2010.[52]

The XO 1.75 began development in 2010,[53][54] with full production commencing in February 2012.[55]

The XO 2, previously scheduled for release in 2010, was canceled in favor of XO 3. With a price target $75, it had an elegant, lighter, folding dual touch-screen design. The hardware would have been open-source and sold by various manufacturers. A choice of operating system (Windows XP or Linux) was intended outside the United States. Its $150 price target in the USA includes two computers, one donated.[57]

The OLPC XO-3 was scheduled for release in late 2012. It was canceled in favor of the XO-4. It featured one solid color multi-touch screen design, and a solar panel in the cover or carrying case.

The XO 4 is a refresh of the XO 1 to 1.75 with a later ARM CPU and an optional touch screen. This model will not be available for consumer sales. There is a mini HDMI port to allow connecting to a display.[10]

The XO Tablet was designed by third-party Vivitar, rather than OLPC, and based on the Android platform[58][59] whereas all previous XO models were based on Sugar running on top of Fedora. It is commercially available[60][61] and has been used in OLPC projects.[62]

Software

Mock-up of the "neighborhood view" showing children collaborating on various tasks, within the mesh network. By clicking on the icon, communication by Wi-Fi is activated

Countries are expected to remove and add software to best adapt the laptop to the local laws and educational needs. As supplied by OLPC, all of the software on the laptop will be free and open source.[46] All core software is intended to be localized to the languages of the target countries.[63] The underlying software[64] includes:

The laptop uses the Sugar graphical user interface, written in Python, on top of the X Window System and the Matchbox window manager.[66] This interface is not based on the typical desktop metaphor but presents an iconic view of programs and documents and a map-like view of nearby connected users. The current active program is displayed in full-screen mode.[15] Much of the core Sugar interface uses icons, bypassing localization issues. Sugar is also defined as having no folders present in the UI.

Steve Jobs had offered Mac OS X free of charge for use in the laptop, but according to Seymour Papert, a professor emeritus at MIT who is one of the initiative's founders, the designers wanted an operating system that can be tinkered with: "We declined because it’s not open source."[68] Therefore, Linux was chosen. However, after a deal with Microsoft, the laptop will now be offered with Windows XP along with an open source alternative.[69]

Activity, home, friends and neighborhood software levels

Jim Gettys, responsible for the laptops' system software, has called for a re-education of programmers, saying that many applications use too much memory or even leak memory. "There seems to be a common fallacy among programmers that using memory is good: on current hardware it is often much faster to recompute values than to have to reference memory to get a precomputed value. A full cache miss can be hundreds of cycles, and hundreds of times the power consumption of an instruction that hits in the first level cache."[51]

On August 4, 2006, the Wikimedia Foundation announced that static copies of selected Wikipedia articles would be included on the laptops. Jimmy Wales, chair of the Wikimedia Foundation, said that "OLPC's mission goes hand in hand with our goal of distributing encyclopedic knowledge, free of charge, to every person in the world. Not everybody in the world has access to a broadband connection."[70] Negroponte had earlier suggested he would like to see Wikipedia on the laptop. Wales feels that Wikipedia is one of the "killer apps" for this device.[71]

Don Hopkins announced that he is creating a free and open source port of the game SimCity to the OLPC with the blessing of Will Wright and Electronic Arts, and demonstrated SimCity running on the OLPC at the Game Developer's Conference in March 2007.[72] The free and open source SimCity plans were confirmed at the same conference by SJ Klein, director of content for the OLPC, who also asked game developers to create "frameworks and scripting environments—tools with which children themselves could create their own content."[73][74]

The laptop's security architecture, known as Bitfrost, was publicly introduced in February 2007. No passwords will be required for ordinary use of the machine. Programs are assigned certain bundles of rights at install time which govern their access to resources; users can later add more rights. Optionally, the laptops can be configured to request leases from a central server and to stop functioning when these leases expire; this is designed as a theft-prevention mechanism.

The pre-8.20 software versions were criticized for bad wireless connectivity and other minor issues.[75]

Deployment

The XO-1 is nicknamed ceibalita in Uruguay after the Ceibal project.[76]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Lanxon, Nate. "Netbooks: Credit OLPC, not just Asus – Nate Lanxon, MP3 & Digital Music Editor – Technology Blog at CNET.co.uk". reviews.cnet.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-01-17.
  2. ↑ "Give one, get one: '$100 laptop' project to sell to public". CBC News. September 24, 2007. Retrieved 2009-01-07.
  3. ↑ Papert, Seymour (1993). The Children's Machine. BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-01830-0.
  4. ↑ "Negropontism: A CM1 to 2B1 Backstory".
  5. ↑ Ward, Mark (September 27, 2007). "BBC NEWS – Technology – Portables to power PC industry". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  6. ↑ One Laptop per Child. "Vision: Children in the developing world are inadequately educated". Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  7. ↑ TED2006 (Feb 2006). "Nicholas Negroponte: One Laptop per Child | Video on". Ted.com. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
  8. ↑ "One Laptop per Child: Ways to Give". Retrieved 2009-06-14.
  9. ↑ "OLPC's Software". The OLPC Wiki. One Laptop per Child. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
  10. 1 2 3 "XO-4 Touch — OLPC". Wiki.laptop.org. 2008-05-27. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
  11. ↑ UN debut for $100 laptop for poor. BBC, 17 November 2005.
  12. ↑ Microsoft Windows XP on the Children's Machine XO?! (5 Dec 2006). "Microsoft Windows XP on the Children's Machine XO?!". OLPC News. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
  13. ↑ Fildes, Jonathan (May 16, 2008). "'$100 Laptop' Platform Moves On". BBC News.
  14. ↑ "XP on XO: Negroponte has lost his bearings". ZDNet. 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Markoff, John (30 November 2006). "For $150, Third-World laptop stirs big debate". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  16. ↑ Jan Melin (November 7, 2007). 100-dollarsdatorn masstillverkas. NYTeknik. Retrieved on December 24, 2007.
  17. ↑ IDG News Service (December 15, 2007), One million OLPC laptop orders confirmed. Itworld.com. Retrieved on December 24, 2007.
  18. ↑ "OLPC manufacturer to sell $200 laptop". Arstechnica. Retrieved 2007-03-29.
  19. ↑ "One Laptop per Child has no plans to commercialize XO Computer". Business Wire. Retrieved 2007-01-16.
  20. 1 2 "One Laptop Per Child – XO Giving". OLPC project. 2007-09-23.
  21. ↑ Nystedt, Dan (2008-11-17). "Amazon launches OLPC 'Give 1 Get 1' laptop drive". IDG. Retrieved 2008-11-17.
  22. ↑ Talbot, David (2008-05-21). "$100 Laptop Gets Redesigned". Technology Review. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
  23. ↑ "Low-Price Laptops Tested at City Schools". The New York Sun. 2008-09-30. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
  24. ↑ "World's Largest Design Award, Top 6 Winners Announced", Digital Journal, August 25, 2007
  25. ↑ Index:Award > 2007 > WINNERS 2007 > OLPC XO
  26. ↑ Report on Low-Power PC Research Project (PDF). Computer Aid International. 2009. p. 9.
  27. ↑ "A conversation with Mary Lou Jepsen", ACM Queue journal, November 1, 2007
  28. ↑ Tom Sanders and Paul Briggs (December 5, 2006), Microsoft looking to run Windows on OLPC, VNUnet. Vnunet.com. Retrieved on 2007-12-24
  29. 1 2 Stephen Shankland (2006-04-04). "Negroponte: Slimmer Linux needed for $100 laptop". CNET. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
  30. ↑ "Mary Lou Jepsen Bio". Mary Lou Jepsen, Ph.D. December 3, 2007.
  31. ↑ "Companies make 5–10% profit from not for profit initiative". Retrieved 2008-09-09.
  32. ↑ Negroponte, Nicholas (March 2008). "One laptop per child" (Lecture). American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  33. ↑ "One Laptop Per Child – a Preview of the Hundred Dollar Laptop". Worldchanging. November 3, 2005.
  34. ↑ Mary Lou Jepsen. "Our screen, described by its parts". Retrieved 2008-06-16.
  35. ↑ Mary Lou Jepsen (May 27, 2008). "Higher resolution than we thought: the XO laptop screen". Retrieved 2009-10-27.
  36. ↑ Klompenhouwer, Michiel; Erno H.A. Langendijk (2008-05-27). Comparing the Effective Resolution of Various RGB Subpixel Layouts. Los Angeles, California: Society for Information Display Annual Meeting. doi:10.1889/1.3069822. SID08. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
  37. ↑ Margaret Livingstone; David Hubel (2002). Vision and Art: The Biology of Seeing. Harry N. Abrams. p. 208. ISBN 0-8109-0406-3.
  38. ↑ "Potenco – Products". Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  39. ↑ "One Laptop Per Child". Retrieved 2008-11-18.
  40. ↑ "Bug report: WPA/WPA2 not working with Marvell Libertas". Retrieved 2007-09-30.
  41. ↑ Brooke, James (January 26, 2004). "Technology; E-Mail on Wheels". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  42. 1 2 Keyboard layouts for over a dozen languages.
  43. ↑ OLPC Keyboard layouts, OLPC Wiki
  44. ↑ ABC. (2008, March 22). The Science Show: One Laptop Per Child. Retrieved May 7, 2008, from
  45. ↑ OLPC (2008, April 21). OLPC Amharic Keyboard. Retrieved May 7, 2008, from OLPC:OLPC Amharic Keyboard
  46. 1 2 Don Marti (October 27, 2006),Doing it for the kids, man: Children's laptop inspires open source projects, LinuxWorld.com. Retrieved on December 25, 2007.
  47. 1 2 http://wiki.laptop.org/images/b/b0/KGDMFA001-non-confidential.pdf, 7 March 2011
  48. ↑ 7 March 2011
  49. ↑ Hardware specification. The OLPC Wiki. Retrieved on 2007-12-24.
  50. ↑ "CL1 Hardware Design Specification" (PDF). One Laptop per Child. 2008-09-28. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
  51. 1 2 "Interview: Jim Gettys (Part I)". LWN.net. June 28, 2006.
  52. ↑ OLPC team. "Hardware specification 1.5". Retrieved 2011-01-19.
  53. ↑ Matthew Humphries. "OLPC XO 1.75 laptop is faster with ARM chip than x86 models". Retrieved 2011-01-19.
  54. ↑ OLPC team. "XO_1.75_A1". Retrieved 2011-01-19.
  55. ↑ http://wiki.laptop.org/go/XO_1.75_C2
  56. ↑ One Laptop per Child. "XO-1.75". Retrieved 2011-08-11.
  57. ↑ XO 2.0. Popular Science Feb 2008
  58. ↑ "XO Tablet Review". tabletsforkidsguide.com. Retrieved 2014-06-11.
  59. ↑ "XO Tablet Technical Details". xotablet.com. Retrieved 2014-06-11.
  60. ↑ "Introducing the XO tablet". Retrieved 3 October 2014.
  61. ↑ "XO-3". Retrieved 3 October 2014.
  62. ↑ "Labrador Aboriginal Youth Abroad participants embark on journey of a lifetime accompanied by OLPC technology". 21 July 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
  63. ↑ Localization. The OLPC Wiki. One Laptop Per Child. Retrieved on December 25, 2007.
  64. ↑ Software components. The OLPC Wiki. One Laptop Per Child. Retrieved on December 25, 2007.
  65. ↑ "Interview with Jim Gettys, part II". LWN.net. July 6, 2006.
  66. 1 2 OLPC – Hardware and Software, Michael Gartenberg, Jupiter Research, 27 April 2007
  67. ↑ Turtle Art is a visual programming language that, like Logo, manipulates an on-screen turtle.
  68. ↑ Stecklow, Steve (November 14, 2005). "The $100 Laptop Moves Closer to Reality". Wall Street Journal.
  69. ↑ Fildes, Jonathan (May 16, 2008). "'$100 laptop' platform moves on". BBC News.
  70. ↑ "One Laptop Per Child Includes Wikipedia on $100 Laptops; Subset of online encyclopedia to be available in static version to children and teachers in developing world" (Press release). Wikimedia Foundation. 4 April 2006.
  71. ↑ "User talk:Jimbo Wales". Wikipedia.
  72. ↑ "SimCity for OLPC". Slashdot.org. 2007-03-08.
  73. ↑ GDC: SJ Klein Asks For Serious OLPC Content, Gamasutra Industry News, 6 March 2007
  74. ↑ Electronic Arts. "EA Donates Original City-Building Game, SIMCITY, To One Laptop Per Child Initiative". Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  75. ↑ Criticism and Rebuttal on Sugar User Interface (16 Dec 2008). "Criticism and Rebuttal on Sugar User Interface". OLPC News. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
  76. ↑ La última ceibalita, Portal 180, October 14, 2009 (in Spanish)

References

External links

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