Caiman (genus)

Caiman
Yacare caiman, Caiman yacare
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Superorder:	Crocodylomorpha
Order:	Crocodilia
Family:	Alligatoridae
Clade:	Jacarea
Genus:	Caiman Spix, 1825
Type species
Caiman fissipes Spix, 1825
Subgroups
See text.
Synonyms
Jacaretinga Spix, 1825 Champsa Wagler, 1830 Jacare Gray, 1844

Caiman is a genus of caimans within the alligatorid subfamily Caimaninae. They inhabit Central and South America. They are relatively small crocodilians, with most species reaching lengths of only a few meters.

Characteristics

Caimans are similar to alligators in morphology but differ in having bony plates, known as osteoderms, buried in the skin on the underside. The broad-snouted and spectacled caimans are characterised by having a bony ridge across the bridge of the nose just below the eyes.^[1] The yacare caiman is the largest species in the genus, attaining an average adult length of 2.5 to 3 m (8.2 to 9.8 ft),^[2] the spectacled caiman reaches 2 to 2.5 m (6.6 to 8.2 ft), with the female rather smaller,^[3] and the broad-snouted caiman is the smallest, more typically measuring 1.8 to 2 m (5.9 to 6.6 ft) for males and 1.2 to 1.4 m (3.9 to 4.6 ft) for females.^[4]

Distribution and habitat

This genus is present in Central and South America. The spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus) occurs in Central America and parts of the northern half of South America at altitudes of up to about 800 m (2,600 ft). It is usually found in freshwater, but also visits the brackish water of estuaries on occasion. It has varying habitats including wetlands and slow-moving rivers and streams.^[5] The yacare caiman (Caiman yacare) occurs in the central part of southern South America, particularly in the Pantanal region, the largest tropical wetland area in the world, which is flooded seasonally by the Paraguay River.^[6] The broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) occurs in central and eastern South America, its range including southeastern Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and northern Argentina, within the drainage systems of the Paraná, Paraguay, Uruguay and São Francisco Rivers.^[7]

Behaviour

Caimans spends much of their time basking on mudflats or in sunlit, muddy jungle streams. In the dry season, large numbers may accumulate in pools as the surrounding land dries up. They can move on land with some rapidity, hiss when disturbed, and young individuals can inflate themselves before opening their jaws aggressively. Caimans do not usually attack humans but domestic livestock are at risk. They seize their prey and drag it underwater to drown it. They may observe a potential prey, swim away, submerge and return to attack the floating bird or drinking mammal from underwater. Juvenile caimans feed on crustaceans and molluscs while larger animals feed on amphibians, fish, birds, mammals and reptiles.^[1]

A caiman nest is a mound of vegetation and mud consolidated by the female by lying on it. She then digs a hole in it and buries a few dozen eggs in it. When these hatch, the juveniles use their egg teeth to break their way out. They are about 23 cm (9 in) long at hatching, growing to 60 cm (24 in) by a year later. They look like miniature versions of their parents but have relatively shorter snouts and larger eyes.^[1]

Taxonomy

• Genus Caiman
  • Caiman wannlangstoni†^[8]
  • Caiman venezuelensis†^[9]
  • Yacare caiman, Caiman yacare
  • Spectacled caiman, Caiman crocodilus
    • Rio Apaporis caiman, C. c. apaporiensis
    • Brown caiman, C. c. fuscus
  • Caiman lutescans†
  • Broad-snouted caiman, Caiman latirostris

References

1. Burton, Maurice; Burton, Robert (2002). International Wildlife Encyclopedia: Brown bear – cheetah. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 358–360. ISBN 978-0-7614-7269-8.
2. Briton, Adam. "Caiman yacare (Daudin, 1802)". Crocodilian species list. Retrieved 2015-09-09.
3. Briton, Adam. "Caiman crocodilus (Linnaeus, 1758)". Crocodilian species list. Retrieved 2015-09-09.
4. Briton, Adam. "Caiman latirostris (Daudin, 1801)". Crocodilian species list. Retrieved 2015-09-09.
5. Terry, Kayla (2010). "Caiman crocodilus: Common caiman, spectacled caiman". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved 2015-09-08.
6. Smith, Roff (2013-07-01). "Yacare caiman: The Comeback Croc". National Geographic. Retrieved 2015-09-08.
7. Verdade, Luciano M.; Larriera, Alejandro; Piña, Carlos I. "Broad-snouted Caiman: Caiman latirostris" (PDF). IUCN. Retrieved 2015-09-08.
8. Rodolfo Salas-Gismondi, John J. Flynn, Patrice Baby, Julia V. Tejada-Lara, Frank P. Wesselingh and Pierre-Olivier Antoine (2015). "A Miocene hyperdiverse crocodylian community reveals peculiar trophic dynamics in proto-Amazonian mega-wetlands". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282 (1804): 20142490. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.2490.
9. Costa Fortiera y Ascanio Daniel Rincón, Daniel (2012). "Pleistocene crocodylians from Venezuela, and the description of a new species of Caiman". Quaternary International 305: 141–148. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.03.018.