Y-DNA haplogroups in European populations
Frequencies in some ethnic groups in Europe
The table below shows the human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups, based on relevant studies, for various ethnic and other notable groups from Europe. The samples are taken from individuals identified with the ethnic and linguistic designations shown in the first two columns; the third column gives the sample size studied; and the other columns give the percentage for each particular haplogroup (ethnic groups from the North Caucasus, although technically located in Europe, are considered in their own article where they are placed alongside populations of the South Caucasus for the purpose of conserving space).
Population | Language[1] | n | R1b | R1a | I | E1b1b | J | G | N | T | Others | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albanians | IE (Albanian) | 223 | 18.39 | 4.04 | 13 | 35.43 | 23.77 | 2.69 | 0 | 0.9 | 1.79 | Sarno2015[2] |
Albanians | IE (Albanian) | 51 | 17.6 | 9.8 | 19.6 | 21.6 | 23.5 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | — | Semino2000[3] |
Albanians (Kosovar) | IE (Albanian) | 114 | 21.10 | 4.42 | I1=5.31 I2a2=2.65 |
47.37 | J2=16.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | P[xQ,R1]=1.77 | Pericic2005[4] |
Albanians (Tirana) | IE (Albanian) | 30 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 16.7 | 23.3 | 20.0 | 3.3 | — | — | — | Bosch2006[5] |
Albanians | IE (Albanian) | 55 | 18.2 | 9.1 | I1=3.6 I2a=14.5 I2b=3.6 |
25.5 | J1=3.6 J2a=5.5 J2b=14.5 |
1.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | — | Battaglia2008[6] |
Albanians (Macedonia) | IE (Albanian) | 64 | 18.8 | 1.6 | I1=4.5 I2a=12.5 |
39.1 | J1=6.3 J2=15.6 |
1.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | — | Battaglia2008[6] |
Arkhangelsk (Russia) | IE (Slavic), Uralic | 28 | 0 | 17.9 | 50.0 | 3.6 | 0 | 0 | 28.6 | 0 | 0 | Mirabal2009[7] |
Andalusians | IE (Italic) | 29 | 65.5 | 0.0 | — | — | — | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.9 | L=3.4 | Semino2000[3] |
Andalusians | IE (Italic) | 103 | — | — | 3.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | Rootsi2004[8] |
Andalusians | IE (Italic) | 76 | — | — | — | 9.2 | 1.1 | — | — | — | — | Semino2004[9] |
Armenians | IE (Armenian) | 413 | 29.1 | 1.7 | 3.6 | 5.1 | J1=10.7 J2=25.5 |
9.4 | 0.2 | 8.5 | Q=0.2 | Herrara2012 |
Aromuns (Dukasi, Albania) | IE (Italic) | 39 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 17.9 | 17.9 | 48.7 | 10.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | — | Bosch2006[5] |
Aromuns (Andon Poci, Albania) | IE (Italic) | 19 | 36.8 | 0.0 | 42.1 | 15.8 | 5.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | — | Bosch2006[5] |
Aromuns (Kruševo, Macedonia) | IE (Italic) | 43 | 27.9 | 11.6 | 20.9 | 20.9 | 11.6 | 7.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | — | Bosch2006[5] |
Aromuns (Štip, Macedonia) | IE (Italic) | 65 | 23.1 | 21.5 | 16.9 | 18.5 | 20.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | — | Bosch2006[5] |
Aromuns (Romania) | IE (Italic) | 42 | 23.8 | 2.4 | 19.0 | 7.1 | 33.3 | 0.0 | — | — | — | Bosch2006[5] |
Ashkenazi Jews | IE (Semitic) | 79 | — | 12.7 | — | 22.8 | 43.0 | — | — | — | — | Nebel2001[10] |
Ashkenazi Jews | IE (Semitic) | 442 | — | — | 4.1 | 19.7 | 38.0 | 9.7 | 0.2 | — | Behar2004[11] | |
Austrians | IE (Germanic, West) | 219 | 32 | 14 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
Bashkirs (Perm) | Altaic (Turkic) | 43 | 86.0 | 9.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 0.0 | — | Lobov[12] |
Basque | Basque (Basque) | 67 | 88.1 | 0.0 | 7.5 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | — | Semino2000[3] |
Basque | Basque (Basque) | 109 | 92.7 | — | — | 0.9 | 3.7 | — | — | 0.9 | — | Adams2008[13] |
Bavarians | IE (Germanic, West) | 80 | 50.0 | 15.0 | — | 8.0 | 5.0 | — | 0.0 | 0.0 | — | Rosser2000[14] |
Belgians | IE (Germanic/Italic) | 92 | 63.0 | 4.0 | — | 2.0 | — | — | — | — | — | Rosser2000[14] |
Belarusians | IE (Slavic, East) | 41 | 0.0 | 39.0 | — | 10.0 | — | — | 2.4 | — | — | Rosser2000[14] |
Belarusians | IE (Slavic, East) | 147 | — | — | 19.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | Rootsi2004[8] |
Belarusians | IE (Slavic, East) | 68 | 4.4 | 45.6 | 25.0 | 4.4 | — | 1.5 | 8.8 | — | — | Kharkov2005[15] |
Belarusians | IE (Slavic, East) | 306 | 4.2 | 51.0 | — | 4.6 | 3.3 | — | 9.5 | — | — | Behar2003[16] |
Bearnais | IE (Italic) | 26 | — | — | 7.7 | — | 3.8 | — | — | — | — | Semino2004[9] |
Bearnais | IE (Italic) | 43 | — | — | — | 3.7 | — | — | — | — | — | Rootsi2004[8] |
Bosniaks | IE (Slavic, South) | 69 | 1.4 | 24.6 | 42.0 | 10.1 | 0.0 | — | — | — | — | Pericic2005[4] |
British | IE (Germanic, West) | 32 | 68.8 | 9.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Helgason2000[17] |
Bulgarians | IE (Slavic, South) | 127 | 11.0 | 17.3 | 27.5 | 19.7 | 18.1 | 1.6 | — | 0.8 | — | Karachanak2009[18] |
Bulgarians | IE (Slavic, South) | 808 | 10.7 | 17.5 | I*=0.4 I1=4.3 I2a=20.2 I2b=1.7 |
22.1 | J1=3.4 J2=10.5 |
4.8 | 0.5 | 1.6 | C=0.5 H=0.6 L=0.2 Q=0.4 R2a=0.1 |
Karachanak2013[19] |
Bulgarians | IE (Slavic, South) | 100 | 14.0 | 16.0 | 34.0 | 21.0 | 9.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | others H 1.0 | Begoña Martinez-Cruz2012[20] |
Catalans | IE (Italic) | 24 | 79.2 | 0.0 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 8.0 | — | — | — | Rootsi2004[8] |
Catalans | IE (Italic) | 33 | — | — | — | 6.1 | 3.6 | — | — | — | — | Semino2004[9] |
Cantabrians (Pasiegos) | IE (Italic) | 56 | — | — | — | 42.9 | — | — | — | — | — | Cruciani2004[21] |
Chuvashes | Altaic (Turkic) | 79 | 3.8 | 31.6 | 11.3 | 0 | 24.2 | 0 | 27.8 | 0 | — | Tambets2004[22] |
Croats (mainland) | IE (Slavic, South) | 108 | 15.7 | 34.3 | 37.0 | 5.6 | 1.9 | 0.9 | — | — | — | Pericic2005[4] |
Croats (mainland) | IE (Slavic, South) | 189 | — | — | 38.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | Rootsi2004[8] |
Cypriots | IE (Greek) | 45 | 9.0 | 2.0 | — | 27.0 | — | — | — | — | — | Rosser2000[14] |
Czechs | IE (Slavic, West) | 257 | — | 34.2 | 18.3 | 5.8 | 4.7 | 5.1 | 1.6 | — | — | Luca2007[23] |
Czechs and Slovaks | IE (Slavic, West) | 45 | 35.6 | 26.7 | — | 2.2 | — | — | — | — | — | Semino2000[3] |
Czechs and Slovaks | IE (Slavic, West) | 198 | — | — | 13.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | Rootsi2004[8] |
Danes | IE (Germanic, North) | 12 | 41.7 | 16.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Helgason2000[17] |
Danes | IE (Germanic, North) | 194 | — | — | 38.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | Rootsi2004[8] |
Danes | IE (Germanic, North) | 35 | — | — | — | 2.9 | — | — | — | — | — | Cruciani2004[21] |
Dutch | IE (Germanic, West) | 27 | 70.4 | 3.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Semino2000[3] |
Dutch | IE (Germanic, West) | — | — | 26.7[8] | 8.0[14] | 0[9] | — | — | — | — | ||
Dutch | IE (Germanic, West) | 410 | 50.2 | 3.3 | 32.9 | 2.9 | 5.1 | 4.1 | 0.2 | — | — | Barjesteh2008<ref name = "Barjesteh2008" /[24] |
English (Central) | IE (Germanic, West) | 215 | 61.9 | 5 | 25 | — | — | — | — | — | — | Weale2002[25] |
Estonians | Uralic (Finnic) | 207 | 9.0 | — | — | 3.0 | 1.0 | — | 40.6 | — | — | Rosser2000[14] |
Estonians | Uralic (Finnic) | 118 | — | 37.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Laitinen2002[26] |
Estonians | Uralic (Finnic) | 210 | — | — | 18.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | Rootsi2004[8] |
Finns | Uralic (Finnic) | 57 | 2.0 | 10.5 | — | 2.0 | — | — | 63.2 | — | — | Rosser2000[14] |
Finns | Uralic (Finnic) | 38 | 0.0 | 7.9 | 28.9 | — | — | — | 63.2 | — | — | [22] |
French | IE (Italic) | 23 | 52.2 | 0 | 17.4 | 8.7 | 4.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | Semino2000[3] |
French | IE (Italic) | 40 | — | — | — | 8.0 | — | — | — | — | — | Rosser2000[14] |
Frisians | IE (Germanic, West) | 94 | 56.0 | 7.0 | 29.0 | 2.0 | 6.0 | — | — | — | — | Wilson2001[27] |
Frisians | IE (Germanic, West) | 94 | 55.3 | 7.4 | 34.0 | 2.1 | 1.4 | — | — | — | — | Weale2002[25] |
Gagauz (Kongaz) | Altaic (Turkic) | 48 | 10.4 | 12.5 | 31.3 | 16.7 | 8.3 | 10.4 | 4.2 | 6.3 | — | Varzari2006[28] |
Gagauz(Etulia) | Altaic (Turkic) | 41 | 14.6 | 26.8 | 24.4 | 9.8 | 7.3 | 17.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | — | Varzari2006[28] |
Germans | IE (Germanic, West) | 48 | 47.9 | 8.1 | 22 | — | — | — | — | — | — | Helgason2000[17] |
Germans | IE (Germanic, West) | 16 | 50 | 16 | 22 | 6.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | Semino2000[3] |
Germans | IE (Germanic) | 1215 | 38.9 | 17.9 | 23.6 | 6.2 | 4.0 | — | 1.6 | — | 7.7 | Kayser2005[29] |
Greeks | IE (Greek) | 77 | 11.7 | 15.6 | 19.5 | 20.8 | 16.9 | 9.1 | 0.0 | 2.6 | — | Firasat2007[30] |
Greeks | IE (Greek) | 118 | 22.8 | 8.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Helgason2000[17] |
Greeks | IE (Greek) | 84/92 | — | — | — | 23.8 | 6.5 | — | — | — | — | Semino2004[9] |
Greeks | IE (Greek) | 171 | 13.5 | 11.1 | 15.8 | 31.6 | 19.9 | 4.7 | — | 1.8 | — | King2008[31] |
Greeks (Crete) | IE (Greek) | 193 | 17.0 | 8.8 | 13.0 | 8.8 | 38.9 | 10.9 | — | 2.1 | — | King2008[31] |
Greeks (Peloponnese) | IE (Greek) | 36 | — | — | — | 47 | — | — | — | — | — | Semino2004[9] |
Greeks (Thrace) | IE (Greek) | 41 | 12.2 | 22.0 | 19.5 | 19.5 | 19.5 | 4.9 | — | — | — | Bosch2006[5] |
Greeks (North) | IE (Greek) | 96 | 14.6 | 18.8 | 12.5 | 35.4 | — | 5.2 | — | 2.1 | L=1 | Zalloua2008[32] |
Greeks (South) | IE (Greek) | 46 | 19.6 | 2.2 | 23.9 | 43.5 | — | 6.5 | — | 2.2 | — | Zalloua2008[32] |
Greeks (Macedonia) | IE (Greek) | 57 | 14.0 | 12.3 | I1=8.8 I2a=21.0 |
22.9 | J1=1.8 J2=14.1 |
1.8 | — | 1.8 | — | Battaglia 2008[6] |
Gypsy (Macedonia) | IE (Indic) | 57 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 5.3 | 29.8 | 1.8 | 0 | — | — | H=59.6 | Pericic2005[4] |
Herzegovinians | IE (Slavic, South) | 141 | 3.6 | 12.1 | 63.8 | 8.5 | 0.7 | — | — | — | — | Pericic2005[4] |
Hungarians | Uralic (Ugric) | 215 | 18.1 | 25.6 | I1=7.91 I2a=16.74 I2b=2.79 I*=0.93 |
6.1 | J2=6.51 J*[xJ2]=3.72 |
4.2 | 0.47 | 0.0 | H=5.12 R2=0.47 R1*=1.40 |
Völgyi2008[33] |
Hungarians | Uralic (Ugric) | 45 | 13.3 | 60.0 | 11.1 | 8.9 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | L=2.2 | Semino2000[3] |
Hungarians | Uralic (Ugric) | — | 56.6[6] | — | 9.4[9] | 2.0[9] | 8.0[34] | 1.0 | — | — | ||
Icelanders | IE (Germanic, North) | 181 | 41.4 | 23.8 | 34.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | Helgason2000[17] |
Irish | IE (Celtic) | 222 | 81.5 | 0.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Helgason2000[17] |
Irish | IE (Celtic) | 257 | — | — | — | 2.0 | — | — | — | — | — | Rosser2000[14] |
Italians | IE (Italic) | 50 | 62.0 | — | 8.0 | — | — | 10.0 | — | — | — | Rootsi2004[8] |
Italians | IE (Italic) | — | 2.7[17] | — | 13.0[14] | — | — | — | — | — | ||
Italians (Calabria) | IE (Italic) | 32.4[3] | — | 5.4[8] | 16.3[4] | 24.6[9] | — | — | — | — | ||
Italians (Apulia) | IE (Italic) | — | — | 2.6[8] | 13.9[9] | 31.4[9] | — | — | — | — | ||
Italians (Sardinia) | IE (Italic) | 22.1[3] | — | 42.3[8] | 5.0[9] | 12.5[9] | — | — | — | — | ||
Italians (Northern Sardinia) | IE (Italic) | 86 | 20.0 | 0.0 | 28.0 | 13.0 | — | 21.0 | — | 0.0 | — | Zalloua2008[32] |
Italians (Southern Sardinia) | IE (Italic) | 187 | 19.0 | 1.0 | 35.0 | 11.0 | — | 14.0 | — | 0.0 | — | Zalloua2008[32] |
Italians (North-central) | IE (Italic) | 62.0[3] | — | 0.5[8] | 10.4[4] | 26.9[9] | — | — | — | — | ||
Italians (South) | IE (Italic) | 68 | 25.0 | 3.0 | 6.0 | 26.0 | — | 15.0 | — | 3.0 | — | Zalloua2008[32] |
Italians (Sicily) | IE (Italic) | — | — | 8.8 | 27.3 | 23.8 | — | — | — | — | Semino2004[9] | |
Italians (East Sicily) | IE (Italic) | 87 | 20.0 | 2.3 | 5.0 | 29.0 | — | 5.0 | — | 5.0 | — | Zalloua2008[32] |
Italians (West Sicily) | IE (Italic) | 125 | 27.0 | 2.4 | 11.0 | 19.0 | — | 13.0 | — | 3.0 | — | Zalloua2008[32] |
Komi | Uralic (Finnic) | 94 | 16.0 | 33.0 | 5.3 | — | — | — | 35.1 | — | — | [22] |
Komi (Izhemsky) | Uralic (Finnic) | 54 | 0.0 | 29.6 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 68.5 | 0.0 | — | Mirabal2009[7] |
Komi (Priluzsky) | Uralic (Finnic) | 49 | 2.0 | 32.7 | 4.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 61.2 | 0.0 | — | Mirabal2009[7] |
Latvians | IE (Baltic) | 114 | 39.5 | — | 0.9 | — | — | 42.1 | — | — | Laitinen2002[26] | |
Latvians | IE (Baltic) | 34 | 15.0[14] | 41[14] | 7.0[14] | — | — | — | 32[14] | — | — | Rosser 2000[14] |
Lithuanians | IE (Baltic) | 38 | 5.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | [14] |
Lithuanians | IE (Baltic) | 114 | — | 36.0 | — | 0.9 | — | — | 43.0 | — | — | Laitinen2002[26] |
ethnic Macedonians | IE (Slavic, South) | 211 | 11.4 | 14.2 | 31.3 | 18.0 | 16.0 | 3.8 | 0.5 | 1.9 | L=0.5 | Noveski2010[35] |
ethnic Macedonians | IE (Slavic, South) | 79 | 5.1 | 15.2 | 34.2 | 24.1 | 12.7 | 5.1 | — | — | — | Pericic2005[4] |
Macedonians (Skopje) | IE (Slavic, South) | 52 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 28.8 | 23.1 | 11.5 | 3.8 | — | — | — | Bosch2006[5] |
Maltese | Afro-Asiatic (Semitic) | 187 | 22.0 | 5.0 | 9.0 | 6.0 | — | 9.0 | — | 0.0 | — | Zalloua2008[32] |
Mari | Uralic (Finnic) | 111 | 2.7 | 47.7 | 8.1 | — | — | — | 41.4 | — | — | [22] |
Mari | Uralic (Finnic) | 48 | 10.4 | 29.2 | — | 0.0 | 6.3 | — | 50.0 | — | — | Rosser2000[14] |
Moldavians (Carahasani) | IE (Italic) | 72 | 16.7 | 34.7 | 25.0 | 12.5 | 9.7 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.0 | — | Varzari2006[28] |
Moldavians (Sofia) | IE (Italic) | 54 | 16.7 | 20.4 | 35.2 | 13.0 | 5.6 | 1.9 | 3.7 | 1.9 | — | Varzari2006[28] |
Mordvins (Erzya) | Uralic (Finnic) | 46 | — | 39.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Malaspina2003[36] |
Mordvins (Moksha) | Uralic (Finnic) | 46 | — | 21.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Malaspina2003[36] |
Mordvins | Uralic (Finnic) | 83 | 13.3 | 26.5 | 19.3 | — | — | — | 19.3 | — | — | [22] |
Norwegians | IE (Germanic, North) | 25.9[17] | 17.9[17] | 40.3[8] | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
Norwegians | IE (Germanic, North) | 52 | — | 30.8 | — | 1.9 | 1.9 | — | 3.8 | 0.0 | — | Rosser2000[14] |
Orcadians | IE (Germanic, West) | 71 | 66.0 | 19.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Wilson2001[27] |
Poles | IE (Slavic, West) | 16.4[3] | 56.4[3] | 17.8[8] | 4.0[9] | 1.0[9] | — | — | — | — | ||
Poles | IE (Slavic, West) | 93 | 13.4 | 55.9 | 16.1 | — | — | — | 3.2 | — | — | [22] |
Poles | IE (Slavic, West) | 913 | 11.6 | 57.0 | 17.3 | 4.5 | 2.5 | — | 3.7 | — | 3.3 | Kayser2005[29] |
Portuguese | IE (Italic) | 303 | — | — | 5.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | Rootsi2004[8] |
Portuguese (South) | IE (Italic) | 57 | 56.0 | 2.0 | — | 17.0 | — | — | — | — | — | Rosser2000[14] |
Portuguese (North) | IE (Italic) | 328 | 62.0 | 0 | — | 11.0 | — | — | — | — | — | Rosser2000[14] |
Romanians | IE (Italic) | 54 | 13.0 | 20.4 | 48.1 | 7.4 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | — | Varzari2006[28] |
Romanians | IE (Italic) | 361 | — | — | 22.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | Rootsi2004[8] |
Romanians (Constanţa) | IE (Italic) | 31 | 16.1 | 9.7 | 41.9 | 9.7 | 6.5 | 12.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | — | Bosch2006[5] |
Romanians (Ploieşti) | IE (Italic) | 36 | 8.3 | 5.6 | 38.9 | 16.7 | 19.4 | 8.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | — | Bosch2006[5] |
Romanians | IE (Italic) | 179 | 10.1 | 20.1 | I1=5.6 I2a1= 17.3 Other I2= 5.0 |
19.6 | J1=2.2 J2a=7.3 J2b = 8.9 |
2.2 | 0.6 | 0.6 | Q=0.6 | Martinez-Cruz 2012[20] |
Russians | IE (Slavic, East) | 122 | 6.6 | 46.7 | — | 6.6 | 4.1 | — | 18.0 | — | — | Rosser2000[14] |
Russians | IE (Slavic, East) | 61 | 21.3 | 42.6 | 13.1 | — | — | — | 16.4 | — | — | [22] |
Russians (Kursk) | IE (Slavic, East) | 40 | 7.5 | 52.5 | 15.0 | 10.0 | 2.5 | 0 | 12.5 | 0 | 0 | Mirabal2009[7] |
Russians (Northern) | IE (Slavic, East) | 380 | 6.1 | 33.4 | 14.5 | 0.3 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 41.3 | 0.0 | — | Balanovsky2008[37] |
Russians (Central) | IE (Slavic, East) | 364 | 7.7 | 47.0 | 16.5 | 5.2 | 3.3 | 0.0 | 17.0 | 0.8 | — | Balanovsky2008[37] |
Russians (Adygea) | IE (Slavic, East) | 78 | — | — | 24.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | Rootsi2004[8] |
Russians (Bashkortostan) | IE (Slavic, East) | 50 | — | — | 6.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | Rootsi2004[8] |
Russians (Belgorod region) | IE (Slavic, East) | 143 | 2.8 | 59.4 | 16.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | Balanovsky[37] |
Russians (Cossacks) | IE (Slavic, East) | 97 | — | — | 22.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | Rootsi2004[8] |
Russians (Kostroma region) | IE (Slavic, East) | 53 | — | — | 18.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | Rootsi2004[8] |
Russians (North, Pinega) | IE (Slavic, East) | 127 | — | — | 4.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | Rootsi2004[8] |
Russians (Smolensk region) | IE (Slavic, East) | 120 | — | — | 10.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | Rootsi2004[8] |
Sami (Sweden) | Uralic (Finnic) | 38 | 7.9 | 15.8 | 31.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 44.7 | 0.0 | — | Karlsson2006[38] |
Sami | Uralic (Finnic) | 127 | 3.9 | 11.0 | — | — | — | — | 47.2 | — | — | [22] |
Sami | Uralic (Finnic) | — | — | 31.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | Rootsi2004[8] | |
Scots | IE (Celtic) | 750 | 72.5 | 8.5 | 14 | — | — | — | — | — | — | [39] |
Sephardic Jews | Afro-Asiatic (Semitic) | 78 | 29.5 | 3.9 | 11.5 | 19.2 | 28.2 | — | — | — | — | Nebel2001[10] |
Serbs | IE (Slavic, South) | 179 | 4.5 | 14.5 | 48 | 17.3 | 5.6 | 2.2 | 3.3 | — | L=0.6 | Mirabal,V.2010[40] |
Serbs | IE (Slavic, South) | 113 | 10.6 | 15.9 | 36.3 | 21.2 | 8 | — | — | — | — | Pericic2005[4] |
Serbs | IE (Slavic, South) | 103 | 7.8 | 20.4 | 37.9 | 18.4 | 7.8 | 5.8 | 1.9 | — | — | Regueiro2012[41] |
Serbs (Bosnia) | IE (Slavic, South) | 81 | 6.2 | 13.6 | 40.7 | 22.2 | 9.9 | 1.2 | 6.2 | 0.0 | — | Battaglia2008[6] |
Slovenians | IE (Slavic, South) | 75 | 21.3 | 38.7 | 30.7 | 2.7 | 4.0 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | — | Battaglia2008[6] |
Slovenian | IE (Slavic, South) | 70 | — | 37.1 | — | 7.1 | 5.7 | — | 0.0 | 0.0 | — | Rosser2000[14] |
Slovenian | IE (Slavic, South) | 55 | — | — | 38.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | Rootsi2004[8] |
Spanish | IE (Italic) | 126 | 68.0 | 2.0 | — | 10.0 | — | — | — | — | — | Rosser2000[14] |
Ibiza islanders | IE (Italic) | 54 | 57.4 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 7.4 | — | 13.0 | — | 16.7 | — | Zalloua2008[32] |
Majorca islanders | IE (Italic) | 62 | 66.1 | 0.0 | 8.1 | 6.2 | — | 6.2 | — | 1.6 | — | Zalloua2008[32] |
Minorca islanders | IE (Italic) | 37 | 73.0 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 18.9 | — | 0.0 | — | 0.0 | — | Zalloua2008[32] |
Spanish (South) | IE (Italic) | 162 | 65.0 | 2.0 | 6.0 | 9.0 | — | 4.0 | — | 0.0 | — | Zalloua2008[32] |
Valencians | IE (Italic) | 73 | 64.0 | 3.0 | 10.0 | 11.0 | — | 1.0 | — | 1.0 | — | Zalloua2008[32] |
Swedes (Northern) | IE (Germanic, North) | 48 | 22.9 | 18.8 | — | 2.1 | 2.1 | — | 8.3 | — | — | Rosser2000[14] |
Swedes | IE (Germanic, North) | 110 | 20.0 | 17.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Helgason2000[17] |
Swedes | IE (Germanic, North) | 225 | — | — | 40 | — | — | — | — | — | — | Rootsi2004[8] |
Swedes | IE (Germanic, North) | 160 | 13.1 | 24.4 | 37.5 | 1.3 | 0.0 | — | 14.4 | — | — | Lappalainen2008[42] |
Swiss | IE (German/Italic) | 144 | — | — | 7.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | Rootsi2004[8] |
Tatars | Altaic (Turkic) | 126 | 8.7 | 24.1 | 4.0 | — | — | — | 33.0 | — | — | [22] |
Turks (Istanbul) | Altaic (Turkic) | 59 | 11.9 | 20.3 | 6.8 | 13.6 | 30.5 | 8.5 | 3.8 | 1.7 | — | Semino2004[43] Cinnioglu 2004[44] |
Udmurt | Uralic (Finnic) | 87 | 2.3 | 10.3 | 1.1 | — | — | — | 85.1 | — | — | [22] |
Ukrainians | IE (Slavic, East) | 759 | 7.9 | 43.2 | 27.2 | 7.4 | 3.8 | 3 | 5.4 | 1.3 | 0.8 | Kushniarevich2015[45] |
Ukrainians | IE (Slavic, East) | — | — | 21.9[8] | 8.6[9] | 7.3[9] | — | — | — | — | ||
Ukrainians | IE (Slavic, East) | 53 | 18.9 | 41.5 | 24.5 | — | 9.4 | 0.0 | 5.7 | 0.0 | — | Varzari2006[28] |
Welsh (Anglesey) | IE (Celtic) | 88 | 89.0 | 1.0 | — | 3.0 | — | — | — | — | — | Wilson2001[27] |
Welsh (Anglesey) | IE (Celtic) | 196 | — | — | 8.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | Rootsi2004[8] |
Frequencies in geographical Europe
Listed here are the average frequencies of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups found in indigenous people of geographical Europe (including only European part of Russia and Turkey).[46]
Haplogroup | Total Europe | Western Europe | Northern Europe | Southern Europe | Eastern Europe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
R1b | 33.5% | 50.5% | 53.0% | 41.5% | 9.0% |
R1a | 21.0% | 9.5% | 9.5% | 6.0% | 43.5% |
I2 | 9.5% | 6.5% | 6.0% | 9.5% | 13.5% |
I1 | 8.5% | 13.0% | 18.0% | 3.5% | 5.5% |
E1b1b | 7.0% | 6.0% | 2.0% | 12.5% | 5.5% |
J2 | 6.5% | 5.0% | 2.5% | 13.0% | 5.0% |
N | 5.5% | 0.5% | 6.5% | 0.5% | 12.5% |
G | 3.5% | 5.5% | 1.0% | 6.0% | 2.0% |
T | 1.0% | 1.0% | 0.5% | 2.5% | 1.0% |
J1 | 1.0% | 0.5% | 0.0% | 2.5% | 0.5% |
Q | 1.0% | 0.5% | 2.0% | 0.5% | 1.5% |
Others | 1.5% | 1.5% | 0.5% | 2.0% | 1.0% |
Chronological development of haplogroups
Haplogroup | Possible time of origin | Possible place of origin | Possible TMRCA[47][48] |
E | 50-55,000 years ago[49][50] | East Africa[51] or Asia[52] | 27-59,000 years ago |
F | 38-56,000 years ago | ||
IJ | 30-46,000 years ago | ||
K | 40-54,000 years ago | ||
E-M215 (E1b1b) | 31-46,000 years ago[53] | 39-55,000 years ago | |
P | 27-41,000 years ago | ||
J | 19-44,500 years ago[54] | ||
R | 20-34,000 years ago | ||
I | 15-30,000 years ago | ||
R-M173 | 13-26,000 years ago | ||
I-M438 | 28-33,000 years ago[55] | 16,000-20,000 years ago | |
E-M35 | 20,000-30,000 years ago[53] | 15–21,000 years ago | |
J-M267 | 15-34,000[54] years ago | ||
R-M420 (R1a) | 22,000 years ago[56] | 8-10,000 years ago | |
R-M343 (R1b) | 22,000 years ago[57] | West Asia[58] | |
N | at least 21,000 years ago (STR age)[59] | ||
I-M253 | 11-21,000[60] or 28-33,000 years ago[55] | 3-5,000 years ago | |
J-M172 | 15,000-22,000[54] years ago | 19-24,000 years ago[61] | |
E-M78 | 15-20,000[53] or 17,500-20,000 years ago[62] | Northeast Africa[62] | at least 17,000 years ago[62] |
E-V12 | 12,500-18,000 years ago[62] | ||
R-M17 | 13 ,000[56] or 18,000 years ago[63] | India | |
I-L460 | present 13,000 years ago[64] | ||
I-M223 | 11-18,000 years ago[60] | ||
E-V13 | 7-17,000 years ago[62] | West Asia[62] | 4,000-4,700 years ago (Europe) 6,800-17,000 years ago (Asia)[62] |
R-Z280 | 11-14,000 years ago[65] | ||
N-M46 | at least 12,000 years ago (STR age)[66] | ||
R-M458 | 11,000 years ago[67] | ||
I-P37 | 6-16,000,[60] present 10,000 years ago[68] | ||
I-M423 | present 10,000 years ago[68] | ||
I-M26 | 2-17,000,[60] present 8,000 years ago[68] | ||
R-M269 | 5,500-8,000 years ago[69] | ||
R-L11, R-S116 | 3-5,000 years ago | ||
See also
- Europe
- Y-DNA haplogroups by groups
- Y-DNA haplogroups by populations of Near East
- Y-DNA haplogroups by populations of North Africa
- Y-DNA haplogroups by populations of Sub-Saharan Africa
- Y-DNA haplogroups by populations of the Caucasus
- Y-DNA haplogroups in South Asian populations
- Y-DNA haplogroups by populations of East and Southeast Asia
- Y-DNA haplogroups in Oceanian populations
- Y-DNA haplogroups in Central and North Asian populations
- Y-DNA haplogroups in Indigenous peoples of the Americas
References
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- 1 2 Malaspina et al. (2003).
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- ↑ Mirabal S, Varljen T, Gayden T, Regueiro M, Vujovic S, Popovic D, Djuric M, Stojkovic O, Herrera RJ (2010). "Human Y-chromosome short tandem repeats: a tale of acculturation and migrations as mechanisms for the diffusion of agriculture in the Balkan Peninsula". Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 142 (3): 380–90. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21235. PMID 20091845.
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- ↑ Sanchez, Juan J; Hallenberg, Charlotte; Børsting, Claus; Hernandez, Alexis; Morling, Niels (2005). "High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males". European Journal of Human Genetics 13 (7): 856–66.
- ↑ http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/HG_2004_v114_p127-148.pdf
- ↑ Kushniarevich A, Utevska O (2015). "Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data". PLoS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135820. PMID 26332464.
- ↑ Distribution of European Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups by country in percentage
- ↑ TMRCA
- ↑ Karafet, TM; Mendez, FL; Meilerman, MB; Underhill, PA; Zegura, SL; Hammer, MF (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.
- ↑ Karafet, T. M.; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F. (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.
- ↑ Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans, Nature 505, 87–91 (02 January 2014)
- ↑ Semino, Ornella; Magri, Chiara; Benuzzi, Giorgia; Lin, Alice A.; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Battaglia, Vincenza; MacCioni, Liliana; Triantaphyllidis, Costas; et al. (2004). "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area". The American Journal of Human Genetics 74 (5): 1023–34. doi:10.1086/386295. PMC 1181965. PMID 15069642.
- ↑ Chiaroni, J.; Underhill, P. A.; Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (2009). "Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (48): 20174–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0910803106. PMC 2787129. PMID 19920170.
- 1 2 3 Trombetta et al. 2015, Phylogeographic refinement and large scale genotyping of human Y chromosome haplogroup E provide new insights into the dispersal of early pastoralists in the African continent
- 1 2 3 Semino et al 2004
- 1 2 P.A. Underhill, N.M. Myres, S. Rootsi, C.T. Chow, A.A. Lin, R.P. Otillar, R. King, L.A. Zhivotovsky, O. Balanovsky, A. Pshenichnov, K.H. Ritchie, L.L. Cavalli-Sforza, T. Kivisild, R. Villems, S.R. Woodward, New Phylogenetic Relationships for Y-chromosome Haplogroup I: Reappraising its Phylogeography and Prehistory, in P. Mellars, K. Boyle, O. Bar-Yosef and C. Stringer (eds.), Rethinking the Human Evolution (2007), pp. pp. 33-42.
- 1 2 Sharma et al
- ↑ ftDNA
- ↑ Myres2010
- ↑ http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0066102
- 1 2 3 4 Rootsi, Siiri; et al. (2004). "Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics 75: 128–137. doi:10.1086/422196. PMC 1181996. PMID 15162323.
- ↑ "TMRCAs of major haplogroups in Europe estimated using two methods. : Large-scale recent expansion of European patrilineages shown by population resequencing : Nature Communications : Nature Publishing Group". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2015-05-20.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cruciani, F.; La Fratta, R.; Trombetta, B.; Santolamazza, P.; Sellitto, D.; Colomb, E. B.; Dugoujon, J.-M.; Crivellaro, F.; et al. (2007), "Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12", Molecular Biology and Evolution 24 (6): 1300–1311, doi:10.1093/molbev/msm049, PMID 17351267 Also see Supplementary Data
- ↑ [ https://books.google.com/books?id=3QYRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7&lpg=PT7&dq=r1a1+age&source=bl&ots=rnNgdeyfqa&sig=u4UdzEFjIJvd78mpb0BS609wnq4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjuyZj64sDMAhXFEywKHSdWAxUQ6AEIWDAJ#v=onepage&q=r1a1%20age&f=false]
- ↑
- ↑ Underhill et al
- ↑ http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0066102
- ↑ Underhill et al
- 1 2 3 http://www.ancestraljourneys.org/mesolithicdna.shtml
- ↑ http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0021592
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