Yarralumla, Australian Capital Territory

This article is about the suburb. For the Governor-General's official residence, see Government House, Canberra.

Yarralumla
Canberra, Australian Capital Territory
Population 2,922 (2011 census)[1]
 • Density 332/km2 (860/sq mi)
Established 1922
Gazetted 20 September 1928
Postcode(s) 2600
Area 8.81 km2 (3.4 sq mi)
District South Canberra
Territory electorate(s) Molonglo
Federal Division(s) Canberra
Suburbs around Yarralumla:
Black Mountain Acton City
Stromlo Forest Yarralumla Parkes
Curtin Deakin Capital Hill

Yarralumla is a large inner south suburb of Canberra, the capital city of Australia. Located approximately 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) south-west of the city, Yarralumla extends along the south-west bank of Lake Burley Griffin. (The lake was created after the Second World War through the blocking, with a dam, of the Molonglo River.)

In 1828, Henry Donnison, a Sydney merchant, was granted a lease on the western side of Stirling Ridge. Donnison's land was named Yarralumla in a survey of the area conducted in 1834, apparently after the indigenous people's term for the area. It was also spelt Yarrolumla in other documents. In 1881, the estate was bought by Frederick Campbell, grandson of Robert Campbell who built nearby "Duntroon". He completed the construction of a large, gabled, brick house on his property in 1891 that now serves as the site of Government House, the official residence of the Governor-General of Australia. Campbell's house replaced an elegant, Georgian-style homestead, the main portions of which were erected from local stone in the 1830s. Among the old Yarralumla homestead's most notable occupants were Sir Terence Aubrey Murray, who owned Yarralumla sheep station from 1837 to 1859, Augustus Onslow Manby Gibbes, who owned the property from 1859 to 1881, and Augustus' father Colonel John George Nathaniel Gibbes (1787–1873). (Augustus "Gussie" Gibbes was Murray's brother-in-law; he also advanced money to Frederick Campbell to assist with the construction, in 1890–1891, of Campbell's grand new family house at Yarralumla.)

The modern suburb of Yarralumla was gazetted by the government in 1928 and as of 2011 was home to approximately 3,000 people and many diplomatic missions. In recent years, it has become one of Canberra's most desirable and expensive residential suburbs because of its wide leafy streets, attractive lakeside setting and central location.

Geography

Yarralumla is located in the central Canberra district of South Canberra. It is bordered by Lake Burley Griffin to the north, Commonwealth Avenue and Capital Hill to the east, Adelaide Avenue and the Cotter Road to the south, and Scrivener Dam, Lady Denman Drive and part of the Molonglo River to the west.[2]

Although Yarralumla is one of the largest suburbs in Canberra by area,[3] its population remains quite small because more than half of its area consists of open space or non-residential development, including Weston and Stirling Parks, the Royal Canberra Golf Club, and the grounds of Government House.[2] A relatively high proportion of houses are occupied by diplomatic missions.[2]

Map of Yarralumla, located south of Lake Burley Griffin[2][4]

The embassy area of Yarralumla is located towards the eastern end of the suburb next to Stirling Park.[2] It is the hilliest area of Yarralumla; Parliament House and the Parliamentary Triangle are located nearby.[2]

The streets in Yarralumla are named after Australian governors and botanists.[5] Most of the older streets in the suburb are laid out on an approximately rectangular grid with some curved sections, while the more hilly eastern end of the suburb, including the embassy district, is set out with contour-guided roads.[2] Major roads in Yarralumla include Banks Street, Novar Street and Hopetoun Circuit in a north-south direction and Schlich Street, Loftus Street and Weston Street running east-west. Being a dormitory suburb, there are no major through roads.[2] Access to the rest of the city can be made from Adelaide Avenue, Commonwealth Avenue, Lady Denman Drive and Cotter Road, all of which run along the borders of the suburb.[2] From these roads, entry to the suburb can be gained by turning into roads such as Coronation Drive, Hopetoun Circuit and Novar Street.[2]

Yarralumla is located on the Yarralumla Formation which is a mudstone/siltstone formation that was formed around 425 million years ago during the Silurian Period. The formation extends from Red Hill and Woden in the South to Lake Burley Griffin in to the north, passing under the suburb of Yarralumla. The formation is evidence of the last major marine sedimentary period when eastern Australia was still covered by shallow seas. It shows fossil evidence of trilobites, coral and primitive crinoids. The Yarralumla brickworks quarry and the Deakin anticline are places where the formation is exposed and easily studied.[6]

History

Settlement

Yarralumla woolshed in 1925
Workers at Yarralumla brickworks in 1924

The area now called Yarralumla is part of two original land grants, which were granted to free settlers for the establishment of farms. In 1828 Henry Donnison, a Sydney merchant who had arrived with his wife and family on the brig Ellen on 29–30 July 1828, was granted an allotment on the western side of Stirling Ridge. A second grant was made to William Klensendorlffe (a German who had served in the British Navy and arrived free in the Colony in 1818), who had bought the land from John Stephen, on 7 March 1839. Donnison's land was named Yarralumla in a survey of the area conducted in 1834. Yarralumla was a name for the area used by the local people, apparently meaning "echo".[5] An area to the west of what is now the suburb was the Yarrolumla parish.[7]

The prominent New South Wales parliamentarian Sir Terence Aubrey Murray (1810–1873) purchased Yarralumla in 1837. He lived there with his wife Mary Murray (née Gibbes, 1817–1858), the second daughter of the Collector of Customs for NSW, Colonel John George Nathaniel Gibbes (1787–1873), MLC. In 1859, Murray sold Yarralumla to his brother-in-law, Augustus Onslow Manby Gibbes (1828–1897). Later that same year, Augustus' parents came to live with him at Yarralumla homestead.

Augustus Gibbes improved the estate and acquired additional land by purchase and lease. However, In 1881, he sold Yarralumla for 40,000 pounds to Frederick Campbell, a descendant of Robert Campbell, in order to travel overseas. Frederick Campbell erected a new, three-storey, brick house on the site of the former Yarralumla homestead at the beginning of the 1890s. Campbell's house would later form the basis of what is now the Governor-General of Australia's official Canberra residence, known colloquially as "Yarralumla" or "Government House". Campbell also built a large wooden woolshed nearby in 1904. It remains standing to this day.[8]

In 1908, the Limestone Plains area, including Yarralumla, was selected as the site for the capital city of the newly established Commonwealth of Australia. Soon afterwards in 1913, the Commonwealth Government purchased the property. Tenant farmers were allowed to stay on the land on annual leases, some remaining until 1963 when the Molonglo River was dammed to form Lake Burley Griffin.[8]

Development

With the construction of Australia's capital city underway, the Yarralumla brickworks were established in 1913 to supply building material. The bricks were used for many of Canberra's buildings, including the provisional Parliament House. In 1917, Walter Burley Griffin named the area surrounding the brickworks "Westridge".[9] A narrow gauge goods railway was constructed for the transportation of bricks to some of the major building sites in central Canberra. This linked the brickworks to places such as Parliament House, and the Kingston Power House.[6][10]

The Yarraluma brickworks in 2006

Construction on the Commonwealth nursery and Westbourne Woods arboretum was started in 1914, and a temporary camp was built near the brickworks to accommodate the workers. Thomas Charles Weston was Officer-in-Charge (Afforestation Branch) in the years 1913 to 1926, and later became Director of City Planting and the Superintendent of Parks and Gardens. Weston was responsible for testing and selecting plant species at the arboretum for their suitability to Canberra's environment; from 1913 through to 1924 Weston oversaw the propagation of more than two million trees which were then planted in the Canberra area.[11] Most of the original Westbourne Woods arboretum is now leased to the Royal Canberra Golf Club, with the remainder forming part of Weston Park. The Yarralumla nursery is still active, albeit on a smaller scale and functioning as a retail nursery selling both wholesale and direct to the public.[12]

In 1922, a workers' tent camp was erected on the eastern side of Stirling Ridge to house the men working on the main intercepting sewer. The following year saw the start of the construction of 62 small, four-room, unlined timber cottages, to be used as housing for the married tradesmen involved in the construction of the provisional Parliament House. Other camps were established at the eastern end of Stirling Park on the hills opposite modern Lotus Bay. The first of these was contractor John Howie's settlement (1922–30), consisting of 25 timber cottages for his married men and timber barracks (Hostel Camp) for his single men. Two other single men's tent camps were established nearby—Old Tradesmen's Camp (1923–27) and No 1 Labourers Camp (1924–27). The men from Howie's worked on the Hotel Canberra and the others on the construction of the provisional Parliament House and nearby administrative buildings.[13]

Yarralumla nursery from the air with the Molonglo River in the background, taken in 1923

The Stirling Park camps were known as Westlake to their new inhabitants, and previously "Gura Bung Dhaura" (stony ground) to the local Aboriginal people.[14] In 1925, the population of this temporary suburb was 700. This represented roughly one-fifth of the total population of the Federal Capital Territory at the time;[13] in the region, only Molonglo Settlement had a larger population, at 750. The site was chosen so that it was near to Parliament House but hidden from direct line of sight from anywhere "important". The small cottages at Westlake were removed starting in the mid-1950s, with the last one removed in 1965. Many of the Westlake workers' cottages were moved to Queanbeyan and are still used as housing today. The Stirling Park near the embassy area of Yarralumla now covers the historic Westlake settlement area.

The Commonwealth Forestry School was established in Westridge near the brickworks and Westbourne Woods in 1926. It opened with its first intake of students in the following year. Today the heritage-listed Forestry School and the associated principal's residence Westridge House are located on Banks Street, Yarralumla. The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Forestry and Forestry Products subsumed the school in 1975. Westridge House, an impressive Tudor-style structure, underwent a A$500,000 refurbishment and is used as a residence for the chief officer of the CSIRO.[15]

By 1928, there were over 130 people on the electoral roll for Westridge.[13] The majority of the population consisted of men working at the brickworks and nursery. Westridge was gazetted as a Canberra suburb in 1928.

After World War II

Scrivener Dam

Westridge was renamed Yarralumla in the 1950s. In 1963, Lake Burley Griffin was filled and Yarralumla was expanded to include Westlake, which had up until then been part of Acton.[13]

After the Second World War, the suburb began to expand rapidly with the construction of many private homes. Yarralumla's image as a lower-class suburb would persist into the 1960s and 1970s. This general perception began to alter once Lake Burley Griffin had been created and its surrounds landscaped into parklands; the area soon gained a reputation for its attractive lakeside location.[16] During the 1980s, house prices began to rise coincident with a rejuvenation of the suburb. Many of the original government-built monocrete, brick, and weatherboard houses have been demolished and replaced by larger dwellings of a variety of more modern styles and materials.

Demographics

The population of the Westridge area on the 1928 electoral roll numbered over 130.[9] On Census night 2011, Yarralumla had a population of 2,907 people.[1] Of these 48.2% were male. The suburb had only 1.3% indigenous Australians, substantially below the national average of 2.5%.[1] The percentage of married people in the suburb was six points higher than the national average, and the proportion of residents who had never married was 4 points lower. Despite the higher level of marriage, this did not translate into a higher level of children; 46.5% of families consisted of a couple without children in the household, compared to the national average of 37.8%. The 2006 Census showed that Yarralumla residents had a median age of 47, compared to a Canberra average of 34. The suburb had an older population for a city of young people; the median national age is 37 and 38.2% of Yarralumla residents were 55 or over, compared to the national figure of 25.6%.[1]

Yarralumla is a comparatively wealthy suburb with a 2011 median weekly income of $1,139; this compares to an ACT-wide figure of $917 and an Australia-wide figure of $577. The public service or defence force employed around 20% of the workforce, somewhat less than the ACT average of 25.8. This compared to 2.0% for Australia as a whole.[1] The higher incomes were derived from the suburb's white-collar base; 61.6% of Yarralumla's workforce was employed as professionals or in managerial posts, compared to 34% nationally. In contrast, only 3.4% were engaged in blue-collar occupations, compared with 16.0% for the nation as a whole. The proportion of the population working as tradesmen and technicians was almost three times lower than average across Australia.[1]

The median monthly housing loan repayments in Yarralumla in 2011 were $2,442, compared to the ACT-wide figure of $2,167 and a federal average of $1,800. At $425, the weekly rent was more than 50% higher than the national average.[1] Yarralumla's median house price was $1m in 2011 versus $530,000 for the whole of the ACT in 2013.[17][18] The rate of home ownership in the suburb was 46.3%—much higher than the national average of 32.1%. 26.9% of the households rented.[1] Accommodation was mostly separate houses (74.7%),[1] although the number of residences in the suburb has been increasing through conversion of blocks to dual occupancy and other medium-density-type developments. Despite this, only 2.6% lived in an apartment or unit, little more than one quarter of the national average.[1]

The population of Yarralumla in 2011 was predominantly Australian-born, with some 72.3% of its residents being born in Australia. The second most prevalent birthplace was England at 6.6%, followed by New Zealand and India with 1.7 and 1.5% respectively.[1] The suburb was more oriented towards the Anglo-Celtic majority than the rest of Australia; English was spoken at home by 84.4% of the population, compared to the national average of 76.8%. Every other language was spoken by less than 2% of the population.[1] Italian, French, German, Croatian and Hindi were all spoken by at least 0.7% of the population.[1] The most popular religious affiliations in descending order were no religion, Roman Catholic, Anglican, Uniting and Presbyterian and Reformed. The proportion of the population professing to having no religion was 31.8%, higher than the national average of 22.3%.[1]

Suburb amenities

Weston Park

The Yarralumla local shopping centre is located on the corner of Bentham and Novar Streets. The centre contains a supermarket, bakery, dry-cleaners, video store/post office, chemist, gift shop and newsagent as well as several restaurants and speciality shops.

Weston Park is situated on a peninsula near the western end of Lake Burley Griffin.[2] The park includes swimming areas, children's play equipment and wading pools, and a miniature railway, and is a popular barbecue spot on weekends.[2][19] Weston Park forms part of a string of parks that line the southern shore of Lake Burley Griffin; other parks include Yarralumla Bay, Lennox Gardens (incorporating a Japanese garden named Canberra Nara Park) and Stirling Park.[2][4]

Like most of Canberra, Yarralumla's only scheduled public transport is provided by ACTION buses. On weekdays, route 2 provides a service from Yarralumla to Woden and City Interchanges along Novar Street, Schlich Street and Hopetoun Circuit. Route 2 operates every 30 minutes until 6pm and hourly from 6pm to 11 pm.[20] On weekends and public holidays, route 932 provides an hourly service along the same streets as route 2.[21]

Education

Signage and mural on front wall of Yarralumla Primary School
Yarralumla Primary School

Yarralumla's first school, the Catholic St Peter Chanel's Primary School, opened in 1956; it closed in the 1990s. Yarralumla Primary School, a public school, opened a year after St Peter Chanel's in 1957. Half of the original primary school is now used as a behavioural centre catering to problem students.[22] Preschools in Yarralumla include the Montessori preschool on Loftus Street. There is also a day care facility called Little Lodge on Macgillivray Street.[23]

The Canberra Japanese Supplementary School Inc., a Japanese weekend educational programme, has its school office in the Japanese Embassy Consular Section in Yarralumla, while it holds its classes at Deakin High School in Deakin. It was established on 1 August 1988.[24]

Politics

2012 ACT Election[25]
  Liberal 44.6%
  Labor 37.6%
  Greens 11.3%
  Bullet Train for Canberra 4.3%
  Australian Motorist Party 1.2%
  Liberal Democratic Party 0.5%
  Independents 0.6%
2013 Federal Election[26]
  Liberal 40.7%
  Labor 38.4%
  Greens 14.6%
  Bullet Train for Canberra 3.8%
  Palmer United Party 1.8%
  Secular Party of Australia 0.8%

Yarralumla is located within the federal electorate of Canberra, which as of 2014 is represented by Gai Brodtmann in the House of Representatives. Historically both federal electorates in the ACT are safe Labor seats.[27] Polling place statistics are shown to the right for the Yarralumla polling place in the 2013 federal and 2012 ACT elections.

In the ACT Legislative Assembly, Yarralumla is part of the electorate of Molonglo, which elects seven members on the basis of proportional representation, although the number of electorates and members were under review as of February 2014.[28] The 2012 ACT election saw a swing in Yarralumla of 2.1% away from the Labor Party and 10.0% to the Liberal Party.[25][29]

The Yarralumla Residents Association (YRA) is a registered organisation formed to represent the views of Yarralumla residents and business. The group stands against government plans for urban consolidation, supporting open space and the conservation of low-density housing. The organisation has been very vocal in opposing government plans for further development of Yarralumla and is also vocal about any plans for the Yarralumla brickworks site.[30]

Notable places

Government House

Yarralumla is notable among Canberra suburbs for its large number of landmarks and places of historical interest. The Governor-General's residence Government House, which shares the name Yarralumla, is located at the western end of the suburb in 53 hectares (130 acres) of parkland. It sits alongside Lake Burley Griffin, next to the Royal Canberra Golf Club and Scrivener Dam. The house was built in 1891 as the headquarters for the Yarralumla property.[2][8] Also located alongside Scrivener Dam is the National Zoo & Aquarium.[2] The nearby Yarralumla woolshed is available for event hire, often playing host to parties and bush dances.[31] The land surrounding the woolshed has been developed as an equestrian park, including areas for showjumping, eventing and endurance riding.[2]

Japanese stone lantern at Lennox Gardens

The Yarralumla brickworks are notable as the first industrial manufacturing facility in the ACT. The brickworks were closed temporarily several times due to the Great Depression and both World Wars. Proposals to modernise the brickworks were rejected by the National Capital Development Commission in the early 1970s and they closed permanently in 1976. Presently the site is closed to the public and is in a state of disrepair. The unfenced parkland around the brickworks is a popular recreation area for Yarralumla residents.[6][10] Residential development is proposed for the 42-hectare site, initially including 1,600 new dwellings, although this is now likely to be significantly reduced.[32]

Embassy of the United States, built in the Georgian architectural style

The eastern end of Yarralumla is home to many of the diplomatic missions in Canberra,[2] many of which are built in a traditional style reflecting that of their respective home countries. Examples of regionally styled chanceries include the embassies of Saudi Arabia and Thailand,[33][34] and the High Commissions of India and Papua New Guinea.[35][36] The United States embassy was the first embassy built in Canberra, with the foundation stone laid on the Fourth of July, 1942. The embassy is an impressive compound of buildings built in a Georgian style, inspired by several buildings designed by Christopher Wren for Virginia at the beginning of the 18th century.[37] The French embassy includes the French-Australian War Memorial opened in 1961, which has a sculpture by André Bizette-Lindet called Winged Victory.[38] Canberra tourist drive six takes tourists on a car-based tour past many of Canberra's embassies including those located in Yarralumla. It zig-zags through the eastern side of Yarralumla past many of the missions.[2][4]

Also located in the eastern end of the suburb are Lennox Gardens, the Yarralumla Yacht Club, the Albert Hall and the Hotel Canberra.[4] The Hotel Canberra opened in 1924 to accommodate politicians when Parliament was in session. The hotel was closed in 1974 and the buildings served as an annexe for Parliament House between 1976 and 1984. The Hyatt Hotel Group re-opened the hotel in 1987.[39]

Embassies and High Commissions in Yarralumla[2][4]
 Belgium  Brazil  Canada  China  Egypt  Finland
 France  Germany  Greece  India  Indonesia  Ireland
 Israel  Japan  South Korea  Malaysia  Mexico  Myanmar
 Netherlands  New Zealand  Nigeria  Norway  Papua New Guinea  Philippines
 Poland  Saudi Arabia  Singapore  South Africa  Spain  Sri Lanka
 Sweden  Thailand  United Kingdom  United States  Turkey  

See also

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). "Yarralumla (State Suburb)". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 UBD Canberra, pp. 58–59.
  3. ↑ UBD Canberra, pp. 1–100.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 UBD Canberra, p. 3.
  5. 1 2 "Suburb Name search results". ACT Planning & Land Authority. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  6. 1 2 3 "Yarralumla Brickworks Entry 2004" (PDF). Environment ACT Heritage Register. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  7. ↑ "Parish of Yarrolumla". New South Wales. Department of Lands (National Library of Australia). 2004. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  8. 1 2 3 "Official Residence – Government House". Governor-General's Office. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  9. 1 2 "1928 Electoral Roll for Westridge". transcribed by Ann Gugler. Retrieved 5 October 2008.
  10. 1 2 "Yarralumla Brickworks Planning Review" (PDF). ACT Planning and Land Authority (March 2005). Retrieved 4 October 2008.
  11. ↑ "Charles Weston and the Greening of Canberra". National Capital Authority, Dr John Gray. Archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2008.
  12. ↑ "Yarralumla Nursery Description". National Trust of Australia. Archived from the original on 29 October 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2004.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Gugler, Ann (1997). Westlake One of the Vanished Suburbs of Canberra. Canberra: Ann Gugler. ISBN 0-646-30075-X.
  14. ↑ "Stirling Park and Scrivener's Hut". National Capital Authority. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  15. ↑ "Official Committee Hansard – Consideration of Budget Estimates" (PDF). Australian Senate – Employment, Workplace Relations and Education Legislation Committee (6 June 2002). Retrieved 8 November 2005.
  16. ↑ "Yarralumla Bay". Australian Capital Territory Department of Territory and Municipal Services. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  17. ↑ "Suburb Information". Allhomes. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  18. ↑ "ACT Real Estate Market Trends". Allhomes. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  19. ↑ David Curry (22 March 2009). "Weston Park tourist train's future derailed". The Canberra Times. Archived from the original on 28 March 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  20. ↑ "Weekday route 2" (PDF). ACTION. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  21. ↑ "Saturday and Sunday route 932" (PDF). ACTION. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  22. ↑ "Yarralumla Primary School webpage". ACT Department of Education. Retrieved 17 November 2004.
  23. ↑ "Yarralumla Campus". Only About Children. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  24. ↑ "学校概要" (Archive). Canberra Japanese Supplementary School Inc. Retrieved on 7 April 2015. "借用校 Alfred Deakin High School (Denison St., Deakin, 2600, ACT) ディーキンハイスクール（写真）校舎・2Fにて授業を実施" and "日本大使館領事部：112 Empire Circuit, YARRALUMLA, ACT 2600, AUSTRALIA"
  25. 1 2 "Results for Molonglo candidates at Yarralumla Polling Place". ACT Electoral Commission. 12 February 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  26. ↑ "Federal Election 2013 – Polling Place Yarralumla". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  27. ↑ "Federal Election Preview – Australian Capital Territory". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  28. ↑ "Review into the size of the ACT Legislative Assembly" (PDF). ACT Government. 28 March 2013.
  29. ↑ "ACT Election 2008 – Polling Booth Results (Yarralumla, Canberra)". ACT Electoral Commission. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  30. ↑ "YRA website". Yarralumla Residents Association. Retrieved 2 November 2005.
  31. ↑ "ACT Heritage Library Image Library: Image: Exterior of the Yarralumla Woolshed". Images.act.gov.au. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  32. ↑ "Yarralumla brickworks plans set to be slashed". Domain, Fairfax Media. 15 November 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
  33. ↑ "Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia Canberra". Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  34. ↑ "The Royal Thai Embassy – Canberra". Canberra.thaiembassy.org. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  35. ↑ "High Commission of India". Hcindia-au.org. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  36. ↑ "PNG High Commission". Pngcanberra.org. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  37. ↑ "History of the US Embassy". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 4 November 2005.
  38. ↑ "French-Australian War Memorial". Embassy of France in Canberra. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
  39. ↑ "MS 7302 – Records of Hotel Canberra". National Library of Australia (13 November 2003). Retrieved 22 November 2004.

Further reading

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