GM Ecotec engine

GM Ecotec engine
Overview
Manufacturer	General Motors
Also called	Global Four Cylinder[1][2] Large Gasoline Engine (LGE) L850 [3][4][5]
Production	2000–present
Combustion chamber
Configuration	Straight-4
Cylinder block alloy	Aluminum
Cylinder head alloy	Aluminum
Valvetrain	Double overhead camshafts
Combustion
Oil system	Wet sump
Cooling system	Water-cooled
Chronology
Predecessor	Quad 4 engine GM 122 engine GM Family II engine Saab H engine Saturn I4 engine (De facto)

The GM Ecotec engine, also known by its codename L850, is a family of all-aluminium inline-four engines, displacing between 2.0 and 2.5 litres. While these engines were based on the GM Family II engine, the architecture was substantially re-engineered for the new Ecotec application produced since 2000. This engine family replaced the GM Family II engine, the GM 122 engine, the Saab H engine, and the Quad 4 engine.

Generation I

Generation I
Overview
Production	2000–2012
Combustion chamber
Displacement	1,998 cc (121.9 cu in) 2,198 cc (134.1 cu in)
Cylinder bore	86 mm (3.4 in)
Piston stroke	86 mm (3.4 in) 94.6 mm (3.72 in)
Compression ratio	8.8:1 9.5:1 10.0:1
Combustion
Fuel system	Sequential multi-point fuel injection Gasoline direct injection
Fuel type	Gasoline CNG E85
Dimensions
Length	665 mm (26.2 in)
Width	642 mm (25.3 in)
Height	655 mm (25.8 in)
Dry weight	139–150 kg (306–331 lb)[6]

The 'Ecotec' name was adopted in 2000 for the new generation of Family II engines. The name was already used for the Opel GM Family II engine, Family 1 and Family 0 ranges. GM intends this new Ecotec to become its global 4-cylinder, and it has already fully replaced their OHV I4 line.

The Ecotec engine is a DOHC 4-valve design with an aluminum block and head (L850 for 86 mm bore applications, and L880 for 88 mm bore), designed for displacements from 1.8 to 2.4 L. Development began in 1994, by an international team of engineers and technicians from Opel's International Technical Development Center in Rüsselsheim, Germany, GM Powertrain in Pontiac, Michigan, and Saab in Södertälje, Sweden.^[7] Much of the development work on this project was carried out by Lotus Engineering, Hethel, United Kingdom. The engine uses aluminum pistons and cast iron cylinder liners. Vibration is reduced with twin balance shafts.

The first engine in the Ecotec Gen I line-up was Ecotec 2.2 L61, introduced in 2000.

The current Ecotec line is manufactured in Tonawanda, New York,^[7] Spring Hill, Tennessee, and Kaiserslautern, Germany. Over 30,000 were assembled in January, 2012.

2.0

LK9

Saab B207 engine in a 2008 Saab 9-3 2.0T

This engine is also known as B207 when used by Saab and Z20NET by Opel for use in the Vectra C and Signum.

LK9 is a turbocharged 2.0 L— 1,998 cc (121.9 cu in)—version of the L850 (86 mm bore) series Ecotec utilizing an all-new reinforced sand cast aluminum cylinder head and upgraded internal components. The exhaust valves are liquid sodium-cooled. In Saab vehicles, this engines features Saab's Trionic 8 engine management system as well as a revised valve train. The timing chain and timing gears are also new, along with Saab's Direct Ignition system. The reinforcements, turbocharging, intercooling, internals, dual overhead camshaft, and such were developed by GM Powertrain Sweden (Saab Automobile Powertrain). It features an 86 millimetres (3.4 in) bore and stroke and a 9.5:1 compression ratio. Maximum power is 210 horsepower (160 kW) at 5300 rpm and 221 lb·ft (300 N·m) of torque at 2500 rpm. Maximum boost is 12.3 psi (0.85 bar).

• 2003–2012 Saab 9-3
• 2003–2008 Opel Vectra
• 2006–2010 Cadillac BLS

Saab 9-3, and Cadillac BLS Variations:

Model	Years	Power	Torque	Turbocharger
1.8t (B207E)	2002–2011	110 kW (150 PS; 148 hp) @ 5500 rpm	240 N·m (180 lb·ft) @ 2000–3500 rpm	Low-pressure (Garrett GT2052s)
2.0t (B207L)	2002–2011	129 kW (175 PS; 173 hp) @ 5500 rpm	265 N·m (195 lb·ft) @ 2500–4000 rpm	Mid-pressure (MHI TD04-11TK)
2.0T (B207R)	2002–2011	156.5 kW (213 PS; 210 hp) @ 5300 rpm	300 N·m (220 lb·ft) @ 2500–4000 rpm	High-pressure (MHI TD04-14T)

LSJ

Ecotec LSJ engine in a 2006 Saturn Ion Red Line

The LSJ is a supercharged version of the LK9 Ecotec 2.0 L— 1,998 cc (121.9 cu in)— with an Eaton M62 Roots-type supercharger and air-to-liquid intercooler. The LSJ shares many of its components with the LK9 such as: piston cooling jets, oil cooler, pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft, oil pan, sodium-filled exhaust valves and cylinder head.^[8] It is rated at 205 hp (153 kW) at 5600 rpm and 200 lb·ft (271 N·m) at 4400 rpm with a compression ratio of 9.5:1 and a 6500 rpm redline. With the end of the Chevy Cobalt S/C SS and Saturn Ion Red Line, the LSJ was discontinued after 2007. In late 2005 Brammo Motorsports struck a deal with GM for the Supercharged 2.0 L Ecotec for their Ariel Atom. The engine came in various ratings from 205 hp (153 kW) to 300 hp (220 kW).

The LSJ was on the Ward's 10 Best Engines list for 2006.

This engine is used in:

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque	Dyno chart
2004–2007	Saturn Ion Red Line	205 hp (153 kW) @ 5600 rpm	200 lb·ft (271 N·m) @ 4400 rpm	link
2005–2007	Chevrolet Cobalt SS Supercharged Coupe	205 hp (153 kW) @ 5600 rpm	200 lb·ft (271 N·m) @ 4400 rpm	link

2.2

L61

Ecotec L61 engine in a Chevrolet Classic (Malibu)

2003 Pontiac Sunfire Ecotec engine

Ecotec L61 installed in a 2003 Chevrolet Cavalier

This engine is also known as a Z22SE in other countries such as The United Kingdom and Australia.

The basic Family II architecture was substantially re-engineered in 2000 to become the Ecotec Gen I. Unlike its notably harsh predecessor, the engine was designed for smoothness. Dual in-block balance shafts were integral to the design, the power-steering pump was mounted directly to the cylinder head and driven by the intake camshaft, the water-pump housing was cast into the block, and the A/C compressor and alternator were mounted directly on the block without brackets. The oil filter housing was cast into the block with a removable cover and replaceable paper element. It did not use an EGR valve. The Ecotec line is manufactured in Tonawanda, New York and Kaiserslautern, Germany, and was also manufactured for Saturn in Spring Hill, Tennessee until Saturn's discontinuation. In North America this engine replaced both the Quad-4 and the GM 122 engines and first appeared in the 2000 Saturn L-Series.^[7]

The L61 is a 2.2 L—2,198 cc (134.1 cu in)—version with a lost-foam cast aluminum cylinder head and block; it features an 86 millimetres (3.4 in) bore and 94.6 millimetres (3.72 in) stroke ^[7] and either a 9.5:1 compression ratio or a 10.0:1. The engine is 665 millimetres (26.2 in) in length, 642 millimetres (25.3 in)in width, 655 millimetres (25.8 in) in height and approximately 139 kilograms (306 lb).^[7]

The Ecotec 2.2, model L61 first appeared in the 2000 Saturn LS1; the L61-powered Saturn Ion also replaced the Saturn-powered Saturn S-Series.

There are a few variations to the standard L61. The 2003 Saturn L-Series has a high output version with higher (10:1) compression and more aggressive camshaft. The 2004–2008 Chevrolet Malibu uses a version with electronic throttle control and a special unitized exhaust manifold and catalytic converter. The Malibu and Saturn versions also use return-less fuel injection. The 2002 Saturn VUE was the first North American variant of the L61 to be equipped with electronic throttle control, whereas other applications did not arise until 2005 in the Saturn ION and Chevrolet Cobalt. For 2007, introduced an updated version of the L61 based on the Gen II design.

The supercharger and inlet manifold from the 2.0 Ecotec LSJ engine can be purchased as an official kit from GM and along with modified software in the ECM, can create a 2.2 supercharged version of this engine.

The L61 was used in the following cars:

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque	Compression ratio	Dyno chart
2002	Chevrolet Cavalier	140 hp (100 kW) @ 5600 rpm	150 lb·ft (203 N·m) @ 4400 rpm	10.0:1
2003–2005			150 lb·ft (203 N·m) @ 4000 rpm		link
2005–2006	Chevrolet Cobalt	145 hp (108 kW) @ 5600 rpm	155 lb·ft (210 N·m) @ 4000 rpm	10.0:1	link
2006	Chevrolet HHR	143 hp (107 kW) @ 5600 rpm	150 lb·ft (203 N·m) @ 4000 rpm	10.0:1
2004	Chevrolet Malibu	145 hp (108 kW) @ 5600 rpm	155 lb·ft (210 N·m) @ 4000 rpm	10.0:1
2005–2006		144 hp (107 kW) @ 5600 rpm			link
2002–2004	Oldsmobile Alero	140 hp (100 kW) @ 5600 rpm	150 lb·ft (203 N·m) @ 4000 rpm	10.0:1
2002	Pontiac Grand Am	140 hp (100 kW) @ 5600 rpm	150 lb·ft (203 N·m) @ 4400 rpm	10.0:1
2003–2005			150 lb·ft (203 N·m) @ 4000 rpm		link
2002	Pontiac Sunfire	140 hp (100 kW) @ 5600 rpm	150 lb·ft (203 N·m) @ 4400 rpm	10.0:1
2003–2005			150 lb·ft (203 N·m) @ 4000 rpm		link
2005–2006	Pontiac Pursuit/G5	145 hp (108 kW) @ 5600 rpm	155 lb·ft (210 N·m) @ 4000 rpm	10.0:1
2000	Saturn L-Series	137 hp (102 kW) @ 5800 rpm	135 lb·ft (183 N·m) @ 4400 rpm	9.5:1
2001–2003		135 hp (101 kW) @ 5200 rpm	142 lb·ft (193 N·m) @ 4400 rpm
2004		140 hp (100 kW) @ 5600 rpm	150 lb·ft (203 N·m) @ 4000 rpm
2003–2006	Saturn Ion	140 hp (100 kW) @ 5800 rpm	145 lb·ft (197 N·m) @ 4400 rpm	10.0:1	link
2002–2005	Saturn Vue	143 hp (107 kW) @ 5400 rpm	152 lb·ft (206 N·m) @ 4000 rpm	10.0:1	link
2006		143 hp (107 kW) @ 5600 rpm
2007		144 hp (107 kW) @ 5600 rpm
2001–2005	Opel Speedster[7]	147 hp (110 kW) @ 5800 rpm	150 lb·ft (203 N·m) @ 4000 rpm
2000–2003	Opel Astra[7]	147 hp (110 kW) @ 5800 rpm	150 lb·ft (203 N·m) @ 4000 rpm
2001–2002	Opel/Vauxhall Vectra[7]	147 hp (110 kW) @ 5800 rpm	150 lb·ft (203 N·m) @ 4000 rpm
2000–2003	Opel/Vauxhall Zafira[7]	147 hp (110 kW) @ 5800 rpm	150 lb·ft (203 N·m) @ 4000 rpm
2001–2006	Holden Astra (TS)	147 hp (110 kW) @ 5800 rpm	150 lb·ft (203 N·m) @ 4000 rpm

This engine also powered the Japanese-market Subaru Traviq, a badge-engineered Opel Zafira A.^[9]

Following the GM-Fiat agreement, the 2.2 L engine is also used in

• Fiat Croma unmodified
• Alfa Romeo 159 heavy modified

Z22YH

A direct injection version of the 2.2 L (2198 cc) Ecotec features 114 kW (153 hp) of power @5600 rpm and 220 N·m (160 ft·lbf) of torque @ 3800 rpm with a compression ratio of 12.0:1, and has been available in:

• 2003 Opel/Vauxhall Vectra
• 2003 Opel/Vauxhall Signum
• 2005 Opel/Vauxhall Zafira
• 2006–2009 Opel Astra

L42

The Ecotec 2.2, model L42 is the CNG version of the Ecotec 2.2. It delivers 129 hp (96 kW) and 129 lb·ft (175 N·m). Applications:

• 2003–2004 Chevrolet Cavalier

Generation II

Generation II
Overview
Production	2006–present
Combustion chamber
Displacement	1,998 cc (121.9 cu in) 2,198 cc (134.1 cu in) 2,384 cc (145.5 cu in)
Cylinder bore	86 mm (3.4 in) 88 mm (3.5 in)
Piston stroke	86 mm (3.4 in) 94.6 mm (3.72 in) 98 mm (3.9 in)
Compression ratio	9.2:1 10.0:1 10.4:1 11.2:1 11.4:1
Combustion
Fuel system	Sequential multi-point fuel injection Gasoline direct injection
Fuel type	Gasoline E85

2.0 LNF

Ecotec LNF in a Pontiac Solstice

A turbocharged direct injected (redubbed Spark Ignition Direct Injection) Ecotec was introduced in the 2007 Pontiac Solstice GXP and Saturn Sky Red Line. In these applications, the engine is mounted longitudinally. Displacement is 2.0 L—1,998 cc (121.9 cu in)—with a square 86 millimetres (3.4 in) bore and stroke. Compression is 9.2:1 and maximum boost is 1.4 bar (20.0 psi), delivering 260 hp (190 kW) at 5300 rpm and 260 lb·ft (350 N·m) of torque from 2500 to 5250 rpm. Engine redline is at 6300 rpm and premium fuel is recommended. The sodium filled exhaust valves were based on technology developed for the Corvette V8 powertrains. The sodium fuses and becomes a liquid at idle, which improves conductivity and draws heat away from the valve face and valve guide towards the stem to be cooled by the engine oil circulating in this area. The camshaft-driven direct injection systems pressurizes the fuel to 31 bar (450 psi) at idle, and up to 155 bar (2,250 psi) at wide-open throttle. The "Gen II" block is similar to the 2.4 L and also features VVT technology. The Gen II block was developed using data from racing programs and computer simulations. The bore walls and bulkheads were strengthened with a weight increase of 1 kg (2.5 pounds). The coolant jackets were expanded to improve heat transfer, resulting in a coolant capacity increase of 0.5 liters.

In December 2008, GM released a Turbo Upgrade Kit for the LNF engine which increases horsepower to 290 hp (220 kW) and torque to up to 340 lb·ft (460 N·m), depending on the model. The kit retails for $650 and includes remapped engine calibration and upgraded MAP sensors. The kit is covered by the cars' existing GM warranties.^[10]

This was the final Stage 2 performance tune the Ecotec family, to date. With the demise of the GM Performance Division, performance tunes like this have been relegated to the aftermarket sector. This despite newer engines being more durable, and tuned to lower horsepower levels in numerous sport-car applications.

Unique LNF features^[11] include:

• a twin-scroll turbocharger
• cam-driven high-pressure gasoline direct injection fuel system
• dual camshaft continuously variable valve timing
• sodium-filled stainless steel Inconel exhaust valves
• low-friction cast aluminum pistons with oil squirters
• forged steel crankshaft
• forged steel connecting rods
• cast stainless steel exhaust manifold

This engine is used in:

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque
2007–2010	Opel GT	260 hp (190 kW) @ 5300 rpm	260 lb·ft (353 N·m) @ 2000 rpm
2007–2010	Pontiac Solstice GXP	260 hp (190 kW) @ 5300 rpm	260 lb·ft (353 N·m) @ 2000 rpm
2007–2010	Saturn Sky Red Line	260 hp (190 kW) @ 5300 rpm	260 lb·ft (353 N·m) @ 2000 rpm
2008–2010	Chevrolet HHR SS	260 hp (190 kW) @ 5300 rpm	260 lb·ft (353 N·m) @ 2000 rpm
2008–2010	Chevrolet Cobalt SS	260 hp (190 kW) @ 5300 rpm	260 lb·ft (353 N·m) @ 2000 rpm
2009	Elfin T5	264 hp (197 kW) @ 5300 rpm	259 lb·ft (351 N·m) @ 2000 rpm
2012	Fisker Karma	260 hp (190 kW) @ 5300 rpm	260 lb·ft (353 N·m) @ 2000 rpm

LDK

An updated variant of the LNF (also with 9.2:1 compression ratio). This engine is also known as A20NFT and A20NHT by GM Powertrain Europe.

This engine is used in:

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque
2009	Opel Insignia	162 kW (220 PS; 217 hp) @ 5300 rpm	350 N·m (258 lb·ft) @ 2500 rpm
2009–2010	Buick Regal Turbo	162 kW (220 PS; 217 hp) @ 5300 rpm	350 N·m (258 lb·ft) @ 2500 rpm
2010–2013	Buick Regal GS (Chinese Market)	162 kW (220 PS; 217 hp) @ 5300 rpm	350 N·m (258 lb·ft) @ 2500 rpm
2009–2010	Buick Regal Turbo (Hirsch Performance)	192 kW (261 PS; 257 hp) @ 5400 rpm	400 N·m (295 lb·ft) @ 3000–4000 rpm
2010–2013	Buick Regal GS (Hirsch Performance)	192 kW (261 PS; 257 hp) @ 5400 rpm	400 N·m (300 lb·ft) @ 3000–4000 rpm
2010–2012	Saab 9-5	162 kW (220 PS; 217 hp) @ 5300 rpm	350 N·m (258 lb·ft) @ 2500 rpm
2011, 2013–	Saab 9-3 (NEVS)	162 kW (220 PS; 217 hp) @ 5300 rpm	350 N·m (258 lb·ft) @ 2500 rpm
2011	Opel Insignia 4x4	184 kW (250 PS; 247 hp) @ 5300 rpm	400 N·m (300 lb·ft) @ 2400–3600 rpm
2012	Opel Astra J OPC	206 kW (280 PS; 276 hp) @ 5500 rpm	400 N·m (300 lb·ft) @ 2500–4500 rpm
2014–	Buick Regal GS (Chinese Market)	187 kW (254 PS; 251 hp) @ 5300 rpm	350 N·m (260 lb·ft) @ 2000–5000 rpm
2014–	Buick Regal GS (Hirsch Performance)	205 kW (279 PS; 275 hp) @ 5400 rpm	410 N·m (300 lb·ft) @ 3000–4000 rpm

LHU

LHU adds E85 flex-fuel capability to the LDK. Maximum engine speed is listed at 6350 RPM.

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque	Dyno Chart
2011–2013	Buick Regal Turbo	220 hp (160 kW) @ 5300 rpm	258 lb·ft (350 N·m) @ 2000 rpm
2011–2012	Saab 9-5 Turbo4	220 hp (160 kW) @ 5300 rpm	258 lb·ft (350 N·m) @ 2000 rpm
2012–2013	Buick Regal GS	270 hp (200 kW)[12]	295 lb·ft (400 N·m) @ 2400 rpm
2013–present	Buick Verano Turbo[13]	250 hp (190 kW) @ 5300 rpm	260 lb·ft (353 N·m) @ 2000 rpm	link

2.2

L61

For 2007, the L61 received a multitude of changes, that originated from the LE5. It switched to the higher-strength Gen II block and received a revised cylinder head (enlarged exhaust ports) and camshaft design (increased exhaust valve duration). The engine also switched from wasted spark ignition to individual coil-on-plug ignition, this forced the cam cover to be redesigned. It was also switched to an E37 engine controller with new crank and cam sensors (replacing timing sensor previously found in ignition cassette). These changes increase horsepower slightly and allow the engine to meet PZEV standards.^[14] Compression ratio is 10.0:1

The L61 was used in the following cars:

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque
2007–2008	Chevrolet Cobalt	148 hp (110 kW) @ 5600 rpm	152 lb·ft (206 N·m) @ 4200 rpm
2007	Chevrolet HHR	149 hp (111 kW) @ 5600 rpm	152 lb·ft (206 N·m) @ 4000 rpm
2008			152 lb·ft (206 N·m) @ 4200 rpm
2007–2008	Chevrolet Malibu	145 hp (108 kW) @ 5600 rpm	152 lb·ft (206 N·m) @ 4200 rpm
2007–2008	Pontiac Pursuit/G5	148 hp (110 kW) @ 5600 rpm	152 lb·ft (206 N·m) @ 4200 rpm
2007	Saturn Ion	145 hp (108 kW) @ 5600 rpm	150 lb·ft (203 N·m) @ 4200 rpm

LAP

The LAP is a 2.2 L—2,198 cc (134.1 cu in)—version of the Ecotec, based on the Gen II block with cylinder head improvements, new camshaft design, E37 engine control module, 58X crankshaft reluctor ring, digital crank and cam sensors, individual coil-on-plug ignition, vented starter solenoid, new MAP sensor, new intake manifold seals, new oil filter element, a 32-bit computer, and improved emissions performance.

Bore and stroke are 86 mm (3.4 in) and 94.6 mm (3.72 in), the same as the 2.2 L L61. Compression ratio is 10.0:1. Major features that set it apart from the 2.2 L L61 are variable-valve-timing and other cylinder head improvements from the 2.4 L LE5.

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque
2009–2010	Chevrolet Cobalt	155 hp (116 kW) @ 6100 rpm	150 lb·ft (203 N·m) @ 4900 rpm
2009	Pontiac G5	155 hp (116 kW) @ 6100 rpm	150 lb·ft (203 N·m) @ 4900 rpm

LE8

The LE8 is an E85 compatible 2.2 L—2,198 cc (134.1 cu in)—version of the LAP Ecotec. Bore and stroke remain the same 86 mm (3.4 in) and 94.6 mm (3.72 in). Compression ratio is 10.0:1 and the engine can run on both regular unleaded gasoline or E85.

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque
2009–2011	Chevrolet HHR	155 hp (116 kW) @ 6100 rpm (gasoline)	150 lb·ft (203 N·m) @ 4800 rpm (gasoline)
		160 hp (120 kW) @ 6000 rpm (E85)	158 lb·ft (214 N·m) @ 4600 rpm (E85)

2.4

LE5

Ecotec LE5 engine in a 2006 Pontiac Solstice

The LE5 is a larger 2.4 L—2,384 cc (145.5 cu in)—version of the Ecotec. Both the 88 mm (3.5 in) bore and 98 mm (3.9 in) stroke are larger, and Variable Valve Timing on the intake and exhaust improve low-end torque. Compression is 10.4:1. Power is 164–177 hp (123–132 kW) and torque is 159–170 lb·ft (215–230 N·m). The engine uses a reinforced "Gen II" block.

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque
2006–2007	Chevrolet Cobalt SS	173 hp (129 kW) @ 6200 rpm	163 lb·ft (221 N·m) @ 4800 rpm
2008	Chevrolet Cobalt Sport	171 hp (128 kW) @ 6200 rpm	167 lb·ft (226 N·m) @ 4800 rpm
2006–2008	Chevrolet HHR	175 hp (130 kW)	165 lb·ft (224 N·m)
2006–2008	Pontiac G5/Pursuit	171 hp (128 kW) @ 5800 rpm	167 lb·ft (226 N·m) @ 4500 rpm
2006–2009	Pontiac G6	169 hp (126 kW) @ 6300 rpm	162 lb·ft (220 N·m) @ 4500 rpm
2006–2009	Pontiac Solstice	173 hp (129 kW) @ 5800 rpm	164 lb·ft (222 N·m) @ 4500 rpm
2006–2009	Saturn Sky	177 hp (132 kW) @ 5800 rpm	173 lb·ft (235 N·m) @ 4800 rpm
2006–2007	Saturn Ion	175 hp (130 kW) @ 6200 rpm	164 lb·ft (222 N·m) @ 4800 rpm
2008–2009	Saturn Aura	169 hp (126 kW)	162 lb·ft (220 N·m)
2008–2012	Chevrolet Malibu	169 hp (126 kW)	162 lb·ft (220 N·m)
2008–2009	Saturn Vue	169 hp (126 kW) @ 6200 rpm	161 lb·ft (218 N·m) @ 5100 rpm

The LE5 is also used in the following overseas models:

• 2006 GM Taiwan Buick LaCrosse
• 2006 Shanghai GM Buick LaCrosse
• Buick GL8

The LE5 or a close variant is also used in the Polaris Slingshot (announced July 27, 2014), coupled with a 5-speed manual transmission and a final belt drive. The Slingshot is a three-wheeled side-by-side street vehicle, classed as a motorcycle.^[15]

LAT

The LAT is the designation used for the 2.4 L LE5 when used in GM's mild hybrid vehicles.

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque
2007–2009	Saturn Aura Green Line Hybrid	164 hp (122 kW) @ 6400 rpm	159 lb·ft (216 N·m) @ 5000 rpm
2007	Saturn Vue Green Line Hybrid	170 hp (130 kW) @ 6600 rpm	162 lb·ft (220 N·m) @ 4200 rpm
2008	Saturn Vue Green Line Hybrid	172 hp (128 kW) @ 6500 rpm	167 lb·ft (226 N·m) @ 4500 rpm
2008–2009	Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid	164 hp (122 kW) @ 6400 rpm	159 lb·ft (216 N·m) @ 5000 rpm

LE9

The LE9 is an E85 compatible version of the 2.4 L—2,384 cc (145.5 cu in)—LE5 Ecotec. Bore and stroke are 88 mm (3.5 in) and 98 mm (3.9 in) and has a compression ratio of 10.4:1, the same as the LE5.

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque
2009–2011	Chevrolet HHR	172 hp (128 kW) @ 5800 rpm (gasoline)	167 lb·ft (226 N·m) @ 4500 rpm (gasoline)
		176 hp (131 kW) @ 5800 rpm (E85)	170 lb·ft (230 N·m) @ 5000 rpm (E85)
2010–2012	Chevrolet Malibu (fleet only)	175 hp (130 kW) @ 5800 rpm (E85)	170 lb·ft (230 N·m) @ 5000 rpm (E85)

LAF

The LAF is a direct injected 2.4 L. It uses technology based on GM’s other four-cylinder direct injection applications, but with unique features designed for its specific application. This includes an 11.2:1 compression ratio that helps build power, slightly dished pistons that increase combustion efficiency and injectors with an application-specific flow rate.^{[16] [17]}

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque
2010–2011	Chevrolet Equinox GMC Terrain	182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm (gasoline)	172 lb·ft (233 N·m) @ 4900 rpm (gasoline)
2010–2011	Buick LaCrosse	182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm	172 lb·ft (233 N·m) @ 4900 rpm
2011	Buick Regal	182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm	172 lb·ft (233 N·m) @ 4900 rpm
2011–2014	Chevrolet Orlando	174 hp (130 kW) @ 6700 rpm	171 lb·ft (232 N·m) @ 4900 rpm
2011	Chevrolet Captiva	182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm	172 lb·ft (233 N·m) @ 4900 rpm

LEA

The LEA is an E85 compatible variant of the LAF. Bore, stroke, and compression ratio all remain the same. Maximum engine speed is listed at 7000 RPM.

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque	Dyno Chart
2012–2013, 2015–present	Buick Regal	182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm	172 lb·ft (233 N·m) @ 4900 rpm	link
2012–present	Buick Verano[18]	180 hp (134 kW) @ 6700 rpm	171 lb·ft (232 N·m) @ 4900 rpm	link
2012–present	Chevrolet Captiva Sport	182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm	172 lb·ft (233 N·m) @ 4900 rpm	link
2012–present	Chevrolet Equinox GMC Terrain	182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm	172 lb·ft (233 N·m) @ 4900 rpm	link link

LUK

The LUK is similar to the LAF, but adds the eAssist mild-hybrid system. Maximum engine speed is listed at 7000 RPM.

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque	Dyno Chart
2012–2016	Buick LaCrosse	182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm	172 lb·ft (233 N·m) @ 4900 rpm	link
2012–present	Buick Regal	182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm	172 lb·ft (233 N·m) @ 4900 rpm	link
2013–2014	Chevrolet Malibu ECO	182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm	172 lb·ft (233 N·m) @ 4900 rpm
2014	Chevrolet Impala	182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm	172 lb·ft (233 N·m) @ 4900 rpm	link

Generation III

Generation III
Overview
Production	2013–present
Combustion chamber
Displacement	1,998 cc (121.9 cu in) 2,457 cc (149.9 cu in)
Cylinder bore	86 mm (3.4 in) 88 mm (3.5 in)
Piston stroke	86 mm (3.4 in) 100.8 mm (3.97 in)
Compression ratio	9.5:1 11.3:1
Combustion
Fuel system	Spark Ignition Direct Injection (SIDI)
Fuel type	Gasoline

2.0

LTG

A 2.0 L (1998 cc) turbocharged direct injection version of the gen III Ecotec will be available in 2013 Cadillac ATS and Chevrolet Malibu.This engine is also available in Cadillac XTS in Chinese market. Bore and stroke are both 86.0 millimetres (3.39 in), compression is 9.5:1. The engine uses twin-scroll turbocharger with electronically controlled wastegate/bypass valve, air-to-air intercooler, stainless steel dual-scroll (1–4, 2–3) exhaust manifold designed to withstand 980 °C (1,800 °F) turbine temperature, and rotacast aluminum alloy (A356T6) cylinder head with sodium-filled exhaust valves.^[19] Maximum engine speed is listed at 7000 RPM.

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque	Dyno Chart
2014–present	Buick Regal	259 hp (193 kW) @ 5300 rpm	295 lb·ft (400 N·m) @ 3000–4000 rpm 295 lb·ft (400 N·m) @ 2500–4000 rpm for GS	link GS link
2013–2014	Cadillac ATS	272 hp (203 kW) @ 5500 rpm	260 lb·ft (353 N·m) @ 1700–5500 rpm	link
2015–present			295 lb·ft (400 N·m) @ 3000–4600 rpm
2014–present	Cadillac CTS	268 hp (200 kW) @ 5600 rpm	295 lb·ft (400 N·m) @ 3000–4500 rpm	link
2016–present	Cadillac CT6	265 hp (198 kW) @ 5500 rpm	295 lb·ft (400 N·m) @ 3000 rpm
2016–present	Chevrolet Camaro	275 hp (205 kW) @ 5600 rpm	295 lb·ft (400 N·m) @ 3000–4500 rpm
2013	Chevrolet Malibu	259 hp (193 kW) @ 5300 rpm	260 lb·ft (353 N·m) @ 1700–5500 rpm
2014–2015			295 lb·ft (400 N·m) @ 5200 rpm	link
2016–present		250 hp (186 kW) @ 5300 rpm	260 lb·ft (353 N·m) @ 2000–5000 rpm
2013–present	Opel Insignia	250 PS (184 kW; 247 hp) @ 4500 rpm	400 N·m (295 lb·ft) @ 2000–4500 rpm

2.5

LCV

First appearing in the 2013 Chevrolet Malibu and 2013 Cadillac ATS, the 2.5 L Gen III block has been reworked to reduce engine noise and vibrations, while improving fuel economy and low-end torque.^[19][20][21] LCV is scheduled to replace the direct-injected 2.4 L throughout North American GM products within a year.^[22] Engine production started in April 2012 at GM's Tonawanda, New York plant.

The new combustion system developed with GM's proprietary computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis software features a higher compression ratio which helps improve fuel efficiency and has improved knock resistance. The engine features dual overhead camshafts with continuously variable valve timing and increased-authority cam phasing (increased phase rotation angle), a high-pressure returnless direct-injection fuel system with camshaft-driven fuel pump delivering 750 psi at idle and 2250 psi at full load, higher-flowing intake and exhaust ports in the cylinder head, electronic throttle control and pistons with jet-spray oil cooling. The engine redline is 7000 rpm.

The balance shafts are relocated from the cylinder block to oil pan module. The two-piece steel-aluminum oil pan features in-pan integrated oil-pump assembly driven by the balance shaft with a shorter inverted-tooth chain. Other improvements include inverted-tooth chain driving the camshaft, forged steel crankshaft, cast aluminum bedplate with main bearing cap inserts made of iron, high-pressure fuel rail with rubber-isolated assembly, acoustically shielded plastic cover for the intake manifold, and structurally enhanced aluminum camshaft cover and front cover. These improvements helped reduce noise intensity by 40% compared to the 2.4 L engine and change the noise signature into a higher frequency above 2,000 Hz. The engine also uses a variable-displacement oil pump and an actively controlled thermostat. Direct injection reduces emissions by 25%, while continuous cam phasing eliminates the need for an EGR system. Maximum engine speed is listed at 7000 RPM.

Displacement for the 2.5 L engine is 2,457 cc (149.9 cu in) with an 88.0 millimetres (3.46 in) bore and 100.8 millimetres (3.97 in) stroke. Compression ratio is 11.3:1.

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque	Dyno Chart
2013–present	Cadillac ATS	202 hp (150.69 kW) @ 6300 rpm	191 lbf·ft (259 N·m) @ 4400 rpm	link
2013	Chevrolet Malibu	197 hp (146.96 kW) @ 6300 rpm	191 lbf·ft (259 N·m) @ 4400 rpm
2015–present	Chevrolet Colorado	200 hp (149 kW) @ 6300 rpm	191 lb·ft (259 N·m) @ 4400 rpm	link
	GMC Canyon			link
2016	Chevrolet Malibu Limited [23]
2017	GMC Acadia	194 hp (145 kW) @ 6300 rpm	190 lb·ft (258 N·m) @ 4400 rpm

LKW

Same as the LCV but features Intake Valve Lift Control (IVLC) system provides two-stage variable valve lift in addition to continuous variable timing. Continuously commanded by engine control unit, the valve rocker arm switches between high-lift and low-lift profiles on the camshaft, actuated by an oil control valve through a two-feed stationary hydraulic lash adjuster, allowing for either 4.0 or 10.5 mm lift.^[24] It also features a start-stop system. Maximum engine speed is listed at 7000 RPM.

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque	Dyno Chart
2014–present	Chevrolet Impala	196 hp (146 kW) @ 6300 rpm	186 lb·ft (252 N·m) @ 4400 rpm	link
2014–2015	Chevrolet Malibu	196 hp (146 kW) @ 6300 rpm	186 lb·ft (252 N·m) @ 4400 rpm	link

HCCI

At Tech Show Torino 2008, GM Powertrain Europe announced the ignition-less HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) mode of the direct injection version of 2.2 L engine.^[25] HCCI version is equipped with two-step adjustable valve lift with variable cam phasing and advanced ECU with cylinder pressure sensors, uses lean burn cycle similar to that of a diesel engine, and is claimed to further reduce fuel consumption by 15%.^[26]

See also

• Family 0 engine
• Family 1 engine
• List of GM engines

References

1. http://g5.wrath.org/08_L61.doc. Retrieved 29 July 2014. Missing or empty |title= (help)
2. http://www.gmpowertrain.com/PowertrainFiles/Engine/Stories/10_LE8_n.doc. Retrieved 29 July 2014. Missing or empty |title= (help)
3. "GM engine family goes global". Wards Auto. December 1, 1995. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
4. "L850 MUST SATISFY A WIDE RANGE OF TASTES". autonews.com. August 2, 1999. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
5. Williams, Fred (December 16, 1998). "GM PLANT IN GERMANY TO SHARE TONAWANDA'S L850 ENGINE". Retrieved 13 August 2014.
6. http://archives.media.gm.com/division/2005_prodinfo/powertrain/whats%20new/Ecotec/_2005%20LSJ.doc. Retrieved 16 April 2014. Missing or empty |title= (help)
7. "GM's Ecotec 2.2-Liter 4-Cylinder Engine Delivers". The Auto Channel. Pontiac, Michigan. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
8. http://archives.media.gm.com/division/2005_prodinfo/powertrain/index.html. Retrieved 16 April 2014. Missing or empty |title= (help)
9. "検索結果: 2001年　スバル　トラヴィック　Sパッケージ" [Great Car Pavilion: 2001 Subaru Traviq S-package]. Gazoo.com (in Japanese). Toyota Motor Corporation. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
10. Chris Shunk RSS feed. "GM releases turbo upgrade kit for Solstice GXP, Sky Redline and HHR SS". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 2012-01-24.
11. "Big Power, Small Package". AutoWeek. Retrieved April 4, 2006.
12. "2012 Buick Regal GS rated at 270 hp". Autoweek. 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2012-01-24.
13. http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2012/Jun/0611_turbov.html
14. "2008 Ecotec 2.2L I4 ( L61 )". Retrieved 30 July 2014.
15. http://www.polaris.com/en-us/slingshot
16. "NAIAS 09: 2010 ECOTEC 2.4l SIDI". Gminsidenews.com. Retrieved 2012-01-24.
17. Roth, Dan (2008-12-17). "DI FTW: GM unveils new direct-injection 2.4 L EcoTec and 3.0 L V6". autoblog.com. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
18. "Buick Introduces The All-New 2012 Verano". Media.gm.com. 2011-01-06. Retrieved 2012-01-24.
19. http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2012/Sep/0920_malibu_turbo_eng.html
20. http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2011/Sep/0919_ecotec_25_efficient
21. http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/chevrolet/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2011/Sep/0919_malibu_noise_vibration
22. http://blog.caranddriver.com/gm-to-replace-2-4-liter-fours-with-2-5-liters-across-the-range/
23. http://www.gmfleetorderguide.com/NASApp/domestic/printbook.jsp?year=2016&regionID=1&lang=1&divisionID=3&vehicleID=17805
24. http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2012/Sep/0917_intakevalve.html
25. General Motors Europe (May 2008). "A Look Into the Future of Engines and Transmissions". CONTROLLED AUTO-IGNITION HCCI.
26. "HOMOGENEOUS CHARGE COMPRESSION IGNITION – HCCI". media.gm.com. Retrieved 30 July 2014.

• Larry Webster. "Getting Rid of the H-Word". Car and Driver (May 2000): 93.