Chelyabinsk Oblast

Chelyabinsk Oblast
Челябинская область (Russian)
—  Oblast  —

Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem: Anthem of Chelyabinsk Oblast
Coordinates: 54°32′N 60°20′E / 54.533°N 60.333°E / 54.533; 60.333Coordinates: 54°32′N 60°20′E / 54.533°N 60.333°E / 54.533; 60.333
Political status
Country Russia
Federal district Urals[1]
Economic region Urals[2]
Established January 17, 1934
Administrative center Chelyabinsk
Government (as of January 2014)
 • Governor[3] Boris Dubrovsky (acting)[4]
 • Legislature Legislative Assembly[5]
Statistics
Area (as of the 2002 Census)[6]
 • Total 87,900 km2 (33,900 sq mi)
Area rank 36th
Population (2010 Census)[7]
 • Total 3,476,217
 • Rank 9th
 • Density[8] 39.55/km2 (102.4/sq mi)
 • Urban 82.0%
 • Rural 18.0%
Time zone(s) YEKT (UTC+05:00)[9]
ISO 3166-2 RU-CHE
License plates 74, 174
Official languages Russian[10]
Official website

Chelyabinsk Oblast (Russian: Челя́бинская о́бласть, Chelyabinskaya oblast) is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia in the Ural Mountains region, on the border of Europe and Asia.[11][12][13][14] Its administrative center is the city of Chelyabinsk. Population: 3,476,217 (2010 Census).[7]

History

During the Middle Ages, South Ural was populated by Bashkir tribes that were a part of the Golden Horde, Nogai Horde and smaller Bashkir unions. Since the late 16th century, the area was incorporated into the Tsardom of Russia. Russian colonization of Chelybinsk Oblast started only in the 18th century with the establishment of a system of fortresses and trade posts on the then Russian border under the authority of the Orenburg Expedition (created in 1734). Many cities of Chelyabinsk Oblast, including the city of Chelyabinsk itself, trace their history back to those forts.

In 1743, Chelyabinsk fortress became a center of the Iset Province, a constituent part of the Orenburg Governorate (a direct successor of the Orenburg Expedition) since 1744. 1750-1770s saw the emergence of industrial enterprises in South Ural, when the first factory-centred towns like Miass, Kyshtym and Zlatoust were founded. After South Ural recovered from the Pugachev's Rebellion, lands of the modern day Chelyabisnk Oblast started to attract more people from the European part of Russia. By the mid-19th century, Chelyabinsk was a major trade center of Ural, and after the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway in the 1890s, it became an important transport hub that connected Siberia with the rest of the Russian Empire.

In 1919, eastern parts of the Orenburg Governorate added with Kurgan of the Tobolsk Governorate became a separate Chelyabinsk Governorate making Chelyabinsk a regional capital for the first time. At this time, the population of the new region already exceeded one million people. In 1923, together with Perm, Yekaterinburg and Tyumen governorates it was merged into a single Ural Oblast that lasted less than ten years, until 1934. In January 17, 1934 the Chelyabinsk Oblast was finally established. It took its current shape when the Kurgan Oblast was detached from it in 1943.

Soviet industrialization

During the 1930s, the Chelyabinsk Oblast became one of the hot spots of the first Five-Year Plans. The core enterprises of modern Chelyabinsk economy including Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant and Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant were founded at this time. Since the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the economy of the region started to grow even faster with the evacuation of industries from the western parts of the Soviet Union to Ural and the Chelyabinsk Oblast in particular. During the war, Magnitogorsk produced 1/3 of all Soviet steel, while the city of Chelyabinsk became the main center of Soviet tank production, earning the nickname "Tankograd" (Tank City).

Nuclear research

Chelyabinsk Oblast has been associated with top-secret nuclear research since the 1940s. A number of production reactors were located in Chelyabinsk early in the Cold War. However, there are no nuclear power stations in Chelyabinsk. A serious nuclear accident occurred in 1957 at the Mayak nuclear fuel reprocessing plant, 150 km north-west of the city, which caused deaths in Chelyabinsk Oblast, yet none in the city. The province was closed to all foreigners until 1992 allowing only a British medical team following a two-train rail explosion in the mid-1980s. "Chelyabinsk:The Most Contaminated Spot on the Planet" was a documentary made by Slawomir Grunberg about the unsafe dumping of radioactive waste first in the river Techa, then in Lake Karachay.

Geography

Border of Europe and Asia on the European route E30

Chelyabinsk oblast is on the eastern slope of the Southern Urals. Only a small part of the territory to the west is on the western slopes of the Southern Urals.

The region is situated in the Southern Urals, near Kurgan and Sverdlovsk oblast. The continental boundary between Europe and Asia is mainly done by dividing ridges of the Ural Mountains. Near the station Urzhumka (8 km from Zlatoust), the pass Uraltau, there is a stone pillar. On one of its sides is written "Europe", on the other - "Asia". Zlatoust city, Katav-Ivanovsk and Satka are in Europe. Chelyabinsk, Troitskand Miass are in Asia. Magnitogorsk is in both parts of the world.

The area of the Chelyabinsk oblast is 88,900 km2[15]. The length from the northern border to the southern border is 400 km, whereas it is 490 km from the western border to the eastern border. The total length of the border is 2750 km.

Relief

Chelyabinsk oblast has a very diverse landscape. Within the Chelyabinsk oblast there are various areas including from lowlands, hilly plains and mountain ranges with peaks exceeding 1,000 m like Nurgush mountain (1406 m).

The mountainous area has several ski resorts.

The West Siberian Plain is bounded on the west horizontal (elevation 190 m above sea level), which passes through the village Bagaryak, Kunashak continue through Chelyabinsk - south. Lowland slightly tilted to the northeast, dropping to 130 m at the eastern border region.

Hydrology

Within the region originate numerous rivers belong to the basins of the Kama, Tobol and Ural. Since here, mainly their upper, so they are shallow. Rivers longer than 10 km there in 348, their total length of 10 235 km.

Length of over 100 km are only 17 rivers. And only seven rivers Miass, Uy, Ural, Ay, Ufa, Uvelka, Gumbeyka - are within the scope of a length greater than 200 km.

Chelyabinsk oblast believe - lake edge. The region has more than 3748 lakes, the total floor area of 2125 square meters. km. Most of the lakes located in the north and east of the region.

Lake Itkul
Ridge Zyuratkul Ural mountains, view from the lake Zyuratkul

In the mountain forest zone one of the most notable is the lakes Zyuratkul lying at an altitude of 724 m in the eastern foothills - a group of remarkable beauty of lakes that make up the pride of the South Urals - B.Kisegach, Uvildy, Turgoyak, spruce and others, on the banks which built numerous resorts. The main group of lakes located on Zauralskaya hilly plain and within the West Siberian Plain.

Origin of different lakes. Eastern foothills of the lake have their origin in the tectonics. Water accumulated in tectonic failures (basins). These lakes are distinguished not only for its size, extremely complex outlines the coast, but also its depth, often reaching 30–40 m. Other origin lake-steppe and steppe zones. Most of the largest member of the erosion-tectonic type.

Beautiful scenery of mountain lakes contribute to the development of tourism in the region.

Politics

Seat of the Oblast government in Chelyabinsk

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Chelyabinsk CPSU Committee (who held the most power), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.

The Charter of Chelyabinsk Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The regional parliament, Legislative Assembly of Chelyabinsk Oblast is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.

Administrative divisions

Demographics

Population: 3,476,217 (2010 Census);[7] 3,603,339 (2002 Census);[16] 3,623,732 (1989 Census).[17]

The oblast is highly urbanized.

The 2010 Census counted the following recognized ethnic groups in Chelyabinsk Oblast:[7]

Source:[18]

Vital statistics for 2012

Religion

Religion in Chelyabinsk Oblast (2012)[21][22]

  Russian Orthodox (30.9%)
  Unaffiliated Christian (8%)
  Other Orthodox (5%)
  Muslim (7%)
  Rodnover (1%)
  Hindu (0.4%)
  Spiritual but not religious (29%)
  Atheist (14%)
  Other or undeclared (4.7%)

According to a 2012 official survey[21] 30.9% of the population of Chelyabinsk Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 8% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 5% adheres to other Orthodox Churches; 8% of the population is Muslim, 1% adheres to Slavic Rodnovery (Slavic Neopaganism), and 0.4% to forms of Hinduism (Vedism, Krishnaism or Tantrism). In addition, 29% of the population deems itself to be "spiritual but not religious", 14% is atheist, and 4.7% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.[21]

2013 meteor

Main article: Chelyabinsk meteor

On 15 February 2013, a 10,000 ton meteoroid entered the Earth's atmosphere over Russia at about 09:20 YEKT (03:20 UTC). It passed over the southern Ural region and exploded in an air burst over Chelyabinsk Oblast. About 1,500 people were reported injured, including 311 children. Health officials said 112 people had been hospitalized, mainly by glass from windows shattered by a shock wave; two were reported to be in serious condition. As many as 3,000 buildings in six cities across the region were damaged by the explosion and impacts. The meteor created a dazzling light as it air burst, bright enough to cast shadows during broad daylight in Chelyabinsk.

Vital statistics for 2008

Source:[23]

District (2008) Type Births Deaths NG BR DR NGR
Chelyabinsk Oblast Obl 44931 52625 -7694 12.8 15.0 -0.22%
Urban Areas Obl 34550 41787 -7237 12.1 14.6 -0.25%
Rural Areas Obl 10381 10838 -457 15.9 16.6 -0.07%
Chelyabinsk Urb 12540 14192 -1652 11.5 13.0 -0.15%
Verkhny Ufaley Urb 516 727 -211 13.6 19.1 -0.55%
Zlatoust Urb 2111 2658 -547 11.1 13.9 -0.28%
Karabash Urb 227 262 -35 14.5 16.7 -0.22%
Kopeysk Urb 1737 2476 -739 12.5 17.8 -0.53%
Kyshtym Urb 535 695 -160 12.5 16.2 -0.37%
Lokomotivny Urb 117 41 76 11.8 4.1 0.77%
Magnitogorsk Urb 5276 6112 -836 12.9 14.9 -0.20%
Miass Urb 2289 2559 -270 13.7 15.3 -0.16%
Ozyorsk Urb 912 1312 -400 9.2 13.2 -0.40%
Snezhinsk Urb 544 586 -42 10.8 11.6 -0.08%
Tryokhgorny Urb 402 338 64 11.7 9.8 0.19%
Troitsk Urb 1085 1269 -184 13.2 15.4 -0.22%
Ust-Katav Urb 318 515 -197 11.3 18.2 -0.69%
Chebarkul Urb 550 698 -148 12.7 16.2 -0.35%
Yuzhnouralsk Urb 428 602 -174 11.1 15.6 -0.45%
Agapovsky Rur 649 513 136 18.5 14.6 0.39%
Argayashsky Rur 831 671 160 19.7 15.9 0.38%
Ashinsky Rur 831 1286 -455 12.6 19.5 -0.69%
Bredinsky Rur 485 480 5 15.6 15.4 0.02%
Varnensky Rur 460 453 7 15.9 15.7 0.02%
Verkhneuralsky Rur 575 743 -168 13.6 17.6 -0.40%
Yemanzhelinsky Rur 648 923 -275 12.2 17.3 -0.51%
Yetkulsky Rur 443 466 -23 14.7 15.5 -0.08%
Kartalinsky Rur 702 809 -107 14.1 16.2 -0.21%
Kaslinsky Rur 461 758 -297 12.0 19.7 -0.77%
Katav-Ivanovsky Rur 448 709 -261 12.8 20.2 -0.74%
Kizilsky Rur 432 400 32 16.2 15.0 0.12%
Korkinsky Rur 900 1256 -356 13.8 19.3 -0.55%
Krasnoarmeysky Rur 638 754 -116 14.6 17.3 -0.27%
Kunashaksky Rur 521 549 -28 17.6 18.6 -0.10%
Kusinsk Rur 420 535 -115 13.9 17.7 -0.38%
Nagaybaksky Rur 334 392 -58 15.0 17.7 -0.27%
Nyazepetrovsky Rur 298 433 -135 14.6 21.3 -0.67%
Oktyabrsky Rur 419 398 21 15.6 14.8 0.08%
Plastovsky Rur 450 453 -3 17.2 17.3 -0.01%
Satkinsky Rur 1230 1398 -168 14.2 16.1 -0.19%
Sosnovsky Rur 942 933 9 16.0 15.8 0.02%
Troitsky Rur 529 506 23 17.1 16.3 0.08%
Uvelsky Rur 508 533 -25 16.1 16.9 -0.08%
Uysky Rur 385 387 -2 14.6 14.7 -0.01%
Chebarkulsky Rur 494 538 -44 16.6 18.1 -0.15%
Chesmensky Rur 311 307 4 15.5 15.3 0.02%

See also

References

  1. ↑ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", №20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
  2. ↑ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
  3. ↑ Charter, Article 8.4
  4. ↑ Official website of the Governor of Chelyabinsk Oblast. Boris Alexandrovich Dubrovsky, Acting Governor of Chelyabinsk Oblast
  5. ↑ Charter, Article 8.3-1
  6. ↑ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  8. ↑ The density value was calculated by dividing the population reported by the 2010 Census by the area shown in the "Area" field. Please note that this value may not be accurate as the area specified in the infobox is not necessarily reported for the same year as the population.
  9. ↑ Правительство Российской Федерации. Федеральный закон №107-ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г. «Об исчислении времени», в ред. Федерального закона №248-ФЗ от 05 апреля 2016 г. «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об исчислении времени"». Вступил в силу по истечении шестидесяти дней после дня официального опубликования (6 августа 2011 г.). Опубликован: "Российская газета", №120, 6 июня 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law #248-FZ of April 05, 2016 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication.).
  10. ↑ Official on the whole territory of Russia according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
  11. ↑ http://www.investinrussia.biz/city/chelyabinsk-city/investing-chelyabinsk-city
  12. ↑ http://www.rotobo.or.jp/events/forum/presentation/2-4-05Murzina.pdf
  13. ↑ http://www.investinural.com/EN/Chelyabinsk.html
  14. ↑ http://econom-chelreg.ru/files/ChelReginiPwC.pdf
  15. 1 2 http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936
  16. ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). Retrieved August 9, 2014.
  17. ↑ Demoscope Weekly (1989). "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров" [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
  18. ↑ http://chelstat.gks.ru/digital/region1/2007/Показатели%20%20естественного%20%20движения%20%20населения.htm
  19. ↑ http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/2012/demo/edn12-12.htm
  20. ↑ http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/publications/catalog/doc_1137674209312
  21. 1 2 3 Arena - Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia. Sreda.org
  22. ↑ 2012 Survey Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 24-09-2012.
  23. ↑ http://chelstat.gks.ru/munstat/DocLib1/Forms/AllItems.aspx?RootFolder=/munstat/DocLib1/Демографическая%20статистика%20по%20городским%20округам%20и%20муниципальным%20районам%20области&FolderCTID=&View={34D3BD28-4978-44A2-9153-E090E213B963}

Sources

External links

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