1818 in science

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The year 1818 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy

• January 3 (21:52 UTC) – Venus occults Jupiter, last occultation of one planet by another before 22 November 2

Chemistry

• Louis Jacques Thénard discovers hydrogen peroxide.^[1]

Exploration

• John Ross sets sail in search of the Northwest Passage.

Medicine

• September 25 – In London, Dr James Blundell carries out the first blood transfusion using human blood.^[2]
• Jean Esquirol produces reports urging greater medicalization in the treatment of insanity in France.
• Carl Ferdinand von Graefe publishes his pioneering work on rhinoplasty, Rhinoplastik.

Meteorology

• John Howard begins publication of The Climate of London, the first book on urban climatology in English, presenting new thinking on atmospheric electricity and the causes of precipitation.^[3]
• Alexander Adie patents the sympiesometer.

Physics

• Augustin-Jean Fresnel presents a memoir on diffraction of light to the Académie des Sciences.

Technology

• January 2 – Institution of Civil Engineers inaugurated in London.
• Shipbuilder Thomas Morton of Leith, Scotland, invents the patent slip.
• Robert Stirling builds the first practical version of his Stirling engine.
• First Chubb detector lock produced.^[4]

Publications

• Benjamin Silliman begins publishing the American Journal of Science, concentrating on geology; by the 21st century it will be the longest-running scientific journal issued in the United States.

Awards

• Copley Medal: Robert Seppings

Births

• April 8 – August Wilhelm von Hofmann (died 1892), German chemist.
• May 1 – Lyon Playfair (died 1898), Scottish chemist.
• June 29 – Angelo Secchi (died 1878), Italian astronomer.
• August 1 – Maria Mitchell (died 1889), American astronomer.
• September 27 – Hermann Kolbe (died 1884), German chemist.
• December 24 – James Prescott Joule (died 1889), English physicist.

Deaths

• July 28 – Gaspard Monge (born 1746), French mathematician.
• August 11 – Ivan Petrovich Kulibin (born 1735), Russian inventor.
• Bryan Higgins (born 1741), Irish-born chemist.
• William Jones (born c. 1745), English lepidopterist.

References

1. Thénard, L. J. (1818). "Observations sur des nouvelles combinaisons entre l’oxigène et divers acides". Annales de chimie et de physique. 2nd Series 8: 306–312.
2. Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
3. Burton, Jim (2004). "Howard, Luke (1772–1864)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13928. Retrieved 2011-09-30. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
4. Baren, Maurice (1997). How Household Names Began. London: Michael O'Mara Books. pp. 43–5. ISBN 1-85479-257-1.