1952 Winter Olympics

VI Olympic Winter Games

The emblem is the New Oslo City Hall overlaid by the Olympic rings, and surrounded by the phrase, "The 6th Winter Olympic Games / Oslo 1952".
Host city Oslo, Norway
Nations participating 30
Athletes participating 694
(585 men, 109 women)
Events 22 in 4 sports (8 disciplines)
Opening ceremony February 14
Closing ceremony February 25
Officially opened by Princess Ragnhild
Athlete's Oath Torbjørn Falkanger
Olympic Torch Eigil Nansen
Stadium Bislett Stadion

The 1952 Winter Olympics (Norwegian: Vinter-OL 1952), officially known as the VI Olympic Winter Games (French: Les VIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver), took place in Oslo, Norway, from 14 to 25 February. Discussions about Oslo hosting the Winter Olympic Games began as early as 1935; the city wanted to host the 1948 Games, but World War II made that impossible. Instead, Oslo won the right to host the 1952 Games in a contest that included Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy and Lake Placid in the United States. All of the venues were in Oslo's metropolitan area except for the alpine skiing events, which were held at Norefjell, 113 km (70 mi) from the capital. A new hotel was built for the press and dignitaries, along with three dormitories to house athletes and coaches, creating the first modern athlete's village. The city of Oslo bore the financial burden of hosting the Games in return for the revenue they generated.

The Games attracted 694 athletes representing 30 countries, who participated in four sports and 22 events.[1] Japan and Germany made their returns to winter Olympic competition, after being forced to miss the 1948 Games in the aftermath of World War II. Germany was represented solely by West German athletes because East Germany declined to compete as a unified team. Portugal and New Zealand made their Winter Olympic debuts, and for the first time women were allowed to compete in cross-country skiing.

Norwegian truck driver Hjalmar Andersen won three out of four speed skating events to become the most decorated athlete at the Games. Germany resumed its former prominence in bobsleigh, with wins in the four- and two-man events. Dick Button of the United States performed the first triple jump in international competition to claim his second consecutive men's figure skating Olympic title. The 1952 Games featured one demonstration sport, bandy, but only three Nordic countries competed in the tournament. Norway dominated the overall medal count with 16 medals, seven of them gold. The Games closed with the presentation of a flag that would be passed from one Winter Olympics host city to the next. The flag, which became known as the "Oslo flag", has been displayed in the host city during each subsequent Winter Games.

Host city selection

A map of Norway with Oslo marked in the south east of the country.
Oslo
Location of Oslo in Norway

Oslo had unsuccessfully bid to host the 1936 Winter Olympics, losing to Germany, which had hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics. At that time, the nation that hosted the Summer Olympics also hosted the Winter Olympics.[2] After the 1936 Games, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) decided to award the Winter and Summer Games to different countries, but the Games were suspended during World War II. London hosted the first post-war Games, the 1948 Summer Olympics, and recommended Oslo as the host city for the 1948 Winter Games, but the city council declined.[2] Instead, the 1948 Winter Olympics were held in St. Moritz, Switzerland.[3]

Norwegians were undecided about hosting a Winter Olympics.[4] Culturally, they were opposed to competitive winter sports, particularly skiing events, despite the success of Norwegian athletes at previous Winter Games.[5] But the organizers believed the 1952 Games could be an opportunity to promote national unity and to show the world that Norway had recovered from the war.[6] Vying with Oslo for the right to host the Games were Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, and Lake Placid, United States.[2] The IOC voted to award the 1952 Winter Games to Oslo on 21 June 1947 at the 40th IOC Session in Stockholm, Sweden.[7] Later, Cortina d'Ampezzo was awarded the 1956 Games, and Lake Placid—which had hosted the 1932 Winter Olympics—was chosen to host the 1980 Winter Games. Norway became the first Scandinavian country to host a Winter Olympics,[2] and the 1952 Winter Games were the first to be held in a nation's capital.[1]

Results

1952 Winter Olympics bidding result[8]
City Country Round 1
Oslo Norway Norway 17
Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Italy 9
Lake Placid United States United States 1

Organization

A special committee was assigned to organize the 1952 Games, which consisted of four Norwegian sports officials and four representatives from the municipality of Oslo, including mayor Brynjulf Bull.[7] The committee was in place by December 1947.[9] The city of Oslo funded the Games entirely, in exchange for keeping all the revenue generated.[10] To accommodate the influx of athletes and coaches, quarters for competitors and support staff were designed and constructed, with three new facilities (forerunners of the athlete's villages of later Games) built.[11] The city of Oslo paid to have a new hotel constructed, the Viking, used for IOC delegates, out-of-town dignitaries, and as the communication hub of the Games.[12][13] For the first time in a Winter Games, an indoor ice hockey arena was constructed, which hosted the eight-team tournament.[14][15] Oslo's existing central arena, Bislett Stadium, was used for the opening and closing ceremonies, and for speed skating events. Improvements to the arena included better sound and lighting systems, remodeled club house and press rooms, and the addition of a medical center.[16]

Politics

In the aftermath of the German occupation of Norway during World War II, anti-German sentiment began to affect preparations for the 1952 Olympics.[17] Discussions were held to consider whether Germany should be allowed to participate in the Games.[18] When in 1950, the West German Olympic Committee requested recognition by the IOC, it raised the question of whether their participation would cause political boycotts in the upcoming Games.[19] Once the IOC recognized the West German Olympic Committee, West Germany was then formally invited to compete at the 1952 Winter Games.[20] East Germany was invited to participate with West Germany, as a unified team, but they declined.[21]

At first Norway was reluctant to welcome German athletes and others considered Nazi sympathizers. For example, Norwegian speed skater Finn Hodt was not allowed to compete in the Norwegian speed skating team because he collaborated with the Nazis during the war. Eventually, despite the concern, Norway agreed to allow German and Japanese athletes to compete.[18] The Soviet Union sent no athletes to Oslo, despite being recognized by the IOC. They had intended to enter a team in the ice hockey tournament, but applied too late to join the International Ice Hockey Federation.[22][23]

Events

Medals were awarded in 22 events contested in four sports (eight disciplines).

Opening ceremonies

From the opening ceremony at Bislett Stadion
From the opening ceremony at Bislett Stadium

The opening ceremonies were held in Bislett Stadium on 15 February.[14] King George VI of Great Britain had died on 6 February 1952, eight days before the start of the Games.[24] As a result, all national flags were flown at half-mast, and Princess Ragnhild opened the Games in place of her grandfather, King Haakon VII, who was in London attending the funeral.[25] This was the first time an Olympic Games had been declared open by a woman.[1] The parade of nations was held according to tradition, with Greece first, the rest of the nations proceeding by Norwegian alphabetical order, with the host nation last.[26] The British, Australian, Canadian and New Zealand teams all wore black arm bands at the opening ceremonies in memory of their monarch.[27] After the parade of nations the Olympic flame was lit.[14] On 13 February, at the start of the inaugural Winter Olympics torch relay, the torch was lit in the hearth of the Morgedal House, birthplace of skiing pioneer Sondre Norheim.[1] The torch relay lasted two days and took place entirely on skis.[1][26] At the opening ceremonies the final torch bearer, Eigil Nansen, received the Olympic torch and skied to a flight of stairs where he removed his skis, ascended, and ignited the flame.[28]

The bobsleigh and alpine skiing events were held the day before the opening ceremonies.[29] Competitors in these events were unable to attend the festivities in Oslo; consequently simple opening ceremonies were held at Frognerseteren, site of the bobsleigh events, and Norefjell, site of the alpine skiing events.[30]

Bobsleigh

metallic sled with the word Deutschland 1 emblazoned on the front
The gold medal-winning four-man bobsleigh from Germany

After a 16-year hiatus from the Olympics Germany made a triumphant return to the bobsleigh competition, winning the two- and four-man events.[31] The results for both bobsleigh events were the same, with the United States and Switzerland taking silver and bronze respectively.[31] Fritz Feierabend from Switzerland competed in both the two- and four-man competitions. His two bronze medals were the fourth and fifth in an Olympic career that spanned 16 years and three Olympics.[32] There were no weight restrictions on the bobsleigh athletes, and the average weight for each member of the winning German four-man team was 117 kg (258 lb), which was more than the Olympic heavyweight boxing champion in 1952.[31] Seeing the undue advantage overweight athletes brought to their teams, the International Federation for Bobsleigh and Toboganning instituted a weight limit for future Olympics.[33]

Speed skating

All of the speed skating events were held at Bislett Stadium.[34] Americans Ken Henry and Don McDermott placed first and second in the 500-meter race, but Norwegian truck driver Hjalmar Andersen electrified the partisan crowd by winning the 1,500, 5,000 and 10,000-meter events;[34][35] his margins of victory were the largest in Olympic history.[1] Dutchman Wim van der Voort placed second in the 1,500 meters and his countryman Kees Broekman placed second to Andersen in the 5,000 and 10,000-meter races, becoming the first Olympic speed skating medalists from the Netherlands.[34] Absent from the competition was former world champion Kornél Pajor. The Hungarian-born speed skater had won both long distance races at the World Championships held in Oslo in 1949 and then defected to Sweden,[34] but was unable to obtain Swedish citizenship in time to compete in 1952.[34]

Alpine skiing

Stein Eriksen in the alpine skiing during the Olympics

There were three alpine skiing events on the Olympic program: the slalom, giant slalom and downhill. Both men and women competed in all three events, held at Norefjell and Rødkleiva.[36] The giant slalom made its Olympic debut at the 1952 Games.[37] Austrian skiers dominated the competition, winning seven out of a possible 18 medals, including Othmar Schneider who won gold and silver in the men's slalom and downhill. Norwegian Stein Eriksen won gold in the men's giant slalom and silver in the slalom.[36] Greek slalom skier Antoin Miliordos fell 18 times on his run and crossed the finish line backwards.[38][39][40] American skier Andrea Mead Lawrence was the only double gold medalist, winning the giant slalom and the slalom. She was the first skier from the United States to win two alpine skiing gold medals.[41]

Cross-country skiing

All the cross-country events were held next to the ski jump hill at Holmenkollbakken. As had been the case in 1948 there were three men's events: 18 kilometers, 50 kilometers, and a relay.[42] Added to the Olympic program for the first time was a ten-kilometer race for women.[43] All the cross-country medals were won by Nordic countries, and Finnish skiers won eight of the twelve possible.[42] Lydia Wideman of Finland became the first female Olympic champion in cross-country skiing; her teammates Mirja Hietamies and Siiri Rantanen won silver and bronze respectively. Veikko Hakulinen won the 50-kilometer men's race to begin an Olympic career that would culminate in seven medals, three of them gold.[43] Hallgeir Brenden won the 18-kilometer race and helped Norway take the silver in the 4 × 10-kilometer relay. Brenden went on to win another gold in the men's 15-kilometer race in 1956, and a silver in the relay in 1960.[44]

Nordic combined

The nordic combined event was held at the cross-country and ski jump venues. For the first time, the ski jump part took place first with competitors taking three jumps from the Holmenkollbakken. The 18 km cross country skiing event took place the next day. Results were tallied by the best two marks were scored, along with the results of the cross-country race, to determine a winner.[45] Norwegians Simon Slåttvik and Sverre Stenersen won the gold and bronze respectively.[46] Stenersen went on to win the gold at the 1956 Games in the same event.[47] Heikki Hasu from Finland won the silver, preventing a Norwegian sweep of the medals.[46]

Ski jumping

Crowds in excess of 100,000 greeted the ski jumpers as they competed at Holmenkollbakken.[48] In 1952 there was only one event, the men's normal hill, which was held on 24 February.[49] The King, Prince Harald, and Princess Ragnhild were in attendance.[48] The Norwegian athletes did not disappoint the crowd, as Arnfinn Bergmann and Torbjørn Falkanger placed first and second; Swedish jumper Karl Holmström took the bronze.[50] Norwegian athletes won the ski jumping gold medal in every Winter Olympics from 1924 to 1952.[51]

Figure skating

There were three events in the Olympic figure skating competition: men's singles, women's singles and mixed pairs. The events were held at Bislett Stadium on a rink constructed inside the speed skating track.[52] The collusion of judges to influence results was an emerging trend in the years leading up to the Oslo Games. Between 1949 and 1952 the International Skating Union had banned five judges for attempting to fix scores, although no evidence of wrongdoing was found in the judging of the Olympic competitions.[52]

Dick Button of the United States won the men's singles event. Helmut Seibt of Austria took silver and James Grogan of the United States won bronze.[53] Button became the first figure-skater to land a triple jump in competition when he performed the triple loop in the men's free skate.[54][55] British skater Jeannette Altwegg won the gold medal in the women's singles, the silver was awarded to American Tenley Albright, who went on to win gold at the 1956 Winter Games in Cortina d'Ampezzo,[56] and Jacqueline du Bief of France won the bronze.[57] The German husband and wife pair of Ria and Paul Falk won the mixed pairs competition.[58] They defeated Americans Karol and Peter Kennedy, who placed second,[59] and Hungarian siblings Marianna and László Nagy, who won the bronze medal.[60]

Ice hockey

The jersey of Canada's Edmonton Mercurys, the ice hockey gold medal winners

A majority of the ice hockey matches took place at Jordal Amfi, a new hockey stadium built for the Olympics.[61] Nine teams played in the tournament and Canada again won the gold medal.[62] Canada had won all but one Olympic hockey tournament thus far, but in 1956 the Soviet team began to compete and ended Canadian dominance.[63] Canada was represented by the Edmonton Mercurys, an amateur hockey team sponsored by the owner of a Mercury automobile dealership.[63] Canada played the United States to a three all tie on the final day to clinch the Gold, and assure the Americans of Silver. Norwegian newspaper Dagbladet criticized the result, calling the game, "fixed in advance."[64] Sweden and Czechoslovakia ended up tied for third and played an extra game for the bronze medal, which went to Sweden.[62] The Czechs believed they had already won the Bronze when they defeated the Swedes on the final day, calling the decision to play a tie-breaking game a, "plot of the capitalist countries."[64] Teams from North America were criticized for their rough play; although body checking was legal, it was not often used by European teams, and opponents and spectators alike took a dim view of that style of play.[15][62]

Bandy

The IOC lobbied the organizing committee to host either military patrol or curling as a demonstration sport.[23] The committee instead selected bandy, which had never been included in the Winter Games.[65] Bandy which is popular in nordic countries, is played by teams of eleven on an outdoor soccer field-sized ice rink, using a small ball and sticks about 1.2 m (3.9 ft) long.[66] As it was a demonstration sport, the players were ineligible for medals. Three nations participated: Finland, Norway and Sweden.[67] Each of the three teams won one game and lost one game; with Sweden winning the competition based on number of goals scored, followed by Norway in second place, and Finland in third place. Two of the games were played at Dæhlenenga Stadium and one at Bislett Stadium.[68]

Closing ceremonies

White flag hanging from the ceiling with the five interlocking rings symbolic of the Olympic Games. The rings are each a different color with blue, yellow, black, green, and red.
The "Oslo flag"

At the 1952 Winter Games the closing ceremonies were a distinct program listing, unlike previous Winter Games when the closing ceremonies were held directly after the final event. The closing ceremonies were held in Bislett Stadium, on Monday evening, 25 February.[69] The flag bearers entered the stadium in the same order they followed for the opening ceremonies. That evening four medal ceremonies were also held for the women's cross-country race, the men's cross-country relay, the ski jumping competition, and the ice hockey tournament.[69]

Since 1920, the "Antwerp flag" has been passed from host city to host city during closing ceremonies for the Summer Games.[70] The city of Oslo gave an Olympic flag to establish the same tradition for the Winter Games. Brynjulf Bull, Oslo's mayor, passed the flag to the president of the IOC, Sigfrid Edström, who declared the flag was to pass from host city to host city for future Winter Games. The flag, which came to be known as the "Oslo Flag", has since been preserved in a display case, with the name of every Winter Olympics host city engraved on brass plaques, and is brought to each Winter Games to be displayed. A replica is used during the closing ceremonies.[71]

After the flag ceremony the Olympic flame was extinguished, a special speed skating race was held, and the figure skating competitors gave an exhibition, followed by 40 children dressed in national costumes performing an ice dance.[72] For a finale, to the close the Games, the lights were extinguished and a 20-minute fireworks display lit up the night sky.[72]

Calendar

All dates are in Central European Time (UTC+1)

The official opening ceremonies were held on 15 February, although two smaller ceremonies were held on 14 February to conform with competition schedules.[73] From 15 February until 25 February, the day of the closing ceremonies, at least one event final was held each day.[74]

 OC Opening ceremonies   ● Event competitions  1 Event finals‡  CC Closing ceremonies
February 1952[74] 14
Thu		 15
Fri		 16
Sat		 17
Sun		 18
Mon		 19
Tue		 20
Wed		 21
Thu		 22
Fri		 23
Sat		 24
Sun		 25
Mon		 Events
Ceremonies OC CC
Bobsleigh ●  1 ●  1 2
Ice hockey ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  1 1
Figure skating ●  ●  ●  1 1 1 3
Speed skating 1 1 1 1 4
Alpine skiing 1 1 1 1 1 1 6
Cross-country skiing 1 1 2 4
Nordic combined ●  1 1
Ski jumping 1 1
Bandy† ●  ●  ● 
Total event finals 1 2 2 3 2 2 3 1 2 2 1 1 22
Cumulative total 1 3 5 7 10 12 15 16 18 20 21 22 22

† Bandy was a demonstration sport at the 1952 Winter Games, and no medals were awarded.
‡ The numeral indicates the number of event finals for each sport held that day.

Venues

Holmenkollbakken ski jumping hill during the Olympics

With a seating capacity of 29,000, Bislett Stadium became the centrepiece of the Games. It was the venue for the speed skating events and the figure skating competition. Bislett was large enough for a 400 m (1,300 ft) speed skating track, and a figure skating ice-rink of 30 by 60 m (98 by 197 ft); a snow bank separated the track and the rink.[75] Because Bislett was an outdoor arena, the organizing committee chose Tryvann Stadion and Hamar Stadion as secondary alternative skating venues to be used the case of bad weather.[76] In 1994 Hamar became the venue for the speed skating events at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer.[1]

The Oslo Winter Games were the first to feature an Olympic ice hockey tournament held on artificial ice.[14] A new stadium was built for the hockey tournament in a residential area of eastern Oslo, called Jordal Amfi, which accommodated 10,000 spectators in stands rising steeply from the rink.[77] Twenty-three of the 36 hockey matches were played at Jordal Amfi, with the remaining matches played at Kadettangen, Dælenenga idrettspark, Lillestrøm Stadion and Marienlyst Stadion.[76]

The cross-country races and ski-jump competition were held at Holmenkollbakken, located roughly 8 km (5 mi) from the center of Oslo.[78] The expected number of spectators caused concerns about traffic, so a new road was constructed and the existing thoroughfare widened.[79] Holmenkollbakken was built in 1892 and improvements were needed to meet international standards. The original wood ski-jump was replaced with a concrete tower and jump that was 87 m (285 ft) long.[78] New stands were built to seat 13,000 people, and an area was added at the base of the hill to accommodate 130,000 spectators.[80]

The hills and terrain in the surrounding area met the competitive demands for an elite cross-country ski event. A notice board was posted at the start and finish lines to help spectators monitor the progress of the competitors.[81] The cross-country and nordic combined races began and ended at the base of the ski jump hill. The stands for the ski jump competition had to be removed during the cross-country races; spectators had only a small area from which to watch the races but were allowed on the course to cheer on the competitors.[79]

The alpine skiing events were split between Norefjell and Rødkleiva. The slalom courses were at Rødkleiva, located on the same mountain as Holmenkollen and Frognerseteren. The course had an elevation difference, from start to finish, of 200 m (660 ft) and was 480 m (1,570 ft) in length.[82] A rope tow had to be built to bring the skiers from the bottom to the top of the hill. The downhill race and the giant slalom—which made its Olympic deput in 1952—were held at Norefjell, which was 113 km (70 mi) from Oslo and the only venue located away from the capital city.[13] Work had to be done to make the area suitable for Olympic competition. A bridge across Lake Krøderen was built to help alleviate transportation congestion. A new hotel, two ski lifts, and a new road were also constructed.[82]

There was no permanent bobsleigh run in Norway.[83] Instead the organizers built a temporary course out of snow and ice.[18] This is often wrongly assumed to have been built at Korketrekkeren.[84] From Frognerseteren a separate1,508 m (4,948 ft) long, thirteen-turn course was designed and built.[85] The bobsleigh run was first constructed and tested in 1951, then rebuilt for the Games in 1952.[18] A car was used to return the bobsleighs to the start of the track.[86]

Participating nations

Thirty nations sent competitors, which was the highest number of participants at a Winter Games.[14] New Zealand and Portugal took part in the Winter Olympic Games for the first time. Australia, Germany, and Japan returned after a 16-year absence. South Korea, Liechtenstein, and Turkey competed in 1948 but did not participate in the 1952 Games.

Medal count

These are the nations that topped the medal count at the 1952 Winter Games.[14]

 Rank  Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total
1 Norway (host nation)73616
2 United States46111
3 Finland3429
4 Germany3227
5 Austria2428
6 Canada1012
Italy1012
8 Great Britain1001
9 Netherlands0303
10 Sweden0044
11 Switzerland0022
12 France0011
Hungary0011
Total22222367

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Oslo 1952". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Findling and Pelle (1996), p. 252
  3. ↑ "St. Moritz, 1948". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
  4. ↑ Klausen (1999), p. 28
  5. ↑ Klausen (1999), pp. 28–29
  6. ↑ Klausen (1999), p. 29
  7. 1 2 Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 20
  8. ↑ "Past Olympic host city election results". GamesBids. Archived from the original on 17 March 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
  9. ↑ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 21
  10. ↑ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 57
  11. ↑ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 23
  12. ↑ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 42–43
  13. 1 2 Ringstad, J. (1995). "Telecommunications for the VI Olympic Winter Games, Oslo 1952" (PDF). Telektronikk (Telenor) 91 (1): 71–77. ISSN 0085-7130. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 29 August 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
  15. 1 2 Findling and Pelle (1996), p. 256
  16. ↑ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 29–30
  17. ↑ Tønnesson, Øyvind (21 August 2001). "With Fascism on the Doorstep: The Nobel Institution in Norway, 1940–1945". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Findling and Pelle (1996), p. 254
  19. ↑ Espy (1981), p. 32
  20. ↑ Hill (1992), p. 34
  21. ↑ Hill (1992), p. 35
  22. ↑ Findling and Pelle (1996), pp. 254–255
  23. 1 2 Findling and Pelle (1996), p. 255
  24. ↑ "1952: King George VI dies in his sleep". BBC. 6 February 1952. Archived from the original on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
  25. ↑ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 175
  26. 1 2 Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 176
  27. ↑ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 178
  28. ↑ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 177
  29. ↑ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 172
  30. ↑ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 180
  31. 1 2 3 "Bobsleigh at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  32. ↑ "Fritz Feierabend". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
  33. ↑ Findling and Pelle (1996), pp. 255–256
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 "Speed Skating at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  35. ↑ "Speed Skating History". National Speed Skating Museum. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  36. 1 2 "Alpine Skiing at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 September 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  37. ↑ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 37
  38. ↑ Wallechinsky, David (1984). The complete book of the Olympics. Viking Press. p. 604. ISBN 0-670-23403-6.
  39. ↑ Connor, Floyd (2001). Olympic's Most Wanted: The Top 10 Book of the Olympics' Gold Medal Gaffes, Improbable Triumphs, and Other Oddities. Brassey's. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-57488-413-5.
  40. ↑ Bainbridge, Jim (5 February 2002). "A Record Unlikely Ever to Be Broken". The Gazette. Archived from the original on 6 February 2002. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  41. ↑ "2002 Vermont Ski Museum Hall of Fame Induction". Vermont Ski and Snowboard Museum. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  42. 1 2 "Cross Country Skiing at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  43. 1 2 Judd (2008), p. 27
  44. ↑ "Hallgeir Brenden". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  45. ↑ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 203
  46. 1 2 "Nordic Combined at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  47. ↑ "Sverre Stenersen". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  48. 1 2 Organising committee for VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 207
  49. ↑ Organising committee for VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 206
  50. ↑ "Ski Jumping at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  51. ↑ Judd (2008), p. 230
  52. 1 2 "Figure Skating at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  53. ↑ "Figure Skating at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games-Men's Singles". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  54. ↑ "Oslo 1952-Overview". ESPN. Archived from the original on 31 July 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  55. ↑ Judd (2008), p. 95
  56. ↑ "Dr. Tenley E. Albright". National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
  57. ↑ "Figure Skating at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games-Women's Singles". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  58. ↑ "Germany Figure Skating at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  59. ↑ "United States Figure Skating at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  60. ↑ "Hungary Figure Skating at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  61. ↑ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 41
  62. 1 2 3 "Ice Hockey at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sport Reference LLC. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  63. 1 2 "1952 – Winter Olympics VI (Oslo, Norway)". The Sports Network (TSN). Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
  64. 1 2 "Jeux Olympiques d'Oslo 1952". Passionhockey.com. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
  65. ↑ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 215
  66. ↑ "What is Bandy". American Bandy Association. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  67. ↑ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 147
  68. ↑ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p.216
  69. 1 2 Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 182–183
  70. ↑ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 187
  71. ↑ "The Olympic Flag and Emblem". The Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  72. 1 2 Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 184–185
  73. ↑ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 180–181
  74. 1 2 Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 75
  75. ↑ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 28
  76. 1 2 Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 31–32
  77. ↑ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 30–31
  78. 1 2 Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 32
  79. 1 2 Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 34
  80. ↑ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 32–33
  81. ↑ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 35
  82. 1 2 Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 35–37
  83. ↑ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 38
  84. ↑ "Bobsleighbanen". Markadatabasen. Oslo, Norway. 1952. Archived from the original on 2016-04-04.
  85. ↑ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 39
  86. ↑ "Bobsleighbanen fra OL i 1952". Markadatabasen. Archived from the original on 2015-07-21.

References

External links

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Preceded by
St. Moritz		 Winter Olympics
Oslo
IV Olympic Winter Games (1952) 		Succeeded by
Cortina D'Ampezzo

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