List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games

Flagbearers for each of the participating nations at the I Olympic Winter Games (1924) recite the athlete's oath.

This is a list of nations, as represented by National Olympic Committees (NOCs), that have participated in the Winter Olympic Games between 1924 and 2014. The Winter Olympic Games have been held every four years (once during each Olympiad) since 1924, except for the cancelled Games of 1940 and 1944, and in 1994 when the Winter Games were moved to the middle of the Olympiad, two years after the previous Games. 119 NOCs (110 of the current 204 NOCs and 9 obsolete NOCs) have participated in at least one Winter Games, and twelve nations (Austria, Canada, Finland, France, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States) have participated in all twenty-two Winter Games to date. Including continuity from Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic and Slovakia have also been represented in every edition.

History

Origin and early Games

The first winter sport to be contested at the modern Olympic Games was figure skating at the 1908 Games in London. A total of 21 skaters from six countries (Argentina, Germany, Great Britain, Sweden, Russia, and the United States) competed in four events on October 28–29.^[1] Skating was not in the program of the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, but returned for the 1920 Games in Antwerp. Ice hockey was also part of the 1920 program of events, with seven teams competing.^[2]

The first Winter Games were held in 1924, in Chamonix, France. They were originally called International Winter Sports Week and held in association with the 1924 Summer Olympics, but were in retrospect designated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as the I Olympic Winter Games.^[3] Sixteen nations participated in these Games: fourteen from Europe and two from North America.^[4] Four years later, 25 nations were represented at the 1928 Winter Olympics, in St. Moritz, Switzerland, including Argentina (the first nation from the Southern Hemisphere), Japan (the first Asian nation), and Mexico.^[5] Participation in the 1932 Games, held in Lake Placid, United States, during the Great Depression, was reduced to 17 nations.^[6] The 1936 Winter Games, in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, had 28 participating nations, the largest number to that date.^[7] These would be the last Winter Games for twelve years, as the planned 1940 Games and 1944 Games were cancelled due to World War II.^[8]

Post-war years and Cold War era

After the war, 28 nations would return to St. Moritz for the 1948 Winter Olympics, but not Germany or Japan, who were not invited because of their roles in the war.^[9] The 1952 Winter Games in Oslo, Norway, featured 30 participating nations.^[10] The 1956 Games in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, marked the Winter Games debut of the Soviet Union, along with 31 other nations.^[11] The NOCs of East Germany and West Germany would be represented by a single German team, an arrangement that would continue until 1964.^[12] Thirty nations would participate at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, United States,^[13] including South Africa, the first African nation to participate in the Winter Games. Thirty-six nations were represented in Innsbruck, Austria, in 1964.^[14]

The 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France, marked the first time that East Germany and West Germany competed as independent teams, two of the 37 nations that took part.^[15] The Games of 1972 were held in Sapporo, Japan, the first time the Winter Games were held outside of Europe or the United States. A total of 35 nations were represented, including the Philippines, the first appearance by a southeast Asian nation.^[16] The Winter Games returned to Innsbruck, in 1976, with 37 participating nations.^[17]

Lake Placid was once again the site of the Winter Games, in 1980, with 37 competing nations.^[18] The People's Republic of China made their Olympic debut but, in response, the Republic of China boycotted the Games, after participating in 1972 and 1976. Sarajevo, SFR Yugoslavia was host to the 1984 Winter Olympics, which welcomed 49 nations.^[19] Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands were the first two Caribbean NOCs to compete in the Winter Games. Several more tropical nations would participate at the 1988 Winter Olympics, in Calgary, Canada, including the famed Jamaican Bobsled Team.^[20]

Recent Games

The post-Cold War events of the early 1990s led to a large increase in participating nations at the Olympics. At the 1992 Games, in Albertville, France, a total of 64 NOCs were represented, including a single Germany team—following the German reunification in 1990—and a Unified Team composed of six of the ex-republics of the Soviet Union.^[21] The Baltic states competed independently for the first time since 1936, and some of the ex-Yugoslav nations started to compete independently in 1992.

In October 1986, the IOC had voted to hold the Olympic Winter Games half-way through the four-year Olympiad, rather than in the same year as the summer Games,^[22] and this change started with the XVIIth Olympic Winter Games in 1994 in Lillehammer, Norway. A total of 67 nations took part, including the Czech Republic and Slovakia as independent teams, and each of the ex-Soviet nations.^[23]

The Winter Games have continued to grow in the recent past, with 72 nations at the 1998 Winter Olympics, in Nagano, Japan,^[24] 77 nations at the 2002 Winter Olympics, in Salt Lake City, United States,^[25] 80 nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics, in Turin, Italy,^[26] 82 nations at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada,^[27] and a record 88 nations at the 2014 Games in Sochi, Russia.^[28]

List of nations

Description

This list includes 119 NOCs (110 of the current 204 NOCs and 9 obsolete NOCs),^[29] arranged alphabetically. The three-letter country code is also listed for each NOC. Since the 1960s, these codes have been frequently used by the IOC and each Games organizing committee to identify NOCs, such as within the official report of each Games.^[30]

Several nations have changed during their Olympic history; these are explained by footnotes linked within the table itself. Name changes due to geographical renaming are explained by footnotes after the nation's name, and other changes are explained by links within the table itself. A select number of historical nations are also included in the table to more clearly illustrate past Olympic appearances for their successor nations:

Soviet Union — competed as Unified Team at the 1992 Games, now represented by fifteen successor NOCs, fourteen of which have competed in the Winter Games
East Germany, West Germany — participated as two distinct teams for six Olympiads, but also together as a United Team of Germany for three Olympiads
Czechoslovakia — now represented by two successor NOCs
Yugoslavia — now represented by six successor NOCs, all of which have competed in the Winter Games
Serbia and Montenegro — now represented by two separate NOCs
Netherlands Antilles — dissolved in 2010

Table legend

24		In the table headings, indicates the Games year, from 1924 through 2014
•		Participated in the specified Games
H		Host nation for the specified Games
^[A]		Additional explanatory comments at the linked footnote
		The planned Games of 1940 and 1944 were cancelled due to World War II
		NOC superseded or preceded by other NOC(s) during these years

Alphabetical list

Contents:		A B C D E F G H I J K L M N P R S T U V Y Z Total

A

Nation	Code	24	28	32	36	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Albania	ALB																				•	•	•	3
Algeria	ALG																•				•	•		3
American Samoa	ASA																	•						1
Andorra	AND												•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	11
Argentina	ARG		•			•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	18
Armenia	ARM	see Soviet Union															^EUN	•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Australia	AUS				•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	18
Austria	AUT	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	22
Azerbaijan	AZE	see Soviet Union																	•	•	•	•	•	5

B

Nation	Code	24	28	32	36	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Belarus	BLR	see Soviet Union															^EUN	•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Belgium	BEL	•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	20
Bermuda	BER																•	•	•	•	•	•	•	7
Bolivia	BOL							•						•	•	•	•							5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	BIH	see Yugoslavia																•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Brazil	BRA																•	•	•	•	•	•	•	7
British Virgin Islands	IVB														•								•	2
Bulgaria	BUL				•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	19

C

Nation	Code	24	28	32	36	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Cameroon	CMR																			•				1
Canada	CAN	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	22
Cayman Islands	CAY																					•	•	2
Chile	CHI					•	•	•	•	•	•		•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	16
China, People's Republic of	CHN													•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	10
Chinese Taipei^TPE[›]	TPE											•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	11
Colombia	COL																					•		1
Costa Rica	CRC													•	•	•	•			•^[C]	•			6
Croatia	CRO	see Yugoslavia															•	•	•	•	•	•	•	7
Cyprus	CYP													•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	10
Czech Republic	CZE	see Czechoslovakia																•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Czechoslovakia^TCH[›]	TCH	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•							16

D

Nation	Code	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Denmark	DEN							•	•		•	•	•					•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	13
Dominica	DMA																								•	1

E

Nation	Code	24	28	36	48	84	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Egypt	EGY					•								1
Estonia	EST	^[A]	•	•	see Soviet Union		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	9
Ethiopia	ETH										•	•		2

F

Nation	Code	24	28	32	36	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Fiji	FIJ															•		•		•				3
Finland	FIN	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	22
France	FRA	H	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	•	22

G

Nation	Code	24	28	32	36	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Georgia	GEO	see Soviet Union																•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Germany^GER[›]	GER		•	•	H		•										•	•	•	•	•	•	•	11
East Germany^GER[›]	GDR							see EUA			•	•	•	•	•	•								6
West Germany^GER[›]	FRG							see EUA			•	•	•	•	•	•								6
Unified Team of Germany^GER[›]	EUA							•	•	•														3
Ghana	GHA																					•		1
Great Britain	GBR	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	22
Greece	GRE				•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	18
Guam	GUM															•								1
Guatemala	GUA															•								1

H

Nation	Code	24	28	32	36	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Honduras	HON																•							1
Hong Kong	HKG																			•	•	•	•	4
Hungary	HUN	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	22

I

Nation	Code	24	28	32	36	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Iceland	ISL					•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	17
India	IND									•	•					•	•		•	•	•	•	•^[D]	9
Iran	IRI							•		•	•	•	•						•	•	•	•	•	10
Ireland	IRL																•		•	•	•	•	•	6
Israel	ISR																	•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Italy	ITA	•	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	22

J

Nation	Code	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Jamaica	JAM																	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	7
Japan	JPN		•	•	•				•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	20

K

Nation	Code	24	48	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Kazakhstan	KAZ	see Soviet Union											^EUN	•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Kenya	KEN														•	•	•			3
North Korea	PRK					•		•			•	•	•		•		•	•		8
South Korea	KOR		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	17
Kyrgyzstan	KGZ	see Soviet Union												•	•	•	•	•	•	6

L

Nation	Code	24	28	36	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Latvia	LAT	•	•	•	see Soviet Union											•	•	•	•	•	•	•	10
Lebanon	LIB				•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	16
Liechtenstein	LIE			•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	18
Lithuania	LTU		•		see Soviet Union											•	•	•	•	•	•	•	8
Luxembourg	LUX		•	•											•	•	•	•		•		•	8

M

Nation	Code	24	28	48	64	68	72	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Macedonia	MKD	see Yugoslavia											•	•	•	•	•	5
Madagascar	MAD														•			1
Malta	MLT																•	1
Mexico	MEX		•						•	•	•	•		•		•	•	8
Moldova	MDA	see Romania		see Soviet Union								•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Monaco	MON								•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	9
Mongolia	MGL				•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	13
Montenegro	MNE	see Yugoslavia										see SCG				•	•	2
Morocco	MAR					•			•	•	•					•	•	6

N

Nation	Code	24	28	32	36	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Nepal	NEP																			•	•	•	•	4
Netherlands	NED		•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	20
Netherlands Antilles^AHO[›]	AHO															•	•							2
New Zealand	NZL						•		•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	15
Norway	NOR	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	22

P

Nation	Code	24	28	32	36	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Pakistan	PAK																					•	•	2
Paraguay	PAR																						•	1
Peru	PER																					•	•	2
Philippines	PHI											•				•	•						•	4
Poland	POL	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	22
Portugal	POR						•									•		•	•		•	•	•	7
Puerto Rico	PUR														•	•	•	•	•	•				6

R

Nation	Code	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Romania	ROU		•	•	•			•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	20
Russia	RUS	see Soviet Union																	^EUN	•	•	•	•	•	H	6

S

Nation	Code	24	28	32	36	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
San Marino	SMR												•		•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	9
Senegal	SEN														•		•	•			•	•		5
Serbia	SRB	see Yugoslavia																see SCG				•	•	2
Serbia and Montenegro^SCG[›]	SCG	see Yugoslavia																	•	•	•			3
Slovakia	SVK	see Czechoslovakia																•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Slovenia	SLO	see Yugoslavia															•	•	•	•	•	•	•	7
South Africa	RSA								•									•	•	•	•	•		6
Soviet Union^URS[›]	URS							•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	^EUN							9
Unified Team^EUN[›]	EUN																•							1
Spain	ESP				•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	19
Swaziland	SWZ																•							1
Sweden	SWE	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	22
Switzerland	SUI	•	H	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	22

T

Nation	Code	24	36	48	56	60	64	68	76	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Tajikistan	TJK	see Soviet Union													•	•	•	•	4
Thailand	THA														•	•		•	3
Timor-Leste	TLS																	•	1
Togo	TOG																	•	1
Tonga	TGA																	•	1
Trinidad and Tobago	TRI												•	•	•				3
Turkey	TUR		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	16

U

Nation	Code	24	28	32	36	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Ukraine	UKR	see Soviet Union															^EUN	•	•	•	•	•	•	6
United States	USA	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	22
Uruguay	URU																		•					1
Uzbekistan	UZB	see Soviet Union															^EUN	•	•	•	•	•	•	6

V

Nation	Code	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Venezuela	VEN																				•	•	•		•	4
Virgin Islands	ISV																	•	•	•	•	•	•^[B]		•	7

Y

Nation	Code	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Yugoslavia^YUG[›]	YUG	•	•		•			•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•							14

Z

Nation	Code	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Zimbabwe	ZIM																								•	1

Total

Year	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
NOCs number	16	25	17	28			28	30	32	30	36	37	35	37	37	49	57	64	67	72	78	80	82	88	1025

Notes

Obsolete nations notes

^ TCH: Czechoslovakia competed in 1920–1992, from 1994 represented by successor NOCs of Czech Republic (CZE) and Slovakia (SVK).
^ GER: (^GDR, ^FRG, ^EUA): For the Games of 1956–1964, Germany participated as a Unified Team, representing the National Olympic Committees of both West Germany and East Germany.^[12] Retrospectively, the IOC uses the country code EUA for this team.^[31] After the NOC for the German Democratic Republic was granted full recognition by the IOC in 1968, East Germany competed as an independent team.^[32]
^ AHO: The NOC of the Netherlands Antilles was recognized by the IOC from 1950 until 2011 upon the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles.^[33]
^ SCG: The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, consisting of the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro, was reconstituted as the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro in 2003. At the 1998^[24] and 2002^[25] Games, the nation was still designated Yugoslavia (YUG). The Serbia and Montenegro designation and SCG code were first used at the Winter Games in 2006.^[26]
^ URS: Soviet Union competed in 1920–1992, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 represented by fifteen successor NOCs.
^ EUN: After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, nine of the fifteen ex-republics of the Soviet Union were represented at the 1992 Winter Olympics. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania participated as independent teams, and Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan participated as a combined Unified Team (EUN).^[21]
^ YUG: The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (officially the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes until 1929) participated as Yugoslavia in three Games before the Second World War. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia also participated using the Yugoslavia designation, for all but one Games between 1948–1992, and hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo.^[19] For participation by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, see Serbia and Montenegro (SCG).

Name changes notes

^ TPE: The Chinese Taipei was designated Republic of China (ROC) in 1972^[16] and 1976.^[17] In 1979, the IOC started to use Chinese Taipei to refer to this NOC, a compromise that was acceptable for the People's Republic of China to start participating in the Olympic Games.^[34]^[35]

Participation notes

^{^} A single speed skater from Estonia registered for the 1924 Winter Olympics and carried the flag in the opening ceremonies, but did not compete.^[4]
^{^} Anne Abernathy was the lone competitor from the Virgin Islands at the 2006 Winter Olympics, but withdrew from the women's luge event after injuring herself during a practice run.^[36]
^{^} Costa Rica did not take part in the Opening Ceremony of the 2002 Winter Olympics, but its athletes did compete; 78 nations participated in the 2002 Games, however the IOC web site states that 77 nations participated, probably erroneously not counting Costa Rica.^[37]
^{^} India's athletes originally competed as Independent Olympic Participants and marched under the Olympic Flag during the opening ceremony due to the Indian Olympic Association's suspension. On February 11, the Indian Olympic Association was reinstated and India's athletes were allowed the option to compete under their own flag from that that time onward.^[38]

References

↑ Cook, Theodore Andrea (May 1909). The Fourth Olympiad London 1908 Official Report (PDF). London: British Olympic Association. pp. 284–295. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
↑ Olympic Games Antwerp 1920 — Official Report (PDF) (in French). Belgian Olympic Committee. 1957. pp. 144, 168–170. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
↑ "Decisions taken by the Technical Congress at Prague" (PDF). Official Bulletin of the International Olympic Committee (PDF) (Lausanne: International Olympic Committee) (1): 17. January 1926. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
1 2 (ed.) M. Avé, Comité Olympique Français. Les Jeux de la VIII^e Olympiade Paris 1924 - Rapport Officiel (PDF) (in French). Paris: Librairie de France. p. 669. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
↑ Comité Olympique Suisse (1928). Rapport Général du Comité Exécutif des II^mes Jeux Olympiques d'hiver (PDF) (in French). Lausanne: Imprimerie du Léman. p. 7. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
↑ (ed.) George Lattimer (1932). Official Report III Olympic Winter Games Lake Placid 1932 (PDF). pp. 70–72, 270. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
↑ (ed.) Peter von le Fort (1936). IV. Olympische Winterspiele 1936 Amtlicher Bericht (PDF) (in German). Berlin: Reichssportverlag. p. 272. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
↑ (ed.) Carl Diem (January 1940). "The Fifth Olympic Winter Games Will Not Be Held" (PDF). Olympic Review (PDF) (Berlin: International Olympic Institute) (8): 8–10. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
↑ Comité Olympique Suisse (January 1951). Rapport Général sur les V^es Jeux Olympiques d'hiver St-Moritz 1948 (PDF) (in French). Lausanne: H. Jaunin. p. 11. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
↑ (ed.) Rolf Petersen (1952). The Official Report of the Organising Committee of the VIth Winter Olympic Games 1952 at Oslo (PDF). Oslo. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
↑ VII Olympic Winter Games Cortina d'Ampezzo 1956 Official Report (PDF). Rome: Società Grafica Romana. p. 70. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
1 2 (ed.) Berlioux, Monique (July–August 1975). "The Federal Republic of Germany and Olympism" (PDF). Olympic Review (Lausanne: International Olympic Committee) (93–94): 290–306. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
↑ (ed.) Robert Rubin. VIII Olympic Winter Games Squaw Valley California 1960 Final Report (PDF). California Olympic Commission. p. 92. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
↑ (ed.) Friedl Wolfgang and Bertl Neumann (1967). Offizieller Bericht der IX. Olympischen Winterspiele Innsbruck 1964 (PDF) (in German). Vienna, Munich: Österreichischer Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst. p. 51. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
↑ Xth Winter Olympic Games Official Report (PDF). Comité d'Organisation des xèmes Jeux Olympiques d'Hiver de Grenoble. 1969. p. 399. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
1 2 The Official Report of XIth Winter Olympic Games, Sapporo 1972 (PDF). The Organizing Committee for the Sapporo Olympic Winter Games. 1973. pp. 228–229. ISBN 0-900315-05-9. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
1 2 (ed.) Bertl Neumann. XII.Olympische Winterspiele Innsbruck 1976 Final Report (PDF). Organizing Committee for the XIIth Winter Olympic Games 1976 at Innsbruck. p. 163. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
↑ Final Report XIII Olympic Winter Games (PDF). Ed Lewi Associates. 1980. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
1 2 Official Report of the Organising Committee of the XlVth Winter Olympic Games 1984 at Sarajevo (PDF). Sarajevo: Oslobodenje. 1984. pp. 89–90. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
↑ (ed.) Rodney Chapman (1988). XV Olympic Winter Games Official Report (PDF). Calgary Olympic Development Association. pp. 621–645. ISBN 0-921060-26-2. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
1 2 (ed.) Claudie Blanc, Jean-Marc Eysseric (1992). "Results". Official Report of the XVI Winter Olympic Games of Albertville and Savoie (PDF). Albertville, France: Comité d'organisation des XVIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver d'Albertville et de la Savoie. p. 3. ISBN 2-9507109-0-5. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
↑ (ed.) Gafner, Raymond (November–December 1986). "Decisions of the 91st IOC Session" (PDF). Olympic Review (Lausanne: International Olympic Committee) (229–230): 651. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
↑ "Volume IV". Official Report of the XVII Olympic Winter Games (PDF). 1994. p. 63. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
1 2 (ed.) Shinano Mainichi Shimbun (1998). "Volume Three Competition Results and Participants". The XVIII Olympic Winter Games Official Report (PDF). The Organizing Committee for the XVIII Olympic Winter Games, Nagano 1998. p. 12. ISBN 4-7840-9827-5. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
1 2 Official Report of the XIX Olympic Winter Games (PDF). Salt Lake Organizing Committee. 2002. ISBN 0-9717961-0-6. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
1 2 Torino 2006 - XX Olympic Winter Games (PDF). Retrieved 2014-02-02.
↑ Vancouver 2010 - Staging the Olympic Winter Games Knowledge Report (PDF). Retrieved 2014-02-02.
↑ "Record 88 nations to participate in Winter Games". Global News (Sochi, Russia). Associated Press. 2 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
↑ "National Olympic Committees". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
↑ Mallon, Bill; Karlsson, Ove (May 2004). "IOC and OCOG Abbreviations for NOCs" (PDF). Journal of Olympic History 12 (2): 25–28. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
↑ "Olympic Medal Winners". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
↑ (ed.) Berlioux, Monique (September–October 1975). "The German Democratic Republic and Olympism" (PDF). Olympic Review (Lausanne: International Olympic Committee) (95–96): 362–377. Retrieved 2008-03-13.
↑ "Curtain comes down on 123rd IOC Session". Olympic.org.
↑ (ed.) Berlioux, Monique (August–September 1983). "China and Olympism" (PDF). Olympic Review (Lausanne: International Olympic Committee) (190–191): 583–592. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
↑ Chan, Gerald (Autumn 1985). "The "Two-Chinas" Problem and the Olympic Formula". Pacific Affairs (Vancouver: University of British Columbia) 58 (3): 473–490. doi:10.2307/2759241. JSTOR 2759241.
↑ "Olympics: 'Grandma Luge' crashes out". CNN.com. 2006-02-13. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
↑ "Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
↑ "IOC Executive Board lifts suspension of NOC of India". Retrieved 11 February 2014.

External links

Olympic Games. International Olympic Committee
Olympic Review and Revue Olympique. LA84 Foundation
Official Reports. LA84 Foundation

Olympic Games

Bids Ceremonies Charter Colonialism Diploma Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Scandals Special medals Sports Symbols Torch relays Venues Women WWI deaths

Summer Games	1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 (n/h) 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 (n/h) 1944 (n/h) 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 2028

Winter Games	1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1940 (n/h) 1944 (n/h) 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026

Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games

Nations that have competed at the Olympic Games

Participated at the Summer Olympic Games • Participated at the Winter Olympic Games • Tropical nations at the Winter Olympics

Africa	Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo DR Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe

Americas	Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bolivia Brazil British Virgin Islands Canada Summer Winter Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Virgin Islands

Asia	Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Chinese Taipei Tajikistan Thailand Timor‑Leste Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen

Europe	Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Summer Winter Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel¹ Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine

Oceania	American Samoa Australia Winter Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu

Other	Independent Olympians

Historical	Australasia Bohemia British West Indies Republic of China Czechoslovakia East Germany Mixed teams Netherlands Antilles North Borneo North Yemen Russian Empire Saar Serbia and Montenegro South Yemen Soviet Union Unified Team Unified Team of Germany West Germany Yugoslavia

¹ Israel has been a member of the European Olympic Committees (EOC) since 1994.

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Sunday, March 20, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.