1976 Formula One season
| 1976 FIA Formula One World Championship |
|||
| Drivers' Champion: James Hunt Constructors' Champion: Ferrari | |||
| Previous: | 1975 | Next: | 1977 |
The 1976 Formula One season was the 27th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1976 World Championship of F1 Drivers[1] and the 1976 International Cup for F1 Manufacturers[2] which were contested concurrently over a sixteen race series which commenced on 25 January and ended on 24 October. The season also included two non-championship races for Formula One cars.
In an extraordinarily political season the World Championship went to McLaren driver James Hunt by one point from Ferrari's defending champion Niki Lauda, although Ferrari took the International Cup for F1 Manufacturers. Hunt had moved from the Hesketh team to McLaren, taking the place of dual World Champion Emerson Fittipaldi who had moved to drive for his brother Wilson's Fittipaldi Automotive team for the season.
The controversy began in Spain where Hunt was initially disqualified from first place, giving the race to Lauda, only for the decision to be overturned on appeal months later. The six-wheeled Tyrrell P34 confounded the skeptics by winning in Sweden, with Lauda third and Hunt fifth.
Hunt won in France and, it seemed, in Britain, but the race had been restarted after a first lap pile-up and Hunt drove on an access road returning to the pits, which was against the rules. He was eventually disqualified after an appeal from Ferrari. Lauda became the official race winner.
Lauda then crashed heavily in West Germany and appeared likely to die from his injuries. Hunt won the race and finished fourth to John Watson's Penske (the team's only win) in Austria. Miraculously, Lauda returned to finish fourth in Italy, where Hunt, Jochen Mass and Watson were relegated to the back of the grid for infringements of the regulations.
Hunt won in Canada and in the US but Lauda took third to lead Hunt by three points going into the final race in Japan. In appalling weather conditions Mario Andretti won, Lauda withdrew because of the hazardous conditions, and Hunt eventually finished third to take the title.
Chris Amon, drove his last grand prix in Germany, failing to win a single championship race. The 1976 Wolf-Williams cars were originally Heskeths, and Williams had left the team by September.
The 2013 film Rush is based on this season, focusing on the rivalry and friendship between James Hunt and Niki Lauda.
Teams and drivers
The following teams and drivers contested the 1976 World Championship of F1 Drivers and the 1976 International Cup for F1 Manufacturers.
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Season report
Race 1: Brazil
For the opening round of the season in Brazil at the 5-mile Interlagos circuit in São Paulo, James Hunt took pole position in his McLaren with reigning World Champion Niki Lauda alongside in his Ferrari (which set the tone for the season). Clay Regazzoni in the second Ferrari took the lead at the start. Regazzoni, Lauda, Hunt and Shadow's Jean-Pierre Jarier battled. Regazzoni and Jarier collided, and the former had to pit for repairs. Lauda now led from Hunt and Jarier, but Hunt crashed out due to a sticking throttle, and Jarier did the same a lap later after driving on some oil in the track. Lauda thus started his title defence with victory, with Patrick Depailler second in the Tyrrell, and Tom Pryce completing the podium in the other Shadow.
Race 2: South Africa
At the Kyalami circuit near Johannesburg, Hunt took pole position for the second time in two races, with Lauda alongside again. It was Lauda who led into the first corner, with Hunt dropping down to fourth behind McLaren teammate Jochen Mass and Vittorio Brambilla in his March. Hunt was waved through by Mass, and passed Brambilla to take second after five laps. Lauda led from start to finish to win again, with Hunt second and Mass third for McLaren.
Race 3: United States GP West
Well after the South African race, the drivers assembled at Long Beach in the US for the third round. Regazzoni took pole position with Depailler second, forcing Hunt and Lauda onto the second row. The top four maintained their positions at the start, and almost immediately Regazzoni began to pull away. Hunt now tried to pass Depailler for second; they collided; Hunt was out, Depailler went wide, and Lauda sailed through to second. Depailler kept third until a spin which dropped him well down the order, but he charged back up to fifth, and was back in third after Pryce's Shadow, and Jody Scheckter in the second Tyrell retired after driveshaft and suspension failures respectively. Regazzoni went on to take a dominant victory, with Lauda completing the Ferrari 1–2, and Depailler third.
Race 4: Spain
As the European season began at the Jarama circuit near Madrid, there was a big talking point as the Tyrrell team entered a new P34 six-wheeler for Depailler. Depailler was on the pace and qualified third, behind Hunt and Lauda. Lauda once again beat Hunt off the line at the start and led for the first third of the race. Depailler, after a slow start, was running fourth behind Mass when he spun off and crashed with brake problems. Just before mid-race, the McLarens of Hunt and Mass found another gear and drove past Lauda, but towards the end of the race, Mass had to retire with an engine failure. Hunt took his first win of the season, with Lauda second and Gunnar Nilsson's Lotus third.
After the race, Hunt was disqualified because his McLaren was found to be too wide. McLaren appealed, saying this was due to the expansion of the tyres during the race, and two months after the race, Hunt was reinstated.
Race 5: Belgium
The fifth round was at the Zolder circuit near the Dutch-Belgian border. Ferrari locked out the front row, with Lauda on pole from Regazzoni. Lauda motored away as the start, with Hunt up to second but, soon Regazzoni took the place back. The Ferraris raced away, and Hunt dropped to sixth, behind Jacques Laffite's Ligier and the two six-wheeled Tyrells, before eventually retiring with a transmission failure. Depailler also retired when his engine blew up. Lauda won, and Regazzoni completed a dominant Ferrari 1–2, with Laffite taking his first podium.
Race 6: Monaco
In the glamorous streets of Monte Carlo, Lauda took pole with Regazzoni alongside on the front row again. Lauda led into the first corner, and was never headed again. Ronnie Peterson's March got up to second, and allowed Lauda to pull away by holding up Regazzoni and the two Tyrells. At one-third distance, Regazzoni went down an escape road due to oil on the track, and Peterson spun off and crashed on the next lap due to the same reason. This left Scheckter second and Depailler third but Regazzoni charged back and passed Depailler. He, however crashed out with 5 laps left while chasing Scheckter, thus ensuring that both the six-wheeled cars were on the podium behind Lauda.
Lauda now had a massive 33-point lead in the championship over Regazzoni and Hunt.
Race 7: Sweden
Scheckter took pole in Sweden at Anderstorp, the first for the Tyrrell P34, with Mario Andretti's Lotus second and Chris Amon an amazing 3rd on the grid in the Ensign. Andretti took the lead at the start, but went off with engine failure at around two thirds distance. The six-wheelers went on to dominate (much to the chagrin of some of the other teams) and finished 1–2, with Scheckter winning. Amon was robbed of a possible podium by a suspension failure. As a result, third place went to the consistent Lauda. With Hunt finishing fifth Scheckter was now second in the points for the world championship.
Race 8: France
The French round took place at the Paul Ricard circuit in the south of France, and 'normal service' was resumed, with Hunt on pole and Lauda second, with Depailler third, continuing Tyrrell's strong form. Lauda beat Hunt off the line as usual, and led the early stages until his engine failed. Hunt now led with Regazzoni close behind, but Regazzoni's Ferrari engine also failed. With the Ferraris out, any challenge to Hunt evaporated, and Hunt went to win with Depailler second. Scheckter ran third until he faded away with engine trouble, giving John Watson third and Penske its first podium.
Race 9: Great Britain
The British fans had found a new hero in Hunt, but it was Lauda who took pole at Brands Hatch, beating the home hero Hunt into second, and Andretti showing Lotus's pace with third. At the start, Regazzoni began like a rocket and was immediately up to second, and was challenging Lauda. The two touched, and Regazzoni spun. He was hit by Hunt and Jacques Laffite but the rest of the field were away safely. However, there was too much debris on track, and the race was to be restarted. In controversial circumstances McLaren, Ferrari and Ligier had Hunt, Regazzoni and Laffite all take part in the restarted race in spare cars.
There was no trouble in the restart, as Lauda led from Hunt and Regazzoni into the first corner. The top three were unchanged till mid-race until Regazzoni retired with a gearbox problem, promoting Scheckter to third. Lauda led comfortably until he too suffered from gearbox troubles, and home hero Hunt took the lead with 15 minutes left, sending the home fans wild. Hunt went on to win, with Lauda hanging on to second and Scheckter third.
After the race, Ferrari, Tyrrell and the Fittipaldi team appealed against Hunt being allowed to take part in the spare car. Ferrari took the matter to the FIA (which was ironic since their own driver, Regazzoni had started in a spare, although he retired), and two months later, Hunt was disqualified and Lauda was given the win. Scheckter was promoted to second, Watson had another podium, and Two-time champion Emerson Fittipaldi got sixth place and a point.
Race 10: West Germany
There were concerns by the drivers in the German GP held at the legendary Nordschleife about the safety of the track. The mountainous Nordschleife section of the Nürburgring was 14 miles (23 km) long – almost 3 times longer than Interlagos, the next longest circuit on the calendar and 7 times longer than the Monaco street circuit. Ultimately, all the drivers decided to race, and it was no surprise that Hunt and Lauda were on the front row, the British driver on pole, with Depailler heading the second row. At the start, on a damp but drying track, once again it was Regazzoni who started off best, whereas Lauda was slow and lost a lot of places. Regazzoni was leading from Hunt but he spun and dropped to fourth. At the end of the first lap, over eight minutes after the race started most of the drivers decided to pit for dry tyres. This left Mass's McLaren leading from Gunnar Nilsson.
On the second lap, Lauda lost control at high speed due to a suspected rear suspension failure and crashed into the barriers before bouncing back on to the track, and the car caught fire. The car was then hit by Harald Ertl's Hesketh and Brett Lunger's Surtees. The two drivers immediately got out of their cars, and soon Arturo Merzario stopped his Wolf-Williams as well and also Guy Edwards helped. The three pulled Lauda out of the burning car, and the race was stopped. Lauda was sent to hospital with serious burns and was fighting for his life.
The race restarted, with the starting slots of Lauda, Ertl and Lunger left empty. Hunt led at the restarted race with Regazzoni up to second, but this did not last long as Regazzoni spun off and dropped back, and Depailler hit the barriers while trying to avoid him. This left Hunt with a big lead ahead of Carlos Pace in the Brabham, the Brabham team showing some speed. Soon, Scheckter was up to second, and Pace was passed by a recovering Regazzoni. Hunt eased to victory ahead of Scheckter, and Mass completed the podium by passing Pace after Regazzoni spun off (again).
With Hunt's crucial victory at this longest of racing circuits, and after 49 years of Grand Prix racing, the 1976 German Grand Prix was the last Grand Prix at the old Nürburgring. The German Grand Prix moved further south to the Hockenheimring and Grand Prix racing did not return to the Nürburgring until 1984 on the newly constructed 2.8 mile Grand Prix circuit.
Race 11: Austria
The news before the Austrian GP at the Österreichring was that Lauda's condition was no longer life-threatening, but there was a low attendance with Lauda not racing; and Ferrari were so shaken by Lauda's crash that they did not compete at all. Hunt meanwhile took pole, ahead of countryman Watson and Ronnie Peterson. Watson took the lead at the start ahead of Peterson and Hunt, but soon Peterson was in the lead. Scheckter was on a charge from the mid-field, and he took the lead on the 10th lap, but then Watson was back in front. Scheckter battled until he crashed due to a suspension failure, and Peterson ultimately began to drop back. Watson thus won, the result being his and Penske's first win, and the podium was completed by Laffite and Nilsson.
Race 12: Netherlands
Lauda had begun his recovery, and was planning to race later in the season, and as a result, Ferrari were back in business in the Netherlands, but with only one car for Regazzoni. It was Peterson who took pole at Zandvoort, beating pole king Hunt and Tom Pryce's Shadow. Peterson led the early stages ahead of Watson, until Watson made a mistake which let Hunt through. Peterson then struggled and dropped behind Hunt, Watson and Regazzoni. Watson retired with a gearbox failure, promoting Regazzoni and Peterson, but the latter also retired when he lost oil pressure. Regazzoni now closed up on Hunt, bringing Mario Andretti with him, but Hunt held them off, with Regazzoni and Andretti within two seconds of him in second and third.
Race 13: Italy
After the Dutch GP, with Hunt seemingly only two points behind Lauda, the championship seemed to be a cakewalk for him. But then came the news that Lauda was going to make an astonishing return for the last four races of the season (it was so unexpected that Ferrari had to run three cars for Lauda, Regazzoni, and Lauda's supposed replacement Carlos Reutemann), just six weeks after his accident.
As the event went on at the modified Monza circuit, Laffite took pole in qualifying, with Scheckter's six-wheeler alongside and Pace third. Lauda was fifth, and Hunt along with Watson and Mass were penalised and sent to the back because of fuel irregularities. At the start, Scheckter led ahead of Laffite and Depailler with Lauda down in the midfield, but soon Peterson was on a charge and took the lead after 14 laps. Peterson's charge also brought Regazzoni with him, and soon the Swiss was up to third. Scheckter dropped off, and the top four of Peterson, Depailler, Regazzoni and Laffite ran closely. Hunt spun off while trying to charge up the field, and Depailler dropped back late on with engine trouble. Peterson took his first win in two years, with Regazzoni second, Laffite third, and Lauda an incredible fourth.
Race 14: Canada
The week-long North American tour started with the teams assembling at the scenic Mosport Park track near Toronto for the Canadian Grand Prix. Hunt's disqualification from the British GP came after the Italian race, and as a result Hunt had only 47 points to Lauda's 64 with three races left. The Englishman took pole, with Peterson also on the front row ahead of March teammate Vittorio Brambilla. As usual, Hunt did not start well, and Peterson took the lead. But it was not for long as Hunt retook the lead on lap 10, and soon both Marches dropped way back, and so Depailler was second and Andretti third. The top three of Hunt, Depailler and Andretti were unchanged for the rest of the race. Lauda was running fifth until handling issues dropped him out of the points, and Hunt had closed the gap to 8 points.
Race 15: United States
The penultimate round and the second leg of the North American was in the US at Watkins Glen, New York, a circuit similar (and close by) to Mosport Park in that it was fast and scenic with a number of long, sweeping corners. Hunt took his eighth pole of the season, with the six-wheeler of Scheckter alongside, and Peterson third. As expected, Scheckter took the lead at the start, with Hunt and Brambilla following. The front two pulled away and battled, with Hunt passing Scheckter mid-race and Scheckter returning the favour a few laps later. Hunt took the lead again with 14 laps left and went on to win, and Scheckter had to settle for second. The Marches were again unable to keep up the pace, and it was left to Lauda to take an astonishing podium, just beating Mass in the second McLaren.
Race 16: Japan
The championship was to be decided in Japan at the Fuji Speedway near Tokyo, and Lauda was leading Hunt by three points. In qualifying, Hunt took second, but Lauda was right behind in third as Andretti took pole for Lotus. On race day, it rained heavily, and the weather was dreadful with the track full of water and the rain pelting down. Hunt got a good start for once, and took the lead from Andretti. Some of the drivers protested, saying it was too dangerous to race. At the end of the second lap, Lauda came into the pits and withdrew, saying that the conditions were too dangerous. Emerson Fittipaldi and Carlos Pace also withdrew. At the front, Hunt was leading but was soon challenged by Brambilla until the Italian spun out of contention. By mid-race, Mass had jumped up to second behind his teammate and acted as a protective buffer, but then crashed out. Hunt led from Depailler and Andretti, but then began to suffer from tyre wear, and both drivers passed with 11 laps left. This was still fine as Hunt was third and needed only three points to become World Champion, because had more wins than Lauda. This became second when Depailler's tyres gave out, and he suffered a puncture but soon Hunt himself also had the same fate and had to pit. Andretti now led, with Alan Jones's Surtees second, Regazzoni third, Depailler fourth and Hunt fifth. On old, worn-out tyres, Jones and Regazzoni were fighting just to save their tyres, and first Depailler, and then Hunt with just two laps left passed both of them. Andretti won, getting his first win in five years, with Depailler second, and Hunt's third place meant that he was the F1 World Champion of 1976.
Results and standings
Grands Prix
The World Championship of F1 Drivers and the International Cup for F1 Manufacturers were contested concurrently over a sixteen race series.
Calendar changes
- The Argentine Grand Prix at Buenos Aires was originally scheduled as the first round of the season (on January 11); but was cancelled due to economic reasons. – final standings
World Drivers' Championship final standings
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Points were awarded on a 9-6-4-3-2-1 basis to the top six finishers in each race.[3] The best seven results from the first eight races and the best seven results from the remaining eight races could be retained.[4]
International Cup for F1 Manufacturers final standings
| Pos | Manufacturer | Car no. |
BRA |
RSA.svg.png){kind=small} |
USW |
ESP.svg.png){kind=small} |
BEL.svg.png){kind=small} |
MON |
SWE |
FRA |
GBR |
GER |
AUT |
NED |
ITA |
CAN |
USA |
JPN |
Pts[5] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ferrari |
1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | Ret | 1 | Ret | 4 | 8 | 3 | Ret | 83 | ||
| 2 | 7 | Ret | 1 | 11 | 2 | 14 | 6 | Ret | DSQ | 9 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 7 | 5 | ||||
| 35 | 9 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | McLaren-Ford |
11 | Ret | 2 | Ret | 1 | Ret | Ret | 5 | 1 | DSQ | 1 | 4 | 1 | Ret | 1 | 1 | 3 | 74 (75) |
| 12 | 6 | 3 | 5 | Ret | (6) | 5 | 11 | 15 | Ret | 3 | 7 | 9 | Ret | 5 | 4 | Ret | |||
| 3 | Tyrrell-Ford |
3 | 5 | 4 | Ret | Ret | 4 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 2 | Ret | 5 | 5 | 4 | 2 | Ret | 71 |
| 4 | 2 | 9 | 3 | Ret | Ret | 3 | 2 | 2 | Ret | Ret | Ret | 7 | 6 | 2 | Ret | 2 | |||
| 15 | Ret | ||||||||||||||||||
| 37 | 18 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 39 | 11 | DNS | DNQ | DNQ | |||||||||||||||
| 40 | 14 | DNQ | |||||||||||||||||
| 52 | Ret | ||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | Lotus-Ford |
5 | Ret | 10 | DNQ | Ret | Ret | Ret | 5 | Ret | 12 | 5 | 3 | Ret | 3 | Ret | 1 | 29 | |
| 6 | Ret | Ret | Ret | 3 | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | 5 | 3 | Ret | 13 | 12 | Ret | 6 | |||
| 5 | Penske-Ford |
28 | Ret | 5 | NC | Ret | 7 | 10 | Ret | 3 | 3 | 7 | 1 | Ret | 11 | 10 | 6 | Ret | 20 |
| 39 | Ret | ||||||||||||||||||
| 6 | Ligier-Matra |
26 | Ret | Ret | 4 | 12 | 3 | 12 | 4 | 14 | DSQ | Ret | 2 | Ret | 3 | Ret | Ret | 7 | 20 |
| 7 | March-Ford |
9 | Ret | 8 | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | 10 | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | 6 | 7 | 14 | Ret | Ret | 19 |
| 10 | 14 | Ret | 10 | Ret | Ret | Ret | 7 | 19 | Ret | Ret | 6 | Ret | 1 | 9 | Ret | Ret | |||
| 34 | 4 | 12 | Ret | Ret | Ret | 4 | Ret | 7 | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | 5 | Ret | |||
| 35 | DNQ | Ret | Ret | DNQ | 14 | 9 | Ret | ||||||||||||
| 8 | Shadow-Ford |
16 | 3 | 7 | Ret | 8 | 10 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 4 | 8 | Ret | 4 | 8 | 11 | Ret | Ret | 10 |
| 17 | Ret | Ret | 7 | Ret | 9 | 8 | 12 | 12 | 9 | 11 | Ret | 10 | 19 | 18 | 10 | 10 | |||
| 40 | DNQ | ||||||||||||||||||
| 9 | Brabham-Alfa Romeo |
7 | 12 | Ret | Ret | 4 | Ret | Ret | Ret | 11 | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | 17 | Ret | Ret | 9 |
| 8 | 10 | Ret | 9 | 6 | Ret | 9 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 4 | Ret | Ret | Ret | 7 | Ret | Ret | |||
| 77 | 6 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 10 | Surtees-Ford |
13 | DNQ | 7 | |||||||||||||||
| 18 | 11 | DNQ | DNQ | Ret | 15 | 16 | Ret | Ret | 10 | Ret | 14 | 15 | 11 | 9 | |||||
| 19 | NC | 9 | 5 | Ret | 13 | Ret | 5 | 10 | Ret | 8 | 12 | 16 | 8 | 4 | |||||
| 38 | DNQ | Ret | Ret | DNQ | 9 | 11 | 17 | 19 | NC | ||||||||||
| 11 | Fittipaldi-Ford |
30 | 13 | 17 | 6 | Ret | DNQ | 6 | Ret | Ret | 6 | 13 | Ret | Ret | 15 | Ret | 9 | Ret | 3 |
| 31 | 11 | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | |||||||||||||||
| 12 | Ensign-Ford |
22 | 14 | 8 | 5 | Ret | 13 | Ret | 18 | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | 10 | 13 | Ret | 2 | ||
| 13 | Parnelli-Ford |
27 | 6 | Ret | 1 | ||||||||||||||
| — | Hesketh-Ford |
24 | 15 | DNQ | DNQ | Ret | DNQ | Ret | Ret | 7 | Ret | 8 | Ret | 16 | DNS | 13 | 8 | 0 | |
| 25 | DNQ | 17 | Ret | 15 | 12 | DNS | 20 | 12 | |||||||||||
| — | Wolf-Williams-Ford |
20 | 8 | 16 | DNQ | 7 | DNQ | DNQ | 10 | DNQ | Ret | Ret | Ret | DNS | Ret | Ret | Ret | 0 | |
| 21 | 9 | 13 | DNQ | 10 | 11 | 11 | Ret | 13 | DNS | 14 | Ret | ||||||||
| DNS | |||||||||||||||||||
| — | Boro-Ford |
37 | 13 | 8 | DNQ | Ret | WD | Ret | Ret | 0 | |||||||||
| — | Williams-Ford |
25 | DNQ | 0 | |||||||||||||||
| — | Kojima-Ford |
51 | 11 | 0 | |||||||||||||||
| — | Brabham-Ford |
32 | DNQ | 12 | Ret | DNQ | Ret | NC | 0 | ||||||||||
| 33 | DNQ | Ret | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | 12 | ||||||||||||
| — | BRM |
14 | Ret | 0 | |||||||||||||||
| — | Maki-Ford |
54 | DNQ | 0 | |||||||||||||||
| Pos | Manufacturer | Car no. |
BRA |
RSA |
USW |
ESP |
BEL |
MON |
SWE |
FRA |
GBR |
GER |
AUT |
NED |
ITA |
CAN |
USA |
JPN |
Pts |
Points were awarded on a 9-6-4-3-2-1 basis to the top six finishers in each race,[6] but only to the first car to finish for each manufacturer.[7] The best seven results from the first eight races and the best seven results from the remaining eight races could be retained.[7]
Non-Championship races results
Two non-championship races for Formula One cars were also held in 1976.
| Race Name | Circuit | Date | Winning driver | Constructor | Report |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| XI Race of Champions |
Brands Hatch | 14 March | James Hunt |
McLaren-Cosworth |
Report |
| XXVIII BRDC International Trophy |
Silverstone | 11 April | James Hunt |
McLaren-Cosworth |
Report |
Notes and references
- ↑ World Championship of F1 Drivers 1976, FIA Yearbook of Automobile Sport 1977, Grey section, page 84
- ↑ International Cup for F1 Manufacturers 1976, FIA Yearbook of Automobile Sport 1977, Grey section, page 85
- ↑ Peter Higham, The Guinness Guide to International Motor Racing, 1995, page 6
- ↑ Mike Kettlewell, The Champion Book of World Championship Facts & Figures, 1982, page 33
- ↑ Only the best 7 results from the first 8 races and the best 7 results from the last 8 races counted towards the Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points; numbers in parentheses are total points scored.
- ↑ Mike Kettlewell, The Champion Book of World Championship Facts & Figures, 1982, page 40
- 1 2 Peter Higham, The Guinness Guide to International Motor Racing, 1995, page 83