2016 Formula One season

2016 FIA Formula One World Championship
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Races by country Races by season Support series: GP2 Series GP3 Series

Nico Rosberg, the current Drivers' Championship leader.

Lewis Hamilton, the defending World Drivers' Champion.

Mercedes are the defending World Constructors' Champion and current championship leaders.

The 2016 Formula One season is the 67th season of the FIA Formula One World Championship, a motor racing championship for Formula One cars which is recognised by the sport's governing body, the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), as the highest class of competition for open-wheel racing cars. Teams and drivers are scheduled to take part in twenty-one Grands Prix—making for the longest season in the sport's history—starting in Australia on 20 March and finishing in Abu Dhabi on 27 November as they compete for the World Drivers' and World Constructors' championships.^[1]

The 2016 season saw the grid expand to twenty-two cars with the addition of the Haas F1 Team entry.^[2] Renault returned to the sport as a constructor after a four-year absence following their takeover of Lotus prior to the start of the season.^[3] The calendar has similarly expanded, with the return of the German Grand Prix. The European Grand Prix will also be revived, with the event visiting a new circuit in Azerbaijan.^[1]

Lewis Hamilton started the season as the defending Drivers' Champion for the second year running, after winning his third World Championship title at the 2015 United States Grand Prix.^[4] His team, Mercedes, started the season as the defending Constructors' Champion, having secured its second championship title at the 2015 Russian Grand Prix.^[5] After four races, Nico Rosberg leads the Drivers' Championship by 43 points over team-mate Lewis Hamilton while Mercedes lead the Constructors' standings.

Signed teams and drivers

The following teams and drivers are currently taking part in the 2016 Formula One World Championship:

Entrant	Constructor	Chassis	Power unit	Tyre	No.	Race drivers	Rounds	No.	Free practice drivers
Scuderia Ferrari	Ferrari	SF16-H	Ferrari 059/5[6]	P	5	Sebastian Vettel	1–4	N/A
					7	Kimi Räikkönen	1–4
Sahara Force India Formula One Team[3]	Force India-Mercedes	VJM09	Mercedes PU106C Hybrid[7]	P	11	Sergio Pérez	1–4	34	Alfonso Celis, Jr.
					27	Nico Hülkenberg	1–4
Haas F1 Team	Haas-Ferrari	VF-16	Ferrari 059/5[6]	P	8	Romain Grosjean	1–4	N/A
					21	Esteban Gutiérrez	1–4
McLaren Honda Formula 1 Team	McLaren-Honda	MP4-31	Honda RA616H[8]	P	14	Fernando Alonso	1, 3–4	N/A
					47	Stoffel Vandoorne	2
					22	Jenson Button	1–4
Mercedes AMG Petronas Formula One Team	Mercedes	F1 W07 Hybrid	Mercedes PU106C Hybrid[7]	P	6	Nico Rosberg	1–4	N/A
					44	Lewis Hamilton	1–4
Manor Racing MRT	MRT-Mercedes	MRT05	Mercedes PU106C Hybrid[7]	P	88	Rio Haryanto	1–4	N/A
					94	Pascal Wehrlein	1–4
Red Bull Racing	Red Bull-TAG Heuer	RB12	TAG Heuer	P	3	Daniel Ricciardo	1–4	N/A
					26	Daniil Kvyat	1–4
					33	Max Verstappen	TBA
Renault Sport Formula One Team[3]	Renault	RS16	Renault RE16[9]	P	20	Kevin Magnussen	1–4	46	Sergey Sirotkin
					30	Jolyon Palmer	1–4
Sauber F1 Team	Sauber-Ferrari	C35	Ferrari 059/5[6]	P	9	Marcus Ericsson	1–4	N/A
					12	Felipe Nasr	1–4
Scuderia Toro Rosso	Toro Rosso-Ferrari	STR11	Ferrari 059/4[10]	P	33	Max Verstappen	1–4	N/A
					26	Daniil Kvyat	TBA
					55	Carlos Sainz, Jr.	1–4
Williams Martini Racing	Williams-Mercedes	FW38	Mercedes PU106C Hybrid[7]	P	19	Felipe Massa	1–4	N/A
					77	Valtteri Bottas	1–4
Source:[11][12][13][14][15][16][17]

Team changes

Gene Haas, founder of NASCAR team Haas CNC Racing (top), entered a new team in 2016 (VF-16 pictured bottom).

Lotus (E23 Hybrid pictured top) were purchased by Renault (RS16 pictured bottom).

• Haas F1 Team, a team formed by NASCAR Sprint Cup Series team owner Gene Haas, joined the Formula One grid, becoming the first American team to compete since the unrelated Haas Lola team competed in 1986.^{[18][N 1]} The team uses power units supplied by Ferrari and a chassis developed by Dallara.^[20][21] Dallara last participated in Formula One as the chassis manufacturer for HRT in 2010.^[22]
• Marussia applied for their team name to be changed to Manor Racing, a request granted on 19 January 2016.^[23] The team switched from Ferrari to Mercedes power,^[24] with the team upgrading to a 2016-specification engine after having used a year-old Ferrari engine in 2015.^[25] The team underwent a management reshuffle following the resignation of team principal John Booth and sporting director Graeme Lowdon.^[26]
• Red Bull Racing formally ended their nine-year partnership with engine supplier Renault at the end of the 2015 season,^[27] with the team citing the lack of performance from the Renault Energy-F1 2015 engine as a leading factor in the change.^[28] The team continued using Renault engines, however they were rebadged as TAG Heuer. Team principal Christian Horner named Renault's partnership with Mario Illien and his company Ilmor as a reason for staying with the manufacturer.^[29]
  • Horner said that the team had held exploratory talks with the Volkswagen Group about entering the sport as an engine supplier, but that negotiations came to a halt following the emissions scandal that broke in September 2015.^[30] Plans to obtain power units from Mercedes,^[31] Honda,^[32] and Ferrari fell through as well.^[33]
• Renault returned to Formula One as a full factory-supported team after they purchased Lotus from Genii Capital,^[34] the venture capital firm they had originally sold the same team to in 2010, and supplied engines to up until the end of 2014. Lotus's participation in the 2016 season was in question pending the resolution of a High Court case brought against the team by HM Revenue and Customs over unpaid PAYE tax.^[35][36]
• Scuderia Toro Rosso returned to using Ferrari power units, as they had done prior to the start of 2014, after Renault announced that they would no longer supply customer engines.^[10][37] The team uses the 059/4 power unit used by Ferrari teams in 2015 after Ferrari received approval from the World Motor Sport Council to supply year-old engines on the grounds that the extensive revisions to the engine design meant that they would not be able to manufacture additional 2016 specification engines in time for the start of the season.

Driver changes

• Romain Grosjean left Lotus at the end of the 2015 season.^[38] He joined the newly formed Haas F1 Team for 2016,^[39][40] where he was joined by former Sauber driver Esteban Gutiérrez. Gutiérrez returned to competition after spending a season as Ferrari's test and reserve driver.^[41]
• Jolyon Palmer, the 2014 GP2 Series champion, made his race début in Melbourne with Renault.^[42] Palmer had previously made regular free practice appearances with the team when it was known as Lotus in 2015.^[43]
• Despite originally having signed a contract with Lotus for 2016,^[44] Pastor Maldonado announced he would not be driving for Renault after his sponsors were unable to fulfil their contractual obligations to the team.^[45] He was replaced by Kevin Magnussen, who was released by McLaren when they chose not to renew his contract after he entered a single race for the team in 2015.^[46][47]
• Manor signed two rookies for its 2016 campaign: reigning Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters champion Pascal Wehrlein and GP2 Series regular Rio Haryanto, who became the first Indonesian driver to race in the Championship.^[48] Will Stevens and Roberto Merhi—who drove for the team when it competed as Marussia—were not retained by the team. Both moved to the FIA World Endurance Championship with Manor Motorsport,^{[49][50][N 2]} while Alexander Rossi, who also raced for the team in 2015, was moved to a test and reserve role while he joined the IndyCar Series.^[51][52]

Mid-season changes

• Fernando Alonso was ruled out of the Bahrain Grand Prix as a precaution after medical exams following his collision with Esteban Gutiérrez in Australia revealed that he had broken ribs and a pneumothorax injury.^[53] McLaren reserve driver and reigning GP2 Series champion Stoffel Vandoorne made his Formula One début, replacing Alonso.^[54][55] Alonso returned to his seat for the Chinese Grand Prix.
• Daniil Kvyat and Max Verstappen traded places ahead of the Spanish Grand Prix, with Verstappen promoted to Red Bull Racing and Kvyat returning to Scuderia Toro Rosso.^[17] Red Bull explained the decision to swap their drivers about as being made to relieve pressure on Kvyat following criticism for his role in a first-lap accident in the Russian Grand Prix, and to ease ongoing tension between Verstappen and team-mate Carlos Sainz, Jr. in Toro Rosso.^[56]

Scheduled events

Nations that are scheduled to host a Grand Prix in 2016 are highlighted in green, with circuit locations marked with a black dot. Former host nations are shown in dark grey, and former host circuits are marked with a white dot.

The following twenty-one Grands Prix are scheduled to take place in 2016.^[1]

Round	Grand Prix	Circuit	Date
1	Australian Grand Prix	Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit, Melbourne	20 March
2	Bahrain Grand Prix	Bahrain International Circuit, Sakhir	3 April
3	Chinese Grand Prix	Shanghai International Circuit, Shanghai	17 April
4	Russian Grand Prix	Sochi Autodrom, Sochi	1 May
5	Spanish Grand Prix	Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya, Barcelona	15 May
6	Monaco Grand Prix	Circuit de Monaco, Monte Carlo	29 May
7	Canadian Grand Prix	Circuit Gilles Villeneuve, Montreal	12 June
8	European Grand Prix[57][58]	Baku City Circuit, Baku[59]	19 June
9	Austrian Grand Prix	Red Bull Ring, Spielberg	3 July
10	British Grand Prix	Silverstone Circuit, Silverstone	10 July
11	Hungarian Grand Prix	Hungaroring, Budapest	24 July
12	German Grand Prix	Hockenheimring, Hockenheim[60]	31 July
13	Belgian Grand Prix	Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, Stavelot	28 August
14	Italian Grand Prix	Autodromo Nazionale Monza, Monza	4 September
15	Singapore Grand Prix	Marina Bay Street Circuit, Singapore	18 September
16	Malaysian Grand Prix	Sepang International Circuit, Kuala Lumpur	2 October
17	Japanese Grand Prix	Suzuka International Racing Course, Suzuka[61]	9 October
18	United States Grand Prix	Circuit of the Americas, Austin, Texas	23 October
19	Mexican Grand Prix	Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez, Mexico City	30 October
20	Brazilian Grand Prix	Autódromo José Carlos Pace, São Paulo	13 November
21	Abu Dhabi Grand Prix	Yas Marina Circuit, Abu Dhabi	27 November
Source:[1]

Calendar changes

Formula One will visit Azerbaijan for the first time in 2016 for the revival of the European Grand Prix, with the race to be run on a street circuit in the capital, Baku.

New and returning races

• The European Grand Prix will return to the calendar after a four-year absence. The race will move from its previous home in Valencia to a brand-new street circuit in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan. It will be the first Grand Prix to be held in Azerbaijan.^{[57][58][62][63]}
• The German Grand Prix will return to the Hockenheimring after the event was cancelled in 2015 when a venue could not be secured.^[60] The circuit had previously hosted the race in 2014 as part of their agreement with the Nürburgring to alternate between venues, with the Hockenheimring hosting the race every even-numbered year.

Date changes

• The Malaysian Grand Prix—which had been held in the early months of the year since the 2001 season—will now be held later in the year, paired up with the Japanese Grand Prix in October.^[1]
• The Russian Grand Prix will be brought forward from its October date to May, becoming the fourth round of the season.^[1]

Failed race bids

• Following a dispute over taxation, the Indian Grand Prix was removed from the calendar after the 2013 race. After several failed attempts at reviving the race in 2014 and 2015, the event's return was deferred until the 2016 season;^[64] however, it was once again left off the final calendar for the season.^[1]
• In 2006, Formula One Management signed a seven-year contract to run the Korean Grand Prix at the Korea International Circuit beginning in 2010. However, the event was discontinued in 2014, and was omitted from the calendar for the third consecutive season in 2016.^[65]

Rule changes

General changes

• The FIA and Formula One Management will be granted greater power to change the Sporting and Technical regulations and to make decisions affecting the governance of the sport.^[66]

Technical regulations

• Cars were required to be designed with a separate wastegate for exhaust gases to pass through in a bid to increase the noise of the cars following criticism since the introduction of the 2014 generation of engines.^[67]
• The FIA has opted to increase the number of tokens available for power unit development starting in 2016. While the initial plans would have given manufacturers fifteen tokens for the season, the number was raised to thirty-two, the same number as 2014, in order to allow struggling manufacturers such as Renault and Honda to improve their development. This decision also allows further development on parts that were initially planned to be closed off, including the upper and lower crankcase, valve drive, crankshaft, air-valve system and ancillaries drive.^[68]

Sporting regulations

• Starting in 2016, the number of pre-season tests were reduced from three to two.^[69]
• The FIA formally increased the maximum events allowed in a season from 20 to 21 to accommodate the calendar's approval.^[70]
• Tyre supplier Pirelli introduced a fifth tyre compound known as "ultrasoft",^[71] with the manufacturer stating that they would only be available on street circuits.^[72]
• Pirelli changed their approach to tyre supply in 2016, bringing three dry compounds to races instead of two. The compounds are made public two weeks before each event.^[73][74][75] Pirelli assigns two "choice" compounds, and a third set (the softest available regardless of Pirelli's selection) are given to teams reaching Q3. Drivers select their remaining ten tyre sets for the event between the three compounds and must use two dry compounds during the race.^[70]
• The stewards are given greater powers in enforcing track limits, with drivers required to stay between the white lines marking the edges of the circuit, except in cases of driver error.^[67] The change was introduced after an investigation by Pirelli into Sebastian Vettel's high-speed blow-out at the 2015 Belgian Grand Prix that concluded that Vettel's off-track excursions had been a significant factor in the incident.
• Any driver who causes the start of the race to be aborted will be required to start the race from pit lane at the restart.^[67]
• The procedure for issuing gearbox penalties will be amended so that penalties are applied in the order that they are awarded, bringing the system in line with the wider grid penalty system.^[67]
• The Virtual Safety Car system is to be used in practice sessions as well to avoid the unnecessary use of red flags and session stoppages.^[74]
  • The drag reduction system, which is deactivated when under Virtual Safety Car periods and full-course yellow flags, is to be available as soon as a Virtual Safety Car period has ended;^[74] drivers previously had to wait two laps before the system was reactivated.^[76]
• The qualifying process was heavily revised two weeks before the season began. The three-period format first introduced in 2006 was retained, but with a progressive "knock-out" style of elimination.^[77]
  • Following widespread criticism of the format at the opening rounds,^{[78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85]} the format was abandoned after two races, and the system used between 2006 and 2015 reintroduced from the Chinese Grand Prix.^[86]
• The stewards' powers to monitor pit-to-car communications were broadened for the 2016 season, with race control able to monitor the radio feeds for each driver in real time and consult with engineering advisors to further monitor the content in a bid to crack down on driver coaching and the use of coded messages.^[87]
• Drivers will no longer be able to dispose of visor tear-offs—thin, translucent sheets of plastic placed over their visors, which can be removed to improve visibility—during the race, amid concerns about tear-offs being pulled into brake ducts, airboxes and radiators and causing brakes and engines to overheat.
• The process new drivers go through in order to qualify for a superlicence will be changed,^[88] with additional restrictions put in place as part of the wider FIA Global Pathway.^[89][90] The changes were introduced following controversy surrounding Max Verstappen qualifying for a superlicence at the age of sixteen after a single season competing in European Formula 3.^[89]

Season report

Pre-season

Jolyon Palmer performing a practice pit stop in his Renault RS16. The black testing livery was later replaced.

For the second year in a row, Hamilton decided not to exercise his option of switching his car number to 1, as was his prerogative as reigning World Champion, and would instead race with his career number 44.^[11]

A pre-season tyre test was held at Circuit Paul Ricard in France on 25–26 January 2016, conducted by Pirelli to evaluate their wet weather tyres. Taking part were Red Bull Racing, Ferrari, and McLaren. On the first day, Daniel Ricciardo, Kimi Räikkönen, and Stoffel Vandoorne took the wheels for their respective teams, with Räikkönen and Ricciardo being replaced by Sebastian Vettel and Daniil Kvyat on the second test day.^[91] Due to the specific nature of the test, it did not count towards the official pre-season testing allowances.

The first pre-season team test began on 22 February and concluded on 25 February at the Circuit de Catalunya.^[92] Ferrari were fastest on three of the four testing days,^[93][94][95] with Nico Hülkenberg topping the time sheets for Force India on the third day.^[96] However, Mercedes covered the longest testing distance with 3,137.47 km (1,949.53 mi), more than 1,000 km (620 mi) further than the next closest team, Toro Rosso. Sauber, who tested a modified version of their 2015 model, the C34, were close behind with 2,010.96 km (1,249.55 mi).^[97]

A second test, also in Barcelona, was conducted on 1–4 March.^[92] Ferrari ended the two tests with the best time set overall, 1'22.765m on the newly introduced ultra-soft tyres, while Mercedes were two-and-a-half tenths of a second slower, albeit on the soft tyre compound. Mercedes covered the most distance in testing, almost 5,000 km (3,100 mi).^[98][99] The second four days of testing also saw the teams examine a proposed feature for driver head protection, dubbed the "halo".^[100]

Results and standings

Grands Prix

Round	Grand Prix	Pole position	Fastest lap	Winning driver	Winning constructor	Report
1	Australian Grand Prix	Lewis Hamilton	Daniel Ricciardo	Nico Rosberg	Mercedes	Report
2	Bahrain Grand Prix	Lewis Hamilton	Nico Rosberg	Nico Rosberg	Mercedes	Report
3	Chinese Grand Prix	Nico Rosberg	Nico Hülkenberg	Nico Rosberg	Mercedes	Report
4	Russian Grand Prix	Nico Rosberg	Nico Rosberg	Nico Rosberg	Mercedes	Report
5	Spanish Grand Prix					Report
6	Monaco Grand Prix					Report
7	Canadian Grand Prix					Report
8	European Grand Prix					Report
9	Austrian Grand Prix					Report
10	British Grand Prix					Report
11	Hungarian Grand Prix					Report
12	German Grand Prix					Report
13	Belgian Grand Prix					Report
14	Italian Grand Prix					Report
15	Singapore Grand Prix					Report
16	Malaysian Grand Prix					Report
17	Japanese Grand Prix					Report
18	United States Grand Prix					Report
19	Mexican Grand Prix					Report
20	Brazilian Grand Prix					Report
21	Abu Dhabi Grand Prix					Report

World Drivers' Championship standings

Points were awarded to the top ten classified finishers in every race, using the following structure:

Position	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th	6th	7th	8th	9th	10th
Points	25	18	15	12	10	8	6	4	2	1

In the event of a tie, a count-back system was used as a tie-breaker, with a driver's best result used to decide the standings.^{[N 3]}

Pos. Driver AUS BHR CHN RUS ESP MON CAN EUR AUT GBR HUN GER BEL ITA SIN MAL JPN USA MEX BRA ABU Points 1 Nico Rosberg 1 1 1 1 100 2 Lewis Hamilton 2 3 7 2 57 3 Kimi Räikkönen Ret 2 5 3 43 4 Daniel Ricciardo 4 4 4 11 36 5 Sebastian Vettel 3 DNS 2 Ret 33 6 Felipe Massa 5 8 6 5 32 7 Romain Grosjean 6 5 19 8 22 8 Daniil Kvyat DNS 7 3 15 21 9 Valtteri Bottas 8 9 10 4 19 10 Max Verstappen 10 6 8 Ret 13 11 Fernando Alonso Ret 12 6 8 12  Kevin Magnussen 12 11 17 7 6 13 Nico Hülkenberg 7 15 15 Ret 6 14 Carlos Sainz, Jr. 9 Ret 9 12 4 15 Sergio Pérez 13 16 11 9 2 16 Jenson Button 14 Ret 13 10 1 17 Stoffel Vandoorne 10 1 18 Jolyon Palmer 11 DNS 22 13 0 19 Marcus Ericsson Ret 12 16 14 0 20 Pascal Wehrlein 16 13 18 18 0 21 Felipe Nasr 15 14 20 16 0 22 Esteban Gutiérrez Ret Ret 14 17 0 23 Rio Haryanto Ret 17 21 Ret 0 Pos. Driver AUS BHR CHN RUS ESP MON CAN EUR AUT GBR HUN GER BEL ITA SIN MAL JPN USA MEX BRA ABU Points

Key Colour Result Gold Winner Silver 2nd place Bronze 3rd place Green Points finish Blue Non-points finish Non-classified finish (NC) Purple Did not finish (Ret) Red Did not qualify (DNQ) Did not pre-qualify (DNPQ) Black Disqualified (DSQ) White Did not start (DNS) Race cancelled (C) Blank Did not practice (DNP) Excluded (EX) Did not arrive (DNA) Withdrawn (WD) Bold – Pole position Italics – Fastest lap

Notes:

• † – Drivers did not finish the Grand Prix, but were classified as they completed more than 90% of the race distance.

World Constructors' Championship standings

Pos. Constructor No. AUS BHR CHN RUS ESP MON CAN EUR AUT GBR HUN GER BEL ITA SIN MAL JPN USA MEX BRA ABU Points 1 Mercedes 6 1 1 1 1 157 44 2 3 7 2 2 Ferrari 5 3 DNS 2 Ret 76 7 Ret 2 5 3 3 Red Bull-TAG Heuer 3 4 4 4 11 57 26 DNS 7 3 15 33 4 Williams-Mercedes 19 5 8 6 5 51 77 8 9 10 4 5 Haas-Ferrari 8 6 5 19 8 22 21 Ret Ret 14 17 6 Toro Rosso-Ferrari 26 17 33 10 6 8 Ret 55 9 Ret 9 12 7 McLaren-Honda 14 Ret 12 6 10 22 14 Ret 13 10 47 10 8 Force India-Mercedes 11 13 16 11 9 8 27 7 15 15 Ret 9 Renault 20 12 11 17 7 6 30 11 DNS 22 13 10    Sauber-Ferrari 9 Ret 12 16 14 0 12 15 14 20 16 11 MRT-Mercedes 88 Ret 17 21 Ret 0 94 16 13 18 18 Pos. Constructor No. AUS BHR CHN RUS ESP MON CAN EUR AUT GBR HUN GER BEL ITA SIN MAL JPN USA MEX BRA ABU Points

Key Colour Result Gold Winner Silver 2nd place Bronze 3rd place Green Points finish Blue Non-points finish Non-classified finish (NC) Purple Did not finish (Ret) Red Did not qualify (DNQ) Did not pre-qualify (DNPQ) Black Disqualified (DSQ) White Did not start (DNS) Race cancelled (C) Blank Did not practice (DNP) Excluded (EX) Did not arrive (DNA) Withdrawn (WD) Bold – Pole position Italics – Fastest lap

Notes:

• † – Drivers did not finish the Grand Prix, but were classified as they completed more than 90% of the race distance.

Footnotes

1. An American-registered constructor known as US F1 was accepted to the grid in 2010, but the team collapsed before the start of the season.^[19]
2. Although the Manor Motorsport team shares a name with Manor Racing and was established by former Manor Racing personnel, the two teams are separate entities.
3. In the event that two or more drivers achieved the same best result an equal number of times, their next-best result was used, and so on. If two or more drivers achieved equal results an equal number of times, the FIA would have nominated the winner according to such criteria as it thought fit.^[101]

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External links

• Official website
• Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile