South African general election, 1994

27 April 1994

All 400 seats to the National Assembly of South Africa 201 seats needed for a majority

	First party	Second party	Third party

Leader	Nelson Mandela	F. W. de Klerk	Mangosuthu Buthelezi
Party	African National Congress	National	Inkatha Freedom Party
Seats won	252	82	43
Popular vote	12,237,655	3,983,690	2,058,294
Percentage	62.65%	20.39%	10.54%

National Assembly after the election

State President before election

F. W. de Klerk
National

Elected President

Nelson Mandela
African National Congress

South Africa

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General elections were held in South Africa on 27 April 1994. The elections were the first in which citizens of all races were allowed to take part, and were therefore also the first held with universal adult suffrage. The election was conducted under the direction of the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC), and marked the end of the four-year process that ended apartheid.

Millions queued in lines over a three-day voting period. Altogether 19,726,579 votes were counted and 193,081 were rejected as invalid. As widely expected, the African National Congress (ANC), whose slate incorporated the labour confederation COSATU and the South African Communist Party, won a sweeping victory, taking 62 percent of the vote, just short of the two-thirds majority required to unilaterally amend the Interim Constitution. As required by that document, the ANC formed a Government of National Unity with the National Party and the Inkatha Freedom Party, the two other parties that won more than 20 seats in the National Assembly. The new National Assembly's first act was to elect Nelson Mandela as President, making him the country's first black chief executive.

The date 27 April is now a public holiday in South Africa, Freedom Day.

National Parliament results

National Assembly

The 400 members of the National Assembly were chosen from party lists in proportion to each party's share of the national ballot.

Mural of the election in Cape Town.

**Summary of the 26–29 April 1994 National Assembly election results^[1]**
Party		Leader	Votes	%	Seats
	African National Congress	Nelson Mandela	12,237,655	62.65	252
	National	F. W. de Klerk	3,983,690	20.39	82
	Inkatha Freedom Party	Mangosuthu Buthelezi	2,058,294	10.54	43
	Freedom Front	Constand Viljoen	424,555	2.17	9
	Democratic Party	Zach de Beer	338,426	1.73	7
	Pan Africanist Congress		243,478	1.25	5
	African Christian Democratic Party	Kenneth Meshoe	88,104	0.45	2
	Africa Muslim Party		34,466	0.18	0
	African Moderates Congress Party		27,690	0.14	0
	Dikwankwetla Party		19,451	0.10	0
	Federal Party		17,663	0.09	0
	Minority Front	Amichand Rajbansi	13,433	0.07	0
	Sport Organisation for Collective Contributions and Equal Rights		10,575	0.05	0
	African Democratic Movement		9,886	0.05	0
	Women's Rights Peace Party		6,434	0.03	0
	Ximoko Progressive Party		6,320	0.03	0
	Keep It Straight and Simple Party		5,916	0.03	0
	Workers' List Party		4,169	0.02	0
	Luso-South African Party		3,293	0.02	0
Total			19,533,498	100.00	400
Spoilt votes			193,112

Senate

The 90 members of the Senate were chosen, 10 from each province, by the newly elected provincial legislatures. Each province's Senate seats were allocated in proportion to the parties' representation in the provincial legislature.

**Determination of seats in the Senate as a consequence of the 26–29 April 1994 provincial elections^[2]**
Party		EC	FS	G	KZN	M	NW	NC	NP	WC	Total
	African National Congress	9	8	6	3	8	8	5	10	3	60
	National	1	1	2	1	1	1	4		6	17
	Inkatha Freedom Party				5						5
	Freedom Front		1	1		1	1	1			5
	Democratic Party			1	1					1	3
Total		10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	90

In 1997, on the adoption of the final Constitution, the Senate became the National Council of Provinces; its political makeup remained the same, but members were divided into permanent and special delegates, as described in the following table.

**Initial determination of delegates to the National Council of Provinces at the adoption of the new Constitution on 4 February 1997^[3]**
Party		Delegate type	EC	FS	G	KZN	M	NW	NC	NP	WC	Total
	African National Congress	Permanent	5	4	3	1	4	4	3	6	2	32	60
	African National Congress	Special	4	4	3	2	4	4	2	4	1	28	60
	National	Permanent	1	1	1	1	1	1	2		3	11	17
	National	Special			1				2		3	6	17
	Inkatha Freedom Party	Permanent				3						3	5
	Inkatha Freedom Party	Special				2						2	5
	Freedom Front	Permanent		1	1		1	1	1			5
	Democratic Party	Permanent			1	1					1	3
Total			10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	90

Provincial legislature results

Members of the provincial legislatures were elected from party lists in proportion to each party's share of the provincial ballot. The following table summarises the result, showing only parties that won at least one seat. The majority party in each legislature is indicated in bold.

**Seat allocation summary of the 26–29 April 1994 provincial legislature election results**
Party		EC	FS	G	KZN	M	NW	NC	NP	WC
	African National Congress	48	24	50	26	25	26	15	38	14
	National	6	4	21	9	3	3	12	1	23
	Inkatha Freedom Party			3	41
	Freedom Front		2	5		2	1	2	1	1
	Democratic Party	1		5	2			1		3
	Pan Africanist Congress	1		1	1
	African Christian Democratic Party			1	1					1
	Minority Front				1
Total		56	30	86	81	30	30	30	40	42

The following tables detail the results in each province.

Eastern Cape

**Summary of the 26–29 April 1994 Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature election results^[4]**
Party		Votes	%	Seats
	African National Congress	2,453,790	84.35	48
	National	286,029	9.83	6
	Democratic Party	59,644	2.05	1
	Pan Africanist Congress	59,475	2.04	1
	Freedom Front	23,167	0.80	0
	African Christian Democratic Party	14,908	0.51	0
	Inkatha Freedom Party	5,050	0.17	0
	African Democratic Movement	4,815	0.17	0
	Merit Party	2,028	0.07	0
Total		2,908,906	100.00	56
Spoilt votes		13,248

Free State

**Summary of the 26–29 April 1994 Orange Free State Provincial Legislature election results^[5]**
Party		Votes	%	Seats
	African National Congress	1,037,998	76.65	24
	National	170,452	12.59	4
	Freedom Front	81,662	6.03	2
	Pan Africanist Congress	24,451	1.81	0
	Dikwankwetla Party	17,024	1.26	0
	Democratic Party	7,664	0.57	0
	Inkatha Freedom Party	6,935	0.51	0
	African Christian Democratic Party	6,072	0.45	0
	African Democratic Movement	2,008	0.15	0
Total		1,354,266	100.00	30
Spoilt votes		10,286

Gauteng

**Summary of the 26–29 April 1994 Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging Provincial Legislature election results^[6]**
Party		Votes	%	Seats
	African National Congress	2,418,257	57.60	50
	National	1,002,540	23.88	21
	Freedom Front	258,935	6.17	5
	Democratic Party	223,548	5.32	5
	Inkatha Freedom Party	153,567	3.66	3
	Pan Africanist Congress	61,512	1.47	1
	African Christian Democratic Party	25,542	0.61	1
	Federal Party	16,279	0.39	0
	Africa Muslim Party	12,888	0.31	0
	Women's Rights Peace Party	7,279	0.17	0
	Luso-South African Party	5,423	0.13	0
	Dikwankwetla Party	4,853	0.12	0
	African Democratic Movement	4,352	0.10	0
	Ximoko Progressive Party	3,275	0.08	0
Total		4,198,250	100.00	86
Spoilt votes		25,383

KwaZulu/Natal

**Summary of the 26–29 April 1994 KwaZulu/Natal Provincial Legislature election results^[7]**
Party		Votes	%	Seats
	Inkatha Freedom Party	1,844,070	50.32	41
	African National Congress	1,181,118	32.23	26
	National	410,710	11.21	9
	Democratic Party	78,910	2.15	2
	Minority Front	48,951	1.34	1
	Pan Africanist Congress	26,601	0.73	1
	African Christian Democratic Party	24,690	0.67	1
	Freedom Front	18,625	0.51	0
	Africa Muslim Party	17,931	0.49	0
	African Democratic Movement	8,092	0.22	0
	Workers International to Rebuild the Fourth International	4,626	0.13	0
Total		3,664,324	100.00	81
Spoilt votes		39,369

Mpumalanga

**Summary of the 26–29 April 1994 Eastern Transvaal Provincial Legislature election results^[8]**
Party		Votes	%	Seats
	African National Congress	1,070,052	80.69	25
	National	119,311	9.00	3
	Freedom Front	75,120	5.66	2
	Pan Africanist Congress	21,679	1.63	0
	Inkatha Freedom Party	20,147	1.52	0
	Democratic Party	7,437	0.56	0
	African Christian Democratic Party	6,339	0.48	0
	African Democratic Movement	5,062	0.38	0
	Right Party	921	0.07	0
Total		1,326,068	100.00	30
Spoilt votes		12,631

North-West

**Summary of the 26–29 April 1994 North-West Provincial Legislature election results^[9]**
Party		Votes	%	Seats
	African National Congress	1,310,080	83.33	26
	National	138,986	8.84	3
	Freedom Front	72,821	4.63	1
	Pan Africanist Congress	27,274	1.73	0
	Democratic Party	7,894	0.50	0
	Inkatha Freedom Party	5,948	0.38	0
	African Christian Democratic Party	5,570	0.35	0
	African Democratic Movement	3,569	0.23	0
Total		1,572,142	100.00	30
Spoilt votes		18,974

Northern Cape

**Summary of the 26–29 April 1994 Northern Cape Provincial Legislature election results^[10]**
Party		Votes	%	Seats
	African National Congress	200,839	49.74	15
	National	163,452	40.48	12
	Freedom Front	24,117	5.97	2
	Democratic Party	7,567	1.87	1
	Pan Africanist Congress	3,765	0.93	0
	Inkatha Freedom Party	1,688	0.42	0
	African Christian Democratic Party	1,610	0.40	0
	African Democratic Movement	734	0.18	0
Total		403,772	100.00	30
Spoilt votes		3,534

Northern Province

**Summary of the 26–29 April 1994 Northern Transvaal Provincial Legislature election results^[11]**
Party		Votes	%	Seats
	African National Congress	1,759,597	91.63	38
	National	62,745	3.27	1
	Freedom Front	41,193	2.15	1
	Pan Africanist Congress	24,360	1.27	0
	United People's Front	10,123	0.53	0
	African Christian Democratic Party	7,363	0.38	0
	Ximoko Progressive Party	4,963	0.26	0
	Democratic Party	4,021	0.21	0
	African Democratic Movement	3,662	0.19	0
	Inkatha Freedom Party	2,233	0.12	0
Total		1,920,260	100.00	40
Spoilt votes		13,702

Western Cape

**Summary of the 26–29 April 1994 Western Cape Provincial Legislature election results^[12]**
Party		Votes	%	Seats
	National	1,138,242	53.25	23
	African National Congress	705,576	33.01	14
	Democratic Party	141,970	6.64	3
	Freedom Front	44,003	2.06	1
	African Christian Democratic Party	25,731	1.20	1
	Pan Africanist Congress	22,676	1.06	0
	Africa Muslim Party	20,954	0.98	0
	Islamic Party	16,762	0.78	0
	Inkatha Freedom Party	7,445	0.35	0
	Wes-Kaap Federaliste Party	6,337	0.30	0
	South African Women's Party	2,641	0.12	0
	Green Party	2,611	0.12	0
	African Democratic Movement	1,939	0.09	0
	Workers International to Rebuild the Fourth International	855	0.04	0
Total		2,137,742	100.00	42
Spoilt votes		10,714

Security

Denel Dynamics Seeker unmanned aerial vehicles were used to monitor the elections.^[13]

Legacy

The election was commemorated on its 20th anniversary due to its historic importance.^[14]

References

↑ "April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - Republic of South Africa Totals". Election Resources on the Internet. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
↑ Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, Schedule 6: "Transitional Arrangements", item 7.
↑ Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, Schedule 6: "Transitional Arrangements", item 7.
↑ "April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - Eastern Cape". Election Resources on the Internet. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
↑ "April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - Free State". Election Resources on the Internet. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
↑ "April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - Gauteng". Election Resources on the Internet. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
↑ "April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - KwaZulu-Natal". Election Resources on the Internet. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
↑ "April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - Mpumalanga". Election Resources on the Internet. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
↑ "April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - North West". Election Resources on the Internet. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
↑ "April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - Northern Cape". Election Resources on the Internet. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
↑ "April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - Limpopo". Election Resources on the Internet. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
↑ "April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - Western Cape". Election Resources on the Internet. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
↑ "Flying unpiloted in the conflict zone and into civilian territory" (PDF). Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. p. 29. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
↑ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/04/s-africa-marks-democracy-anniversary-2014427114951886747.html

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1994 South African general election.

US Department of the Army, South Africa Country Study, "The 1994 Elections"
IEC results for 1994 election
Proportional representation and alternative systems

Elections and referendums in South Africa

General elections	1910 1915 1920 1921 1924 1929 1933 1938 1943 1948 1953 1958 1961 1966 1970 1974 1977 1981 1984 1987 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014

Municipal elections	1995–96 2000 2006 2011 2016

Referendums	1960 1983 1992

See also: Elections and referendums in the Boer republics and South African colonies Elections and referendums in South African Bantustans

Nelson Mandela

18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013 President of South Africa (1994–1999) President of the African National Congress (1991–1997)

Life	Early life Mandela and Tambo law firm Umkhonto we Sizwe 1955 Congress of the People Freedom Charter Treason Trial Rivonia Trial Robben Island Pollsmoor Prison Victor Verster Prison Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa Liliesleaf Farm Mandela House and museum Nelson Mandela Children's Fund The Elders 70th Birthday Tribute 90th Birthday Tribute Awards and honours Death and funeral attendees

Presidency	1994 election Presidency Government of National Unity Reconstruction and Development Programme Truth and Reconciliation Commission Constitution of South Africa 1995 Rugby World Cup Intervention in Lesotho Mahlamba Ndlopfu

Books and speeches	"I Am Prepared to Die" (1964 speech) Long Walk to Freedom (1995) Mandela: The Authorised Biography (1999)

Legacy and namesakes	Mandela Day Nelson Mandela Forum Nelson Mandela Institution 46664 concerts Mandela Rhodes Scholarship Nelson Mandela Challenge Nelson Mandela Challenge Plate Nelson Mandela Invitational Nelson Mandela Square Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality Mandela National Stadium Nelson Mandela Bridge Nelson Mandela Children's Hospital Ponts Nelson-Mandela Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University

Film depictions	Mandela (1987) Death of Apartheid (1995) Mandela (1996) Mandela: Son of Africa, Father of a Nation (1996) Mandela and de Klerk (1997) Goodbye Bafana (2007) Endgame (2009) Invictus (2009) Winnie Mandela (2011) Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom (2013) Mandela: The Struggle Is My Life (2013)

Family	Ngubengcuka (great-grandfather) Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa (father) Nosekeni Fanny (mother) Evelyn Mase (wife) Winnie Madikizela-Mandela (wife) Graça Machel (wife) Makgatho Mandela (son) Makaziwe Mandela (daughter) Zenani Mandela-Dlamini (daughter) Mandla Mandela (grandson)

Related	African National Congress history International Tribute Concert Madiba shirt "Free Nelson Mandela" (song) "Mandela Day" (song) Free Nelson Mandela (sculpture) Johannesburg statue Parliament Square, London statue Ismail Ayob

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Political history of South Africa

Defunct polities

Kingdom of Mapungubwe (c. 1075–c. 1220)
Dutch Cape Colony (1652–1806)
Mthethwa Paramountcy (c. 1780–1817)
Ndwandwe Kingdom (c. 1780–1819)
Cape Colony (1795–1910)
Zulu Kingdom (1816–97)
Natalia Republic (1839–43)
Natal Colony (1843–1910)
Orange Free State (1854–1902)
South African Republic (1856–1902)
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Griqualand West (1870–73)
Goshen (1882–83)
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Events

1652–1815	Dutch settlement French Huguenot settlement Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars Xhosa Wars Battle of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814

1815–1910	Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Boer Republics Mineral Revolution Witwatersrand Gold Rush South African Wars South Africa Act 1909

1910–1948	Maritz Rebellion Rand Rebellion Great Depression 1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike Bantustans

Apartheid era	1948 general election Apartheid legislation Internal resistance Coloured-vote constitutional crisis Defiance Campaign Congress of the People Freedom Charter Women's March 1956 1957 Alexandra bus boycott Sharpeville massacre 1960 republic referendum International isolation Academic boycott Disinvestment Sporting boycott Rivonia Trial Tar Baby Option Durban Moment Border War Israeli alliance Israel–South Africa Agreement Soweto Uprising Weapons of mass destruction Project Coast Constructive engagement Church Street bombing 1983 constitutional reform referendum Rubicon speech Third Force CODESA 1992 apartheid referendum Saint James Church massacre Bophuthatswana conflict Shell House massacre

Post-apartheid	1994 general election Government of National Unity Reconstruction and Development Programme Truth and Reconciliation Commission Arms Deal African Renaissance Xenophobia Marikana massacre 2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike Nkandlagate 2014 platinum strike #RhodesMustFall protests #FeesMustFall student protests

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