2009 G-20 Pittsburgh summit

G-20 Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy
Host country United States
Date September 24–25, 2009
Venue(s) David L. Lawrence Convention Center
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
United States
Participants G-20 + the Netherlands, Spain, NEPAD, ASEAN, the UN, the World Bank, the IMF, the WTO, APEC, and the FSF.
Follows London Summit, 2009
Precedes Toronto Summit, 2010

The 2009 G-20 Pittsburgh Summit was the third meeting of the G-20 heads of state in discussion of financial markets and the world economy.

The G-20 is the premier forum for discussing, planning and monitoring international economic cooperation.[1]

The summit was held at the David L. Lawrence Convention Center in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States on September 24–25, 2009.[2] Announced shortly after the April 2009 G-20 London summit, U.S. President Barack Obama volunteered to host this summit, initially planning to hold it in New York City and coordinating it with the opening of the United Nations General Assembly. However, due to coordination issues, on May 28, 2009, the Obama Administration announced a change of venue to Pittsburgh in order to highlight the city's economic recovery following the collapse of its manufacturing sector in the latter half of the 20th century. In response to the Global credit crisis, a G20 summit in one year was proposed shortly after the London summit in April 2009.

Amongst the issues discussed was a proposal to radically reform the International Monetary Fund (IMF).[3] French President Nicolas Sarkozy also suggested that there would be an evaluation of measures already taken.[4]

The primary venue of the summit was the David L. Lawrence Convention Center, which was at one point the largest Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design certified building in the world.[5] A working dinner for world leaders was held at the Phipps Conservatory & Botanical Gardens, chosen to highlight its environmentally friendly features including an earth-sheltered welcome center and a Tropical Forest Conservatory described as the world’s most energy efficient.[6] Other venues used around the city include The Andy Warhol Museum, the Pittsburgh High School for the Creative and Performing Arts and Rosemont, the working farm of Teresa Heinz Kerry.[6]

Preparations

In the weeks leading up to the conference, many measures were taken to prepare Pittsburgh for the conference. Many streets in Downtown Pittsburgh were re-paved and a pre-season National Hockey League hockey game for the Pittsburgh Penguins at nearby Mellon Arena was rescheduled. During the week of the G20, many streets were closed, and traffic patterns were adjusted. Many public schools, universities and nearby businesses were closed, canceling classes or working remotely for the duration of the conference. Pittsburgh Mayor Luke Ravenstahl also attempted to alleviate problems by meeting beforehand with some of the groups expected to protest during the event.[7]

Security

Thousands of protesters were expected during the week of the Summit, which was classified as a National Special Security Event. Security was coordinated by the United States Secret Service, working in conjunction with the Pittsburgh Police. It is estimated that 4,000 police officers were requested, and the city only had 900 police officers at the time of the event. The Pennsylvania State Police committed more than 1,000 officers for the downtown event, including SWAT, helicopter, mounted, undercover, bicycle and motorcycle officers. Allegheny County had 75 officers specifically trained by and embedded into the Pittsburgh Police Bureau for the event since June. New York City and Baltimore also committed some officers, as well as Pittsburgh suburbs. Some officers from Chicago traveled to assist, taking vacation days from their department. All officers, regardless of department, were under the command of the Secret Service for the event days.[8]

Chinook and Black Hawk helicopters, armored Humvees and crews of U.S. Army soldiers, as well as 10 25-foot boats with M240 machine guns from the Coast Guard, were on hand in the event of large-scale violent protests or a terrorist attack.[9]

Attendance

Leaders of the G-20 countries present at the Pittsburgh Summit.

G-20 leaders began gathering in Pittsburgh on September 24, 2009. On the evening of September 24, the leaders attended a reception at Phipps Conservatory in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh.[10]

The Summit proper began on the morning of September 25 at the David L. Lawrence Convention Center, downtown.

Core participants

The following participants of the Pittsburgh summit represented the core members of the G-20,[11] which include 19 countries and the European Union which is represented by its two governing bodies, the European Council and the European Commission.[12]

Dmitry Medvedev and Recep Tayyip Erdogan with interpreters in the foreground.
Hu Jintao and Barack Obama at the plenary session of the summit
G-20 members
Host nation and leader are indicated in bold text.
Member Represented by Title
Argentina Argentina Cristina Fernández de Kirchner[13] President
Australia Australia Kevin Rudd[14] Prime Minister
Brazil Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva[15] President
Canada Canada Stephen Harper[16] Prime Minister
China China Hu Jintao[17] President
France France Nicolas Sarkozy[18] President
Germany Germany Angela Merkel[19] Chancellor
India India Manmohan Singh[20] Prime Minister
Indonesia Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono[21] President
Italy Italy Silvio Berlusconi[22] Prime Minister
Japan Japan Yukio Hatoyama[23] Prime Minister
Mexico Mexico Felipe Calderón[24] President
Russia Russia Dmitry Medvedev[25] President
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz[26] King
South Africa South Africa Jacob Zuma[27] President
South Korea South Korea Lee Myung-bak[28] President
Turkey Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan[29] Prime Minister
United Kingdom United Kingdom Gordon Brown[30] Prime Minister
United States United States Barack Obama[31] President
European Union European Commission Jose Manuel Barroso[32] President
European Council Fredrik Reinfeldt[33] President
Invited states
State Represented by Title
Ethiopia Ethiopia Meles Zenawi Prime Minister of Ethiopia
Netherlands Netherlands Jan Peter Balkenende Prime Minister of the Netherlands
Spain Spain José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero Prime Minister of Spain
International organisations
Organisation Represented by Title
ASEAN Surin Pitsuwan[34] Secretary General
Abhisit Vejjajiva Chairman[35]
Financial Stability Forum Mario Draghi Chairman
International Monetary Fund Dominique Strauss-Kahn Managing Director
New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) Meles Zenawi Chairman
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development José Ángel Gurría Secretary General
United Nations United Nations Ban Ki-moon Secretary General
World Bank Group Robert Zoellick President
World Trade Organization Pascal Lamy Director-General

Protests

Protesters in the Lawrenceville neighborhood of Pittsburgh on September 24.

After numerous denials of permits for groups such as Code Pink and Three Rivers Climate Convergence to assemble peaceful demonstrations, the ACLU of Pennsylvania successfully sued to force the city of Pittsburgh to allow demonstrations around the G-20 Summit.[36][37]

Participants in the protests surrounding the summit included peace, environmental, labor and social justice organizations.[38]

The first of the alternate events was a Peoples' Summit, involving an all-day session of speakers, panels and workshops on September 19, the Saturday before the G-20 Summit, drawing about 500 participants, and continuing on Monday and Tuesday evenings, each drawing between 100 and 200. The Peoples' Summit included outright opponents of the G-20 (such as radical historian Howard Zinn, who addressed the gathering via special video) as well as some who hoped to influence it in what they considered to be "progressive" directions. The Pittsburgh City Council proclaimed "that the Council of the City of Pittsburgh does hereby commend the Peoples’ Summit, all associated institutions and organizations, and the citizen volunteers who worked tirelessly to make it a success. Their outstanding efforts are certain to create a greater understanding about the challenges we face, the solutions we should explore and the social dialogue that is necessary for the realization of a better world. Furthermore, the citizens of our region are encouraged to seize the opportunity to participate in this significant and historic event." The Peoples’ Summit itself advanced some of the themes that surfaced in protests when the G-20 Summit actually met: "We envision a world in which basic rights—freedom of expression, freedom of thought and religion, freedom from fear, and freedom from want—are enjoyed by all people. This is not the reality of our world today. Yet, in our diversity and plurality of orientations, inspired by mutual respect and the spirit of solidarity, we share the conviction that another world is possible."[39][40][41]

This was followed by a number of tent cities, demonstrations and other summits. There was also an alternative conference on Tuesday called the Freedom Conference 2009, stressing conservative grassroots solutions and free-market approaches.[42]

At around 10:15 a.m. on Wednesday, September 23, Greenpeace activists hung a banner, warning of the dangers of increased CO2 emissions, from the deck of the West End Bridge facing downtown Pittsburgh over the Ohio River.[43] While traffic was held up for a period, all eight activists were placed under arrest after surrendering peacefully.

On Thursday, September 24, the Pittsburgh G-20 Resistance Project held a march and a day of direct action at Arsenal Park in the city's Lawrenceville neighborhood. Police fired pepper spray at a crowd of an estimated 500 demonstrators to disperse a protest march a few hours before the start of the Summit.[44][45]

Police also used a Long Range Acoustic Device (LRAD) to remove protesters from an area after warning them several times to disperse. This was believed by city officials to be the first time that an LRAD had been used to disperse protesters within the United States. Since then, LRADs have been used to peacefully disperse crowds on several occasions. [44]

Riot police exit a city bus in the Oakland neighborhood on September 24.

Later in the evening, another small crowd gathered in Schenley Plaza, as world leaders met that evening at the Phipps Conservatory nearby for a working dinner. Hundreds of police swarmed and encircled the peaceful crowd, which spilled over onto Forbes Avenue and Bigelow Boulevard near the Cathedral of Learning.[46] An estimated 300 riot police lined the sidewalk behind the William Pitt Union, with 200 more officers blocking Forbes Avenue nearby to contain the protesters. However, the crowd quickly grew to about 500 as nearby University of Pittsburgh students—evident by shouts of "Let's Go Pitt!" heard—curious about the sirens and police presence, joined the crowd. Police shot several rounds of pepper spray into the crowd. Nearby businesses along Forbes Avenue and Craig Street were also vandalized after the police attempted to break up the demonstration.[45] The University of Pittsburgh alerted students via text message that, "Conditions may be deteriorating in Oakland. Students are advised to remain near their residences."[46]

The Peoples' March begins its journey toward East Allegheny, after a series of speakers lectured in front of the City-County Building.

The Pittsburgh G-20 Resistance Project called for "Everywhere Protests" at various locations and businesses (mostly banks and large corporations) throughout the city Friday morning (September 25). These were not very large scale protests. Some protesters wore black and twirled hula hoops at Forbes Avenue and Atwood Street in the Oakland neighborhood. There was also a small gathering of protesters at a Starbucks Coffee on Centre Avenue in the city's East Liberty neighborhood as well.[47]

Yet Friday also saw massive actions involving a broad coalition headed by the pacifist-oriented Thomas Merton Center. As one speaker emphasized at the action’s start, said, "I remind you, this is a peaceful, permitted march. We're confronting G-20 policies, not police." This "Peoples' March" (linked in the minds of many with issues raised in the earlier Peoples' Summit) was punctuated by three rallies (following the route of the march, in Oakland, in downtown Pittsburgh on the steps of City Hall, and on Pittsburgh's North Side), with an estimated 5000 to 8000 participants. The demonstration was quite diverse, including religious and community activists, anarchists, socialists, environmentalists, human rights advocates, opponents of war, trade unionists, veterans, and others. The mood of the action tended to be uncompromisingly critical of the G-20, of big corporations, and of capitalism as such. “We’re rallying here just a few miles from where the corporate robber barons have settled down to divide up the planet, that group of bankers, financiers and political leaders who have wreaked havoc upon our world,” proclaimed one of the speakers, urging listeners to “fight for another world, put people before profits.” The crowd roared with approval, and others spoke in a similar vein, but the assembly was completely free from violence and arrests.[48][49][50][51][52][53]

Much of the news media tended to minimize peaceful protests, however, and gave greater attention to arrests. These included controversial police actions of Friday evening, after the G-20 Summit and the organized protests had ended. Taking place in Schenley Plaza and at the nearby University of Pittsburgh campus, they involved more sweeping arrests, and more charges of police violence, than had been the case the night before.

According to police accounts, about 4,500 people participated in protests throughout the city, with 190 arrests being made.[54] Approximately $50,000 worth of damage was caused to area businesses, with $15,000 worth being attributed to one individual, David Japenga of California, accused of breaking 20 windows and doors in Oakland on Thursday night.[55]

New York City activist Elliott "Smokey" Madison used Twitter to report an order to disperse message from the Pittsburgh police during the protests. Police raided Madison's hotel room, and one week later Madison's New York home, Tortuga House, was raided by FBI agents. Police claim Madison and a co-defendant used computers and a radio scanner to track police movements and then passed on that information to protesters using cell phones and the social networking site Twitter. Madison was charged with hindering apprehension or prosecution, criminal use of a communication facility, and possession of instruments of crime. All protesters that were arrested were processed and held at the State Correctional Institution - Pittsburgh.[56][57][58]

Response

Dozens of University of Pittsburgh students who say they were wrongfully arrested and subjected to heavy-handed police tactics during the G-20 meeting called for an investigation into the police actions.[37][59][60]

Outcome

One of the first major announcements to come out of the meeting was that the group will become the new permanent council for international economic cooperation. This means that the much larger G-20 meeting will essentially replace the smaller G8, which will continue to meet on major security issues but will carry reduced influence. This decision will help to include major developing nations – such as China, India and Brazil – which were originally not included in the G-8.[61]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Parliament (UK): Townsend, Ian. "G20 & the November 2010 Seoul summit" (SN/EP/5028), 19 October 2010, retrieved 2011-04-07; excerpt, "Today, we designated the G-20 as the premier forum for our international economic cooperation" citing "Pittsburgh G20 Leaders’ summit communiqué," ¶50 September 29, 2009, retrieved 2011-04-07; excerpt, "Today, we designated the G-20 as the premier forum for our international economic cooperation. We have asked our representatives to report back at the next meeting with recommendations on how to maximize the effectiveness of our cooperation. We agreed to have a G-20 Summit in Canada in June 2010, and in Korea in November 2010. We expect to meet annually thereafter, and will meet in France in 2011.
  2. ↑ "Pittsburgh To Host Next G20 Summit". KDKA. May 28, 2009. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
  3. ↑ Morris, Nigel; Grice, Andrew (April 4, 2009). "Brown's assignment for next G20 meeting: a blueprint for IMF reform". London: The Independent. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
  4. ↑ "New G20 summit in September in New York: Sarkozy". Economic Times. April 3, 2009. Retrieved August 6, 2009. External link in |publisher= (help)
  5. ↑ "David L. Lawrence Convention Center.". David L. Lawrence Convention Center. Retrieved September 25, 2009. External link in |publisher= (help)
  6. 1 2 "White House chooses G20 venues around Pittsburgh". Pittsburgh Business Times. August 3, 2009. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
  7. ↑ Mandak, Joe (July 30, 2009). "G-20 police planning a puzzle for Pittsburgh chief". Associated Press. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
  8. ↑ Sherman, Jerome L.; Lord, Rich. (August 26, 2009). "1,000 state police on the way for G-20 summit.". Pittsburgh Post Gazette. Retrieved September 22, 2009.
  9. ↑ Acton, Robin (September 24, 2009). "Public urged not to worry at sight of helicopters, gunboats, Humvees". Tribune-Review. Retrieved September 25, 2009.
  10. ↑ Carpenter, Mackenzie (September 25, 2009). "Smiling in the rain, Obamas host gala at Phipps.". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved September 25, 2009.
  11. ↑ Andrews, Edmund L. "Global Economic Forum to Expand Permanently," New York Times. September 24, 2009.
  12. ↑ Rieffel, Lex. "Regional Voices in Global Governance: Looking to 2010 (Part IV)," Brookings. March 27, 2009; "core" members (G20 Toronto, official site)
  13. ↑ University of Toronto, G20 Information Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-15; Argentina (G20 Pittsburgh, official site).
  14. ↑ G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-16; Australia (G20 Pittsburgh, official site).
  15. ↑ G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-16; Brazil (U Toronto site); Brazil (G20 Pittsburgh, official site).
  16. ↑ G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-16; Canada (G20 Pittsburgh, official site).
  17. ↑ G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-16; China (G20 Pittsburgh, official site).
  18. ↑ G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-17; France (G20 Pittsburgh, official site).
  19. ↑ G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-17; Merkel (U Toronto site); Germany (G20 Pittsburgh, official site)
  20. ↑ G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-17; India (G20 Pittsburgh, official site).
  21. ↑ G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-17; Indonesia (G20 Pittsburgh, official site).
  22. ↑ G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-17; Italy (G20 Pittsburgh, official site).
  23. ↑ G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-18; Japan (G20 Pittsburgh, official site).
  24. ↑ G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-18; Mexico (G20 Pittsburgh, official site).
  25. ↑ G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-18; Russia (G20 Pittsburgh, official site).
  26. ↑ G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-18; Saudi Arabia (G20 Pittsburgh, official site)
  27. ↑ G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-19; South Africa (G20 official site)
  28. ↑ G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-19; South Korea (G20 Pittsburgh, official site).
  29. ↑ G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-19; Turkey (G20 Pittsburgh, official site)
  30. ↑ G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-19; United Kingdom (G20 Pittsburgh, official site)
  31. ↑ G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-19; Obama (G20 Pittsburgh, official site)
  32. ↑ G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-20; Barroso (G20 Pittsburgh, official site)
  33. ↑ G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-19; European Council (G20 Pittsburgh, official site)
  34. ↑ Rana, Pradumna B. "How can Asia strengthen its voice at G-20?" Korea Times. July 6, 2010; excerpt, "Under the present G-20 practice of inviting representatives of regional groupings, the ASEAN chair and the ASEAN secretary general participated at the London, Pittsburgh, and Toronto summits;"
  35. ↑ Itiporn Lakarnchua. "PM to assert Thailand, ASEAN determinations to international community during G-20," National News Bureau of Thailand. 21 September 2009; excerpt, Thai Prime Minister "... representing the ASEAN as Thailand is currently heading the regional organization."
  36. ↑ ACLU-PA (2009-09-11). "Code Pink vs US Secret Service". Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
  37. 1 2 ACLU-PA (2009-09-24). "Fighting for Free Speech at the G20 in Pittsburgh". Archived from the original on 2 October 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
  38. ↑ "Action at the G-20 Summit". Thomas Merton Center. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
  39. ↑ http://www.peoplessummit.com/
  40. ↑ "Post-Gazette Video". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
  41. ↑ http://focusweb.org/500-gather-for-smmit-of-the-people-ahead-of-pittsburgh-g-20-meet.html?Itemid=1
  42. ↑ Prine, Carl (August 27, 2009). "Groups organize alternative in Oakland to economic summit". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Retrieved September 22, 2009.
  43. ↑ "Eight Arrested After West End Bridge Demonstration.". KDKA-TV. September 23, 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-09-26. Retrieved September 25, 2009.
  44. 1 2 Urbina, Ian (September 24, 2009). "Protesters Are Met by Tear Gas at G-20 Conference.". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 September 2009. Retrieved September 25, 2009.
  45. 1 2 Roddy, Dennis B. (September 25, 2009). "Protesters clash with police throughout day, night.". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved September 25, 2009.
  46. 1 2 Balingit, Moriah; Nereim, Vivian (September 26, 2009). "40 arrested in clash with police in Oakland". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved September 26, 2009.
  47. ↑ "Oakland Protesters Hula; No Large Actions On G-20 'Everywhere Protest'.". WTAE-TV. September 25, 2009. Retrieved September 25, 2009.
  48. ↑ ""Peoples' March" against G-2p Politics". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on April 27, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
  49. ↑ "G-20 protesters hold peaceful march from Oakland to North Side". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. September 25, 2009. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
  50. ↑ "Massive 'Peoples' March' Touches Oakland, Downtown, North Side". WTAE-TV. Archived from the original on 2011-10-05. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
  51. ↑ Urbina, Ian (September 26, 2009). "Thousands Hold Peaceful March at G-20 Summit". The New York Times. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
  52. ↑ "Thousands protest at G20". Retrieved May 12, 2013.
  53. ↑ "Ashley Smith Speech at The Peoples March Against the G20". Retrieved May 12, 2013.
  54. ↑ "Groups upset over G-20 arrests plan rally.". The Philadelphia Inquirer. October 1, 2009. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
  55. ↑ "G-20 Summit vandal found guilty of all charges". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. August 26, 2010. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
  56. ↑ "Twitter Crackdown: NYC Activist Arrested for Using Social Networking Site during G-20 Protest in Pittsburgh". Democracy Now!. 2009-10-06. Archived from the original on 9 November 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
  57. ↑ "Man Arrested for Twittering Goes to Court, EFF Has the Documents". Electronic Frontier Foundation. 2009-10-05. Archived from the original on 26 November 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
  58. ↑ Amy Goodman (2009-10-06). "Watch What You Tweet". truthdig. Archived from the original on 29 November 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
  59. ↑ Eva Bugos (2009-09-30). "Pitt's ACLU student group hosts post-G-20 speak-out". The Pitt News. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
  60. ↑ "Pittsburgh Police Challenged over Use of Sound Cannons During G-20 and for Wrongfully Arresting Dozens of University of Pittsburgh Students". Democracy Now!. October 2, 2009. Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
  61. ↑ "Officials: G-20 to supplant G-8 as international economic council". CNN. September 24, 2009. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

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