2012–13 Egyptian protests

2012–13 Egyptian protests
Part of the Egyptian Crisis

Demonstrators in Cairo's Tahrir Square on the morning of 27 November 2012
Date 22 November 2012 (2012-11-22) – 3 July 2013 (2013-07-03)
(7 months, 1 week and 4 days)
Location  Egypt
30°2′N 31°13′E / 30.033°N 31.217°E / 30.033; 31.217Coordinates: 30°2′N 31°13′E / 30.033°N 31.217°E / 30.033; 31.217
Causes
  • Center-periphery dissonance[1]
Goals
  • Withdrawal of Morsi's decree[2]
  • Cancellation of referendum on draft constitution[2]
  • Overhaul of the Islamist-dominated constitutional assembly[2]
  • Ousting of President Mohamed Morsi
  • Overthrow of the Qandil Cabinet
Methods
Status Successful
Parties to the civil conflict

Egypt Government

Supported by:
Muslim Brotherhood

al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (party)[21]

Other Islamists
Lead figures
Casualties
28 killed (17–22 November 2012);[22]
59[23]–60+[24] killed (25 January–3 February 2013);
40 killed[25] (23 June–3 July 2013)

The 2012–13 Egyptian protests were part of a large scale popular uprising in Egypt against then-President Mohamed Morsi. On 22 November 2012, millions of protesters began protesting against Morsi,[26] after his government announced a temporary constitutional declaration that in effect granted the president unlimited powers.[27][28] Morsi deemed the decree necessary to protect the elected constituent assembly from a planned dissolution by judges appointed during the Mubarak era.[29]

The demonstrations were organized by Egyptian opposition organizations and individuals, mainly liberals, leftists, secularists and Christians.[30][31] The demonstrations resulted in violent clashes between Morsi-supporters and the anti-Morsi protesters, with dozens of deaths and hundreds of injuries.[32] Demonstrators gathered outside the presidential palace, which in turn was surrounded by tanks and armored vehicles of the Republican Guard.[2] The anti-Morsi protesters in Cairo were estimated at 200,000, while over 100,000 supporters of Morsi gathered in Cairo to show support.[33] A number of Morsi's advisers resigned in protest, and many judges spoke out against his actions as well.[2] Resignations were tendered by the director of state broadcasting, Rafik Habib (Christian vice president of the Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party), and Zaghloul el-Balshi (general secretary of the commission overseeing the planned constitutional referendum).[34] Seven members of Morsi's 17-member advisory panel resigned in December 2012.[35]

On 8 December 2012, Morsi annulled his temporary decree which had expanded his presidential authority and removed judicial review of his decrees, an Islamist official said, but added that the results of the temporary declaration would still stand.[36]

On 22 December, the Constitution supported by Morsi was approved in a national referendum by 64% of the voters, with 32.9% of the electorate voting. The opposition claimed fraud in the process and called for an inquiry.[37][38][39][40]

Prior to the anti-government protests in Egypt, Morsi supporters gathered in Rabaa el-Adaweya to celebrate the one-year anniversary of Morsi's inauguration.

However on 30 June 2013, the first anniversary of the election of Morsi, thousands of Morsi opponents massed in Tahrir Square and outside the main presidential palace in the Heliopolis suburb demanding Morsi's resignation.[41] Demonstrations were also reported in 18 locations across Cairo[42] and in other different locations across the country including Alexandria, El-Mahalla and cities in the Suez Canal region.[43][44] Various political organizations supported the demonstrations, including the Tamarod movement formed by members of the Egyptian Movement for Change, which claimed to have collected 22 million signatures calling for Morsi's resignation.[45][46]

On 3 July 2013 the Egyptian Armed Forces released a statement announcing the end of Morsi's presidency, following a 48-hour deadline demanding that Morsi "responds to the demands of the people."[47][48] In the same statement, the military announced the constitution was suspended for amendments and that new elections would be held at a future date. The chief justice of the constitutional court, Adly Mansour, became head of a transitional government.[47]

In protest of Morsi's overthrow,[49] his supporter, staged large demonstrations in the Nasr City district of Cairo, and in Alexandria, Luxor, Damanhour, and Suez.[50]

In what the Muslim Brotherhood and its supporters deemed a "massacre,"[51][52] dozens were killed during clashes between Morsi supporters and Egyptian soldiers.[53][54][55] In many cases, the Armed Forces denied shooting at demonstrators with live ammunition, contrary to claims by the Brotherhood, its supporters, and several Western media outlets.[56][57][58]

Background

On 22 November 2012, Morsi issued a constitutional declaration purporting to protect the Constituent Assembly of Egypt from judicial interference. The declaration stated that it only applies until a new constitution is ratified.[59] The declaration also requires new trials for people acquitted of Mubarak-era killings of protesters, and extends the mandate of the constituent assembly by two months. Additionally, the declaration authorizes Morsi to take all measures necessary to these ends.[60]

In effect, the declaration makes all constitutional declarations, laws and decrees made since Morsi assumed power immune to appeal by any individual, political or governmental body.[61][62][63][64][65] Demonstrations both in support of and opposing Morsi broke out around Egypt after the declaration was made.

Timeline

July 2012

On 8 July, Mohamed Morsi issued a decree calling back into session the dissolved parliament for 10 July 2012. Morsi's decree also called for new parliamentary elections to be held within 60 days of the adoption of a new constitution for the country, which is tentatively expected for late 2012. A constitutional assembly selected by the erstwhile parliament has been formed and has begun the work of drafting the constitution. The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) hold an emergency meeting in response to the decree, but adjourn the meeting without making an announcement.[66][67][68][69][70]

On 9 July, Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi's order to reconvene parliament was rejected by Egypt's Supreme Constitutional Court which said after meeting on 9 July 2012 that all its rulings and decisions, including its judgement that part of the election for parliament was unconstitutional and which led in return to the assembly's dissolution by the SCAF, are final, not subject to appeal and binding for all state institutions. With its ruling the court asserted that Morsi had no right to reconvene parliament after the court ordered it dissolved in June 2012.[71][72][73] Though the constituent assembly tasked with drawing up Egypt's new constitution is currently functioning, after being selected by the dissolved parliament, the SCAF also gave itself the power to choose a new assembly if the current one runs into any problems according to Al Jazeera.[72] In its July 9 statement the military council said its constitutional declaration which gave it broad powers "came as a result of the political, legal and constitutional circumstances that the country was facing" and added that the declaration "ensures the continuity of state institutions and the [military council] until a new constitution is drafted". The military said it was "confident" that all state institutions will respect constitutional declarations.[72]

On 10 July, Egypt's parliament convened despite dissolution, but the session was adjourned by Speaker Saad al-Katatni after the members of parliament approved Katatni's proposal that the parliament seek legal advice from the Court of Cassation on how to implement the supreme court's ruling. Thousands gathered in Cairo in protest of a ruling by Egypt's Supreme Constitutional Court to freeze the decree issued by President Mohamed Morsi to reinstate the Islamist-led parliament.[74][75][76][77][78][79] While the Supreme Constitutional Court ruled that Morsi did not have the right to reconstitute the body,[79] it also threatened the new president with the equivalent of contempt of court if he continued to reject its decisions.[80] Parliament asked Egypt's Court of Cassation to essentially overrule the aspect of the Supreme Constitutional Court's decision holding that the whole Parliament must be immediately dissolved because of flaws in the electoral system used to fill a third of the seats. The Administrative Court (whose function is the review of executive actions), besides the Supreme Constitutional Court (whose function is the review of statutes) and Court of Cassation (whose function is the handling of appeals of lower court rulings) one of the three highest Courts in Egypt, is also weighing that question and has said it will issue its own ruling on 17 July.[80]

On 11 July, Egypt's President Mohamed Morsi declared he will seek dialogue with political forces and judicial authorities to resolve the row over the dissolved parliament. He also said that he will respect Egypt's Supreme Constitutional Court ruling that blocked his decision to call the nation's parliament back into session.[77][81][82]

On 14 July, the parliament's request to examine Egypt's Supreme Constitutional Court ruling that dissolved the Islamist-led assembly was rebuffed by the Court of Cassation. Egypt's highest appeals court unanimously ruled on 14 July 2012 it has no jurisdiction over the implementation of the 14 June 2012 constitutional court ruling.[83][84][85][86]

On 16 July, more than 20000 workers at Egypt's largest textiles manufacturing company, which saw major strikes in 2006 and 2008, began their first day of strikes demanding an increase in wages and more government investment in their sector.[87]

On 19 July, the Administrative Judiciary Court of the State Council put on hold all appeals against the formulation of the Constituent Assembly, tasked with drafting a new constitution, until the court decides on 30 July 2012 on suits calling for a change of the judge presiding over the case. The court was also looking at a case filed against the supplementary constitutional decree released by the Supreme Council of Armed Forces days before President Mohamed Morsi's inauguration, and another against the president's decision to bring back the People's Assembly, parliament's lower house that SCAF dissolved after the Supreme Constitutional Court ruled the parliamentary elections law unconstitutional. The court ruled lack of jurisdiction on both cases and referred the latter back to the Supreme Constitutional Court.[88][89][90][91] Egyptian president Mohamed Morsi ordered to release 572 people detained by the Egyptian military in the 2011 protests, and reduced the sentence of 16 others from life sentence to seven years in jail.[92][93]

On 30 July, the Administrative Judiciary Court of the State Council ruled on 30 July to postpone the case calling for the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly to 24 September, giving the assembly enough time to complete the drafting of Egypt's new constitution.[94][95]

August 2012

On 2 August, the first Cabinet under President Mohamed MorsI headed by Prime Minister Hesham Kandil was sworn in.[96][97][98][99]

On 5 August 2012 Egyptian–Israeli border attack.[100][101][102] Following this event Egypt's President Morsi fired his intelligence chief, the head of the military police, several Interior Ministry officials, the head of the presidential guard and the governor of North Sinai,[103] while the President during a trip to the border region vowed with respect to the victims of the attack. "We will never, ever rest until we take revenge and bring back justice to those killed."[104]

On 8 August, following the 2012 Egyptian–Israeli border attack Egyptian forces launched aerial strikes on militants in response to a series of attacks by masked gunmen on military checkpoints as part of a broader operation against Islamist militant organizations in the Sinai Peninsula.[103][105][106][107][108]

On 12 August, Morsi asked Mohamad Hussein Tantawi, head of the country's armed forces, and Sami Anan, the Army chief of staff, to resign[109] and Morsi assumed legislative powers.[110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118] Morsi's spokesman, Yasser Ali, announced that both Tantawi and Anan would remain advisers to the president. Tantawi and Anan were kept on as "special counsels to the president" with undisclosed roles[110][111][113] and were given Egypt's highest state honour, the Grand Collar of the Nile.[119][120] Morsi named Abdul Fatah al-Sisi, who served as chief of military intelligence until 2014, as Egypt's new defense minister.[112][116][121][122] He also replaced Egypt Chief of Staff Lieutenant General Sami Hafez Anan with General Sedki Sobhi.[121] General Mohamed al-Assar, a member of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, was named an assistant defense minister.[110][118] Morsi also pushed out the chiefs of the navy, the air force and the air defense branch of Egypt armed forces.[110][115] More specifically Vice Admiral Mohab Mamish, Commander of the Egyptian Navy; Lieutenant General Abd El Aziz Seif-Eldeen, Commander of the Egyptian Air Defense Forces; and Air Marshal Reda Mahmoud Hafez, Commander of the Egyptian Air Force were relieved from duty and moved on to civilian roles.[116] Morsi said his decisions had not been intended to humiliate military.[123] "I never meant to antagonize anyone," Morsi said. "We go on to new horizons, with new generations, with new blood that has long been awaited."[110] "I want the armed forces to devote themselves to a mission that is holy to all of us, which is protecting the nation," he said in a televised address.[112] "The decisions I took today were not meant ever to target certain persons, nor did I intend to embarrass institutions, nor was my aim to narrow freedoms," he said. "I did not mean to send a negative message about anyone, but my aim was the benefit of this nation and its people."[115][124] Morsi also announced that the constitutional amendments passed by the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) that had gutted the authority of his office, and replaced it with his own declaration, one that gave him broad legislative and executive powers and a decisive role in the drafting of Egypt's still unfinished new constitution.[110][125] In addition Morsi appointed a senior judge and Muslim Brotherhood favorite, Mahmoud Mekki, as his vice president.[121] The new constitutional decree Morsy released is made up of just four articles.[116][126] Among the powers Morsi assumed are the power to select a new panel to write Egypt's constitution, if the current panel could finish its work, and the full power to author, approve, and promulgate legislation.[110][116][127] This marked the "completion of Egyptian revolution," said an unidentified spokesman according to the Jerusalem Post.[121] The New York Times described the move as an "upheaval" and a "stunning purge", given the power that SCAF had taken after the fall of Mubarak.[122] Morsi's moves triggered support for and protest against his 12 August decisions,[128][129] while legal experts questioned legitimacy of Morsi's constitutional changes[127][130] and conflicting reports emerged from military officials over whether Morsi consulted with the armed forces regarding his decision to retire Tantawi and Anan.[131] Al Jazeera described it as "escalating the power struggle" between the president and military.[125]

On 14 August 2012, Mohamed Salem, an Egyptian lawyer, filed a legal challenge over Morsi's removal of Tantawi and Anan, arguing that Morsi planned to bring back the totalitarian regime.[132]

On 23 August, Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi issued a new law cancelling the Mubarak-era practice of temporarily detaining journalists for so-called "publication offences," including the charge of "offending the president of the republic."[133][134][135] With this law Morsi outlawed the pretrial detention of people accused of press crimes.[136] A Constitutional Declaration issued by Morsi earlier in August 2012 gave the president full legislative powers, which he will command until the election of a new parliament.[135][137]

September 2012

On 8 September, The Administrative Court of the State Council postponed its decision on the constitutionality of Egypt's Constituent Assembly until 2 October 2012.[138][139][140]

On 11 September, a protest was organized by Wesam Abdel-Wareth, a Salafist leader and president of Egypt's Hekma television channel, who called for a gathering at 5 pm in front of the United States Embassy, to protest against a film that he thought was named Muhammad's Trial, which is actually called Innocence of Muslims.[141][142] After the trailer for the film began circulating, Nader Bakkar, the Egyptian Salafist Nour Party's spokesman, and Muhammad al-Zawahiri, the brother of al-Qaeda leader Ayman al Zawihiri, called for Egyptians to assemble outside of the American embassy.[143] About 3,000 demonstrators, many of them from the ultraconservative Salafist movement, responded to his call. A dozen men were then reported to have scaled the embassy walls, after which one of them tore down the flag of the United States of America and replaced it with a black Islamist flag with the inscription of the shahada: "There is no god but God and Muhammad is the messenger of God". Some of the protesters also wrote "There is no God but Allah" on the compound walls. According to Sherine Tadros of Al Jazeera, the protestors demanded that the film be taken "out of circulation" and that some of the protestors would stay at the site until that happens. Thousands of Egyptian riot police were at the embassy following the breach of the walls; they eventually persuaded the trespassers to leave the compound without the use of force. After that, only a few hundred protesters remained outside the compound.[144] During the entry into the embassy grounds United States Marines were not allowed to carry live ammunition by the State Department.[145] Egypt's prime minister Hesham Kandil said "a number" of protesters later confessed to getting paid to participate.[146]

On 14 September, in the town of Sheikh Zuwayed in the Sinai Peninsula, protesters stormed a compound of the Multinational Force and Observers, designed to monitor the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel. The peacekeeping force opened fire on the protesters. Two members of the peacekeeping force were wounded.[147][148] Ahmad Fouad Ashoush, a Salafist Muslim cleric, issued a fatwa saying: "I issue a fatwa and call on the Muslim youth in America and Europe to do this duty, which is to kill the director, the producer and the actors and everyone who helped and promoted the film."[149] Another Muslim cleric, Ahmed Abdullah (aka Abu Islam) tore up the Bible and threw the torn pages on the ground during the 11 September embassy attack.[150][151]

On 22 September, Egypt's Supreme Administrative Court upheld on 22 September upheld an earlier Supreme Constitutional Court ruling, which had ordered the dissolution of the lower house of Egypt's parliament (People's Assembly) based on the unconstitutionality of some of the parliamentary elections law. The administrative court said that since the electoral laws on which the People's Assembly was elected were found to be unconstitutional, the entire composition of the assembly is invalid.[152][153][154][155]

On 23 September, Egypt's Supreme Administrative Court issued on 23 September 2012 a verdict supporting the right of former members of the now-defunct National Democratic Party (NDP), which was formally disbanded by an administrative court in April 2011, the NDP to run in parliamentary elections.[156]

October 2012

On 1 October, Egypt's doctors began on Monday a partial strike that lasted for weeks.[157][158]

On 2 October, The Administrative Court of the State Council postponed its decision on the constitutionality of Egypt's Constituent Assembly until 9 October 2012.[159][160][161][162]

On 8 October, Egyptian president Mohamed Morsi has ordered pardon for all persons who already have convictions and those who are still under investigation or are on trial for deeds "committed with the aim of supporting the revolution and bringing about its objectives." The decree included felonies, misdemeanors committed to support the uprising to achieve its goals from 25 January 2011 until 30 June 2012 except crimes of first degree murder and abides the general prosecutor and the military attorney general, each one in his field to publish a list for those given amnesty in the official newspaper. The persons missed can submit a complaint in a month from the date of publication, and one or more committees will be formed to consider the complaints under the presidency of the head of court of cessation within thirty days of the date of the complaints.[92][93][163][164][165][166][167][168][169]

On 9 October, The Administrative Court of the State Council postponed its decision on the constitutionality of Egypt's Constituent Assembly until 16 October 2012 in order to review more documents.[170]

On 10 October, Egypt's prosecutor general Abdel-Maguid Mahmoud failed to win a conviction of two dozen Mubarak allies charged with orchestrating an attack by thugs on the protesters who ousted Mubarak. Some of the thugs were mounted, and the resulting melee became known as 2 February 2011 Battle of the Camels where men riding horses and camels charged into crowds on Cairo's Tahrir Square, setting off two days of clashes that ended with killing of nearly a dozen people.[171][172] Activist groups and political parties called for a nationwide protest on 12 October 2011 after a court acquitted all 24 people charged with involvement in the Battle of Camels.[173]

On 11 October, Despite the fact that Egyptian law protects the prosecutor general from being ousted by the president, president Morsi ordered Egypt's prosecutor general Abdel-Maguid Mahmoud to leave his position as prosecutor general to defuse public anger over acquittals in the Battle of the Camels case. Mahmoud however refused to step down and become Egypt's ambassador to the Vatican, as the law gave immunity to the prosecutor general from being ousted by the president.[171][172][173][174]

On 12 October, Critics and supporters of Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi clashed in Cairo's Tahrir Square on 12 October 2012 in a small but potent rally, as liberal and secular activists erupted with anger accusing the Muslim Brotherhood of trying to take over the country. The rally sharpened the nation's tensions over its political direction and the failure to bring loyalists of the former government to justice for their actions during Battle of the Camels[174][175][176][177][178] The clashes erupted between two competing rallies in Tahrir.[174][178] One was by liberal and secular activists to criticize Morsi's failure to achieve promises he had made for first 100 days in power and to demand greater diversity on the panel tasked with writing Egypt's new constitution, the other had been called by Morsi's Muslim Brotherhood to call for judicial reforms and to support the move by Morsi on 11 October 2012 to remove the prosecutor-general. The secular camp accused the Brotherhood of holding the gathering to "hijack" the square from their anti-Morsi protest. The violence erupted when Morsi supporters stormed a stage set up by the rival camp, angered by chants they perceived as insults to the president.[174]

On 13 October, Egypt's president Morsi backed down on 13 October 2012 from his decision to remove the country's top prosecutor Abdel-Maguid Mahmoud, keeping him in his post and sidestepping a potential clash with the country's powerful judiciary. The two-day standoff between President Mohammed Morsi and Prosecutor General Abdel-Meguid Mahmoud escalated with a backlash from a powerful group of judges who said Morsi's move had infringed upon their authority and on the judiciary's independence.[179][180] Egypt's Vice President Mahmoud Mekki told reporters after meeting the prosecutor that the president agreed to suspend the decision to make Mahmoud Egypt's ambassador to the Vatican following a request from the country's Supreme Judicial Council. Mekki said the presidency had announced the decision to make Mahmoud Egypt's ambassador to the Vatican after initially understanding that Mahmoud had agreed to step down as Prosecutor General. After meeting Morsi and his advisers, Mahmoud told The Associated Press that "a misunderstanding" had been resolved.[181]

On 16 October, The Administrative Court of the State Council postponed its decision on the constitutionality of Egypt's Constituent Assembly until 23 October 2012.[182][183]

On 23 October, Egypt's Supreme Administrative Court in Cairo referred the law regulating the Constituent Assembly to the Supreme Constitutional Court and hence suspended the hearing of lawsuits that sought the dissolution of the assembly charged with drafting the country's new constitution.[184][185][186][187] Plaintiffs from 48 lawsuits demanded the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly claiming the assembly failed to proportionately represent various social sectors, and violated Egypt's interim constitution by including MPs as members.[188] More specifically, the Administrative Court referred Law 79/2012, which granted the assembly immunity from dissolution, to the Supreme Constitutional Court, which will rule on the law based on the Constitutional Declaration that has governed the country since the fall of former President Hosni Mubarak. Egypt's parliament had approved the law on the same day of its formation two days before Parliament was dissolved. However, the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces refused to pass the law. After decreeing the return of the People's Assembly, President Mohamed Morsy approved the stalled law to prevent the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly.[188] Judge Nazih Tangho of the High Administrative Court referred the case to the Constitutional Court to look into the law that gave the constitutional panel legal immunity, a clause he said needed vetting because no one should be above legal supervision. "The law was meant to prevent the High Administrative Court from looking into appeals ... against the panel," he said.[189] Muslim Brotherhood lawyer Abdel Moneim Abdel Maqsoud stated that the Supreme Constitutional Court needed at least two months to rule on the case, citing the law that obliged it to consider the cases 45 days after its referral.[188]

November 2012

Wikinews has related news: Thousands protest constitutional decree in Tahrir Square, Egypt

Sometime between 18 and 21 November 2012, secular groups walked out of the constitutional constituent assembly because they believed that it would impose strict Islamic practices, while members of the Muslim Brotherhood supported Morsi and denied such allegations.[60][61][190][191] Protesters battled the police in Cairo's Mohamed Mahmoud Street[192] over the slow pace of change in Egypt,[191] after thousands of protesters had returned to the streets around Tahrir Square demanding political reforms and the prosecution of officials blamed for killing demonstrators as well as to protest against Morsi and the growing influence of the Muslim Brotherhood.[193][194][195] The protests held to commemorate four days of street fighting between protesters and security forces in November 2011 had already turned violent on 19 November 2012.[192][195]

On 22 November, Morsi issued a constitutional declaration[192][196][197][198][199] and dismissed with it Egypt's prosecutor general Abdel Maguid Mahmoud who was replaced by Talaat Ibrahim Abdullah. This caused a disagreement amongst Egyptian judges and condemnation from various organizations. His decree was called "an unprecedented attack on judicial independence" by the Supreme Council of the Judiciary. Morsi said that the decree was made to prevent the courts from dissolving the Constitutional Assembly. Three protests were held outside the court building. Mohamed ElBaradei, a former UN diplomat, called for withdrawal of the decree.[200] While the declaration was immediately criticized by Morsi opponents, his supporters defended Morsi's move.[61][191][194][195][201][202][203][204][205][206] Morsi's declaration contained the following contents:[61]

All investigations into the killing of protesters or the use of violence against them will be re-conducted; trials of those accused will be re-held. With the declaration a new "protection of the revolution" judicial body was also created to swiftly carry out the prosecutions, but the decree would not lead to retrials of the dozens of lower-level police officers who have been acquitted or received suspended sentences in trials for killing protesters — verdicts that have outraged many Egyptians. That exclusion will guarantee Morsi the loyalty of the powerful but hated police force.[190]
All constitutional declarations, laws and decrees made since Mr Morsi assumed power cannot be appealed or cancelled by any individual, or political or governmental body
The public prosecutor will be appointed by the president for a fixed term of four years, and must be aged at least 40
The constituent assembly's timeline for drafting the new constitution has been extended by two months.
No judicial authority can dissolve the constituent assembly or the upper house of parliament (Shura Council)
The president is authorised to take any measures he sees fit in order to preserve the revolution, to preserve national unity or to safeguard national security

On 23 November, protests erupted in Cairo, the port city of Alexandria and elsewhere around Egypt, as opponents of President Mohamed Morsi clashed with his supporters over his 22 November 2012 declaration. Protesters torched the offices of Egypt's ruling Islamist party, the Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party, in Suez, Alexandria and other cities. Essam el-Erian, a leading figure of Morsi's FJP, condemned attacks on party property.[207] Media organizations noted that the events showed Egypt was a divided country.[62][63][64][65][208][209][210] Morsi defended amid the protests before his supporters his declaration stating that he was working to secure a strong and stable nation and leading Egypt on a path to "freedom and democracy".[64][65][208][211]

On 24 November, the Supreme Judicial Council, the highest judicial body in Egypt, joined protesters in lambasting the president's constitutional declaration and called it an "unprecedented attack on the independence of the judicial branch". The leadership of the Egypt Judges Club, an association of judges from across the country, called for a nationwide strike in all courts and prosecution offices to protest the president's declaration. State news media reported that judges and prosecutors had already declared a strike in Alexandria. MENA news agency reported that Egyptian human rights agencies filed a lawsuit at the Court of Administrative Justice calling for the declaration to be annulled. There were also clashes in Cairo between protesters and security forces, between opponents and supporters of the government.[209][212][213][214]

On 25 November, shares on Egypt's stock market plunged almost 10%. Trading was suspended for 30 minutes as shares slumped in the first session since the president's 22 November constitutional declaration. The Muslim Brotherhood had called for nationwide protests on 25 November in support of Morsi's declaration. Judges in two of the country's 27 provinces, including Alexandria, heeded the call to strike while those elsewhere in the country were meeting to decide their response.[215][216][217][218] After a meeting with Egypt's justice minister Ahmed Mekki, the Supreme Council of the Judiciary, the highest council overseeing the Egyptian courts, urged judges not to disrupt their work by joining in a proposed strike over the decree. But the council also urged the president to scale back his writ, to limit the immunity from judicial review he decreed for "laws and decisions issued by the president as sovereignty acts", a reference to Egyptian legal precedents that could justify such executive action in certain circumstances.[218] The Muslim Brotherhood's party offices in Damanhour, Alexandria, Mansoura, Suez and Cairo were ransacked and damaged in the wake of the 22 November constitutional declaration.[216][218] Five hundred people were injured in clashes with the Egyptian police, and 15-year-old Islam Fathi Masoud died after being hit on the head with a club wielded by one of dozens of men who attacked the MB's offices in the northern city of Damanhour.[219] The Al-Ahram state newspaper said that three women were victims of sexual assault during an anti-Morsi demonstration.[220] Egypt state news media reported that Morsi advisers who had resigned over the decree included Samir Morqos, one of the few Christians in the administration; Sekina Fouad, one of the few women, and Farouk Guweida, a poet and intellectual.[218]

On 26 November, The Court of Administrative Justice in Cairo said it would hold a first hearing on 4 December in a case brought by lawyers and activists against the declaration. Morsi met with representatives of the supreme judicial council in an effort to settle the mounting crisis over the extent of his powers following his 22 November constitutional declaration.[221] He agreed to limit his decree on his decisions related to "sovereign matters" only.[222] Morsy "did not give himself judicial power" but did provide "immunity for his presidential decisions," said Jihad Haddad, a senior adviser in the Freedom and Justice Party. Haddad added that "the president himself (is) not immune from judicial oversight," though it wasn't clear in what circumstances that might apply, or if there was anything preventing Morsi from issuing a new decree to forestall that.[223] According to Al-Jazeera "sovereign matters" were widely interpreted to cover the declaration of war, imposition of martial law, breaking diplomatic relations with a foreign nation, or dismissing the cabinet.[224] Activists on Monday camped in Cairo's Tahrir Square for a fourth day, blocking traffic with makeshift barricades to protest against what they said was a power-grab by Morsi. Nearby, riot police and protesters clashed intermittently. In addition to popular outbursts on the street, Egypt's judges reacted. All but seven of Egypt's 34 courts and 90% of its prosecutors went on strike Monday in protest, according to Judge Mohamed al-Zind of the Egyptian Judge's Club.[223] Muslim Brotherhood supporters staged a counter-demonstration, while they were relocated from central Cairo to a location in front of Cairo University in Giza. Egypt's stock market, which had seen a fall of almost 10% on 25 November 2012, recovered some ground on Monday morning.[225][226] Islam Fathy Massoud member of the Muslim Brotherhood was killed during protests in Damanhour.[227] Gaber Salah, a member of the April 6 Youth Movement, was officially pronounced dead, after being brain dead for a week in the hospital. He had received a rubber bullet shot at close range during clashes with riot police in downtown Cairo.[228] The funeral of Islam Fathy Massoud, who died in the Nile Delta town of Damanhour in a clash between the president's supporters and opponents, was held on Monday, while in Cairo thousands of people marched through Tahrir Square for the funeral of Gaber Salah.

Hundreds of thousands of people protesting in Tahrir Square on the evening of 27 November 2012

On 27 November, tens of thousands of people held protests in Cairo against Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi demanding that their first freely elected leader respect their wishes either to roll back his 22 November constitutional declaration or to resign. At least one demonstrator died in early clashes with authorities before Tuesday night's massive rally. The opposition Popular Alliance Party said the protester died after inhaling excessive amounts of tear gas, which police used in numerous scuffles with rock-throwing protesters on the side streets leading to the square. And in the Nile Delta city of Mahalla, police reported dozens of injuries when demonstrators stormed and destroyed the headquarters of the Muslim Brotherhood. Protests were also held in Alexandria and other cities. FJP offices in Alexandria and Mansoura were stormed, with the latter set ablaze.[229] The Muslim Brotherhood scrapped its own demonstration to show support for Morsi—also scheduled for 27 November 2012 – "to avoid any problems due to tension in the political arena," according to spokesman Mahmoud Ghozlan.[223][224][230][231]

On 28 November, In an interview with TIME magazine President Morsi said of his 22 November constitutional declaration: "If we had a constitution, then all of what I have said or done last week, will stop. ... when we have a constitution, what I have issued will stop immediately. ... "[232][233] The Constituent Assembly of Egypt rushed to finish its work amid widespread protests against President Mohamed Morsi and his declaration. The rush toward a new constitution spurred a walkout among its drafters i.e. liberals, human rights activists, and others who were unsatisfied with a range of provisions dealing with the role of religion in the state, the status of women, and the privileges accorded to the country's powerful army.[234][235][236] According to the BBC's Jon Leybe the move was designed to preempt a ruling by Egypt's Supreme Constitutional Court on 2 December 2012, which might once again dissolve the assembly.[235][237] The Brotherhood hoped that the decree replaced by a completely new constitution would be approved on a referendum and put an end to the unrest. The demonstrations nevertheless continued. Low-level rallies continued in Cairo's Tahrir Square on Wednesday. Dozens of police officers, backed by trucks firing tear gas, arrested numerous protesters, some of whom were beaten by officers as others continued to throw stones at police. The Brotherhood organized counter-demonstrations, including one in Egypt's second city, Alexandria, which attracted a few thousand participants.[234][237] As protests mounted over Morsi's decision to grant himself sweeping powers until the text of the constitution was ratified in a referendum, the panel tasked with writing the constitution wrapped up its deliberations on Wednesday and readied for a vote on Thursday.[236] By 28 November two more people were killed and hundreds more injured.[238] Egypt Independent reported that one of the dead peoples was Fathy Ghareeb, one of the founders of the Socialist Popular Alliance Party, who died by suffocation caused by the tear gas fired by the Central Security Forces (CSF) in Tahrir Square.[239] Egypt's Court of Cassation, the country's highest appeals court, the Cairo Appeals Court, and other appeals courts suspended their work until Morsi's decree is rescinded.[234][235][237]

On 29 November, The voting on Egypt's new constitution by the Constituent Assembly of Egypt began, and continued through Thursday night. There were protests against Morsi outside the presidential palace and a small protest supporting Morsi in Giza on the outskirts of Cairo.[240] The new Egyptian constitution adopted the first part of the draft that includes the Sharia as the main source of legislation and making Islam a state religion. Egyptian State TV reported that Christianity and Judaism would be the main source for legislation for Christians and Jews. The liberals, left-wing, and Christians boycotted the assembly and accused the Islamists of trying to impose their vision; they also accused them of trying to limit freedom of speech as well as not including articles establishing equality between men and women.[241]

Hundreds of thousands of people protesting in Tahrir Square on 30 November 2012

On 30 November, Racing against the threat of dissolution by Supreme Constitutional Court judges appointed by ousted President Hosni Mubarak, quickly defusing anger about Morsi's 22 November declaration granting himself expanded presidential powers and ignoring howls of protest from secular opponents, the Islamists drafting Egypt's new constitution voted on 29 November 2012 to approve the 2012 Draft Constitution of Egypt[242][243][244] that human rights groups and international experts said was full of holes and ambiguities and that was criticized by secular, liberal and Coptic Egyptians.[245][246][247][248][249][250][251][252] Thousands of Egyptians took to the streets in various governorates to denounce the constitutional declaration issued on 22 November, as well as the final draft of the constitution approved by the Islamist-dominated Constituent Assembly.[251][253][254][255][256][257] [258] In Alexandria, anti-Morsi protesters clashed with Morsi's supporters, but no injuries were reported.[259]

December 2012

On 1 December, Morsi announced that a constitutional referendum on the 2012 Draft Constitution of Egypt would be held in Egypt on 15 December 2012. Islamist backers of Egypt's President Mohammed Morsi have held mass rallies at Cairo University in Cairo and other cities of Egypt to support his sweeping new powers and the drafting of a constitution, while several thousand of Morsi's opponents rallied in Tahrir Square to oppose the draft constitution and what they describe as Morsi's power grab.[260][261][262][263][264][265] Also on the 1st, the director of the Nadeem Centre for Human Rights said that the Egyptian government paid people to beat protesters and sexually assault women; this accusation has also been made against the Muslim Brotherhood.[266]

On 2 December, Egypt's Supreme Constitutional Court put off its much-awaited ruling on the legitimacy of the constituent assembly that passed the draft constitution, and on a separate but related decision about whether to dissolve the Shura Council, Egypt's upper house of parliament. It has said it is halting all work indefinitely in protest at the "psychological pressure" it has faced, after Islamist protesters earlier prevented the judges from meeting in Cairo. Anti-Morsi protesters continued to occupy Cairo's Tahrir Square. Leaders of the Judges Club, a powerful but unofficial body which represents judges across the country, announced that its members would refuse to perform their customary roles as election supervisors and would thus try to block a referendum on the new constitution scheduled for 15 December 2012.[267][268][269][270][271]

On 3 December, Egypt's top judicial administrative authority, the Supreme Judicial Council, has said that judges and prosecutors would supervise the constitutional referendum to be held on 15 December despite the Judges Club strike announcement from 2 December 2012. In addition seven cases against Morsi's call for the referendum were filed in an administrative court[272][273][274]

Anti-Morsi graffiti

On 4 December, police fought the demonstrators in front of the Presidential Palace in Cairo. Demonstrators proclaimed a march to the Presidential Palace, calling it "the last warning." The demonstrators cut through a barbed-wire barrier near the Presidential Palace, after which police fired tear gas at them as Morsi fled.[275][276][277] More violence broke out at the headquarters of the Freedom and Justice Party in Menia, south of Cairo, where the front of the party headquarters was damaged.[278][279][280] Egypt Independent, the English-language sister publication of the country's largest independent daily, Al Masry Al Youm, and 10 others did not publish to protest limits on the draft constitution's protections for freedom of expression and freedom of the press.[278][281] Prosecutor General Talaat Ibrahim Abdallah filed a complaint charging former presidential candidates Moussa and Sabbahi, as well as El-Baradei, Wafd Party president El-Sayyid el-Badawi, and Judges Club head Ahmed al-Zend with espionage and inciting to overthrow the government. The lawyer who filed the report, Hamed Sadeq, claimed that Moussa met with former Israeli Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni and agreed with her to fabricate a crisis. It was further alleged that all of politicians named in the complaint met at the Wafd Party headquarters to execute the "Zionist plot."[282]

Wikinews has related news: Clashes in Egypt between supporters and opponents of president Morsi turn deadly

On 5 December, at least 100,000 people were estimated to have protested at the Presidential Palace and at Tahrir Square against Morsi's constitution, asserting it represented an effort to seize control of the judiciary. Many began demanding the "fall of the regime" as they fought running battles with police who deployed tear gas before retreating from the area, outnumbered by protesters.[283][284] Supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood attacked 300 of Morsi's opponents during a sit-in.[283] Members of the Egyptian Popular Current Mohamed Essam and Karam Gergis were killed in the clashes surrounding Heliopolis Palace between protestors against the new Constitution and Muslim Brotherhood members, which attacked the demonstrators with molotov cocktails.[285] The Health Ministry reported four were killed and 271 were injured. Masked men set fire to Muslim Brotherhood offices in Suez, Ismailia and Zagazig.[286][287][288]

Pro-Morsi rally

On 6 December, Supporters of Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood held counter protests the next day at the Presidential Palace, and clashed with anti-Morsi protesters in violent street battles that saw seven people killed and more than 650 injured.[30][289] Morsi met with Abdul Fatah al-Sisi, chief of the Egyptian Army, and with his cabinet ministers, to discuss a "means to deal with the situation on different political, security, and legal levels to stabilize Egypt and protect the gains of the revolution."[290][291] Soldiers backed by tanks moved in to restore order as the death toll began to rise.[292][293] While addressing the nation, Morsi criticized the opposition "for trying to incite violence" against his legitimacy.[292][294] During his speech he invited his opponents to a common dialogue, but they rejected it because Morsi remained determined to press forward with the referendum on the Islamist-backed draft constitution that has plunged Egypt into a political crisis.[291][295] Meanwhile, the Egyptian government imposed a curfew after the military sent tanks and armored vehicles into Cairo. Morsi's family was forced to evacuate their home in Zagazig, 47 miles (76 km) northeast of Cairo.[296] Four of Morsi's advisers resigned their posts in protest against the violence, which they claimed was orchestrated by the Muslim Brotherhood supporters.[292][295][297]

Wikinews has related news: Tanks, APCs deployed to presidential palace in Cairo, Egypt after deadly clashes

On 7 December, Morsi supporters and anti-Morsi demonstrators continued their protests in different cities including Cairo, Alexandria, and Assiut. Demonstrators in Assiut chanted "No Brotherhood, no Salafis, Egypt is a civic state."[298] Dozens of protesters threw rocks and glass bottles at Morsi's home in Sharkia province and tried to push aside a police barrier.[299] Advisers and Brotherhood leaders acknowledged that outside his core base of Islamist supporters President Morsi feels increasingly isolated in the political arena and even within his own government.[300] Opposition leaders said in a statement that Morsi's 6 December dialogue offer failed to meet "the principles of real and serious negotiations" and displayed "the complete disregard" for the opposition's demands. They said they would not negotiate with Morsi until he cancels his 22 Nov decree and calls off the 15 Dec referendum on the draft constitution.[301][302][303] Opposition protesters marched on the presidential palace and breached a security perimeter built by the military's elite Republican Guard – charged with protecting the palace – which withdrew behind the palace walls.[301][302][303] The Egyptian newspaper Al-Masry Al-Youm also reported that individuals suspected of protesting against the Muslim Brotherhood were being tortured and beaten in a facility run by the Brotherhood in Heliopolis, a Cairo suburb.[304]

Tanks sent near the presidential palace

On 8 December, The Egyptian Army issued its first statement since the protests erupted, stating that it would protect public institutions and innocent people and not allow the events to become more serious.[305] The Qandil Cabinet also authorized the army to help Egypt's police maintain security.[306] Egypt state news media reported that Morsi was moving toward imposing a form of martial law to secure the streets and allow the vote on the draft charter constitutional referendum.[305][307][308] Morsi annulled his decree which had expanded his presidential authority and removed judicial review of his decrees.[36][309][310][311] In addition the mostly annulled November 2012 constitutional declaration would be replaced by a modified one.[312]

On 9 December, Confusion and disarray pervaded the ranks of Egypt's opposition after Morsi rescinded his 22 November constitutional declaration a day earlier.[310][311][313] Despite the declaration's annulment the general prosecutor, who was dismissed, will not be reinstated, and the retrial of the former regime officials will go ahead.[314] Opposition leaders also called for more protests after Morsi refused to cancel the constitutional referendum in the wake of the declaration's annulment.[313][315][316] In response, the Alliance of Islamist Forces, an umbrella group that includes Morsi's Muslim Brotherhood, said it would hold rival demonstrations. The group said its rallies would support of the referendum and the president under the slogan "Yes to legitimacy".[314]

On 10 December, the opposition group, the National Salvation Front, announced that it would organize a rally on 11 December.[317]

January 2013

Shubra March to Tahrir on 25 January

On the second anniversary of the beginning of the 2011 revolution, protests again erupted in cities across the country, following occasional skirmishes between protesters and police in Cairo the day before.[318] Tens of thousands of people gathered in Cairo's Tahrir Square during the day, with clashes between police forces and protesters occurring around the city at the Interior Ministry headquarters, state media offices and the presidential palace.[318] Security forces fired tear gas at protesters trying to force their way into the presidential palace and state television offices.[319] In the city of Suez, five people were killed by gunfire—four protesters and one security trooper.[319] Protests also took place in Alexandria, Ismailia, Damanhur, and Port Said,[318][319][320] many of which were focused on local government buildings.[319] Tear gas use by police was reported in Alexandria, while protesters in that city and Suez burned tires.[319][320] By the end of 25 January, about 280 protesters and 55 security personnel had been injured across the country.[319]

On 26 January, the sentencing to death of 21 people for their roles in the Port Said Stadium disaster sparked further unrest in Port Said that resulted in 16 fatalities.[321] The number of people killed in the city was 33.[322] Many of them were killed by police snipers.

Tahrir Square on 25 January

On 27 January, Egypt's government was reported to have lost control of Port Said as a result of the protests and attacks.[323] The same day seven more people died from gun shots in the clashes during the funerals for 33 people who had been killed on 26 January in the city.[324] There were also deadly clashes in Suez and Ismailia. As a result, Morsi announced a state of emergency in Suez Canal cities (namely Ismailia, Port Said and Suez) for 30 days, with a curfew from 9:00 p.m to 6:00 a.m, effective Monday 28 January 2013.[325] Morsi also invited eleven political parties, as well as four major political leaders, to talks concerning the unrest,[326] but the leading opposition party, the National Salvation Front, refused to begin discussions until a new government was put in place and the country's constitution modified.[327]

On 28 January, further demonstrations and clashes took place in eleven cities, including those in the Suez Canal, Alexandria, Monufia and Cairo.[328] The clashes resulted in six deaths.[328] Thousands of people gathered in the Tahrir Square in Cairo to show their solidarity with those killed over the weekend early in the day.[328] Police fired tear gas at protesters near the Qasr al-Nil Bridge, while further violence spread along the Nile.[329] Protesters also set fire to security vehicles and detained a police officer.[330] The Shura Council approved the President state of emergency decision as per the Constitution requirement. And to aid the police, it approved a law granting judicial seizure powers to the Army. A funeral procession Port Said devolved into a street battle between mourners and police, with security troops firing tear gas and live ammunition at crowds from police buildings across the city; protesters threw rocks, explosives and gas canisters back at police, and by the end of the day civilians across the city were seen carrying guns.[329] A Ministry of the Interior spokesman, however, denied that police had fired on protesters, and said that tear gas had been used only briefly.[329] By the end of the day, a total of 50 people were estimated to have died since the January protests began.[329]

On 29 January, Egypt's defense minister Abdul Fatah al-Sisi warned both pro- and anti-Morsi groups, arguing "their disagreement on running the affairs of the country may lead to the collapse of the state and threatens the future of the coming generations."[331]

On 30 January, two protesters were shot dead by unknown assailants in Cairo, near Tahrir square.[332]

February 2013

On 1 February, protesters gathered in front of the presidential residence in Cairo and clashed with riot police officers.[333] President Morsi blamed police officers due to clashes.[333] One protestor was shot and killed next to Ettehadiya Palace, and ninety one were injured around the country according to the official sources.[334] One of the wounded protestors who had been hit by birdshot died on 3 February.[335]

Anti Sexual Harassment March to Tahrir Square, 6 February 2013.

The Egypt Independent reported that police forces dragged a protester, stripped him naked, beat him up with batons, and took him to a security truck. The incident sparked criticism against the administration of President Morsi for tolerating the security force's excessive use of force.[336] The presidency said it "was pained by the shocking footage of some policemen treating a protester in a manner that does not accord with human dignity and human rights."[337] State television reported that the 48-year-old beaten man,[338] from a police hospital and without a lawyer present, said that the police had in fact saved him from thieving protesters. The man's daughter, who says she was present at the scene of the attack, said that her father is simply "afraid to talk",[339] while his nephew said "he is lying because there is a lot of pressure on him."[340] In new twist, Hamada Saber finally retracted his earlier testimony: "I told [prosecutors] today that [police] shot me in the leg, beat me and dragged me," he said. "When I resisted, they tore off my shirt. After I resisted some more, they tore off my pants and underpants. They kept telling me to stand up and I kept telling them I was injured". "Now my family has disowned me; my wife and kids won't talk to me. The whole country is angry at me for [giving false testimony]," Saber added.[341]

Egypt's interior minister, Mohamed Ibrahim, said he would leave if it was in the wishes of the people.[342] Minister of Culture Mohamed Arab resigned from his post in protest of the police assault on protestors, being the third Culture Minister to resign from office since the beginning of the 2011 Egyptian uprising.[343]

On 4 February, Mohamed el-Gendy, a member of the Popular Current tortured by the police following his arrest at Tahrir Square on 27 January, died in the Helal hospital due to his grave injuries.[23][344]

On 11 February, the second anniversary of the former president Mobarak's ouster, people gathered outside the presidential palace, protesting Morsi.[345]

March 2013

On 3 March, clashes erupted in Port Said when police fired teargas at demonstrators opposed to the Interior Ministry decision to transfer 39 detainees from Port Said to the Wadi Natroun Prison, in the Beheira governorate. The clashes took the lives of five peoples, including two policemen and three civilians. News outlets reported that police forces and army troops exchange fire, what was denied by the Egyptian armed forces official spokesperson. Over 500 persons were injured only in Port Said that day, with 39 with bullet wounds.[346][347]

On 5 March, protestor Mohamed Hamed Farouk died from head wounds caused by gas canisters fired by police during protests in Port Said.[348]

On 9 March, three protesters died (one of them an eight-year-old boy) in clashes between demonstrators and police at Qasr al-Nil Bridge, near Tahrir Square.[349] In addition, the headquarters of the Ittihad El-Shorta (the Egyptian National Police football club) and the Egyptian Football Association were torched.[350]

On 30 March, an arrest warrant was issued for Bassem Youssef, host of the satirical news program El Bernameg, for allegedly insulting Islam and Morsi. The move was seen by opponents as part of an effort to silence dissent against Morsi's government. Youssef confirmed the arrest warrant on his Twitter account and said he would hand himself in to the prosecutor's office, jokingly adding, "Unless they kindly send a police van today and save me the transportation hassle."[351] The following day, he was questioned by authorities before being released on bail of 15,000 Egyptian pounds.[352][353] The event sparked international media attention[354] as well as a segment on Jon Stewart's The Daily Show in which he declared his support for Youssef, calling him a "friend" and "brother" and saying to Morsi: "What are you worried about? You're the President of Egypt! You have an army! Youssef's got puns and a show; you've got tanks and planes."[355]

April 2013

In April 2013, protesters fled to Cairo's Tahrir Square after riot police chased them off with tear gas and pepper spray.

May 2013

During Morsis's last days and after the ouster of his regime, the Sinai Peninsula witnessed an ongoing insurgency with several attacks perpetrated by Islamist militants mainly in the North Sinai governorate.[356][357] Hamas, the Muslim Brotherhood's biggest ally outside of Egypt, is being widely blamed by Egyptians for the attacks in the region although no solid evidence proves it. The reason for Hamas being blamed was the increasing activity in the smuggling tunnels from the Gaza Strip.[358][359] A case that received wide controversy was the possible involvement of Hamas in the orchestrated attacks on prisons throughout the country on the night of 28 January during the 2011 uprising against Mubarak.[360] In the prison breaks, more than 30 leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood who were imprisoned by Mubarak in the outbreak of revolution, escaped including Mohamed Morsi himself.[361]

On 16 May, seven Egyptian soldiers were kidnapped by unknown militants in the Sinai demanding the release of members of an Islamist group detained for almost two years. One week later, they were reportedly released and handed over to the army in an area south of Rafah after talks mediated by tribal chiefs in the region with president Morsi greeting them upon their arrival at Cairo's airport.[362] The real issue though is Morsi's way of dealing with the crisis with most actions taken by the government to solve the problem receiving wide criticism. Such reactions include Morsi's call for a national dialogue instead of either fighting or negotiating with the kidnappers and for also appearing as being concerned for the safety of the kidnapped soldiers and their kidnappers equally.[363]

Mohamed Sayed Abu-Shaqra, a security officer, was assassinated more than a week later by suspected jihadists near El-Arish while investigating the identity of the kidnappers and their location. During his funeral, relatives and colleagues started chanting against the president forcing the Interior minister to leave the military ceremony.[364][365]

June 2013

On 17 June, Morsi appoints Adel el-Khayat, an Islamist possibly linked to the Luxor massacre where at least 58 tourists were brutally killed by al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya gunmen, as governor of Luxor with 17 other provincial governors. The move sparked protests by tourism workers and activists in Luxor outside el-Khayat's office forcing him to finally resign a week later in order to prevent bloodshed.[366][367]

On 23 June, four Shia Muslims were attacked by an angry mob led by Salafist preachers. The attackers numbering at least several hundred surrounded the house and demanded Hassan Shehata, a local Shia leader, and his followers who were attending a worshiping ceremony to leave the house before storming it with molotov cocktails. Images showed the attackers beating them to death, lynching and later dragging them through the streets.[368] The tragedy came only a few days after a conference in support of the Syrian uprising that was attended by Morsi and leading Islamist figures. During the conference, Sheikh Mohamed Hassan and al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya's Mohamed Abdel-Maqsoud used sectarian speech against the Shias. Morsi was present during the event so he was heavily criticized by the media for not reacting against the hate and sectarianism used by both clerics.[369]

On 26 June, Morsi delivered a two-hour-and-forty-minute speech to the whole nation. It was supposed to be a re-conciliatory speech but was widely viewed as provocative and full of threats and accusations targeted against his opponents including media presenters and Ahmed Shafik, his former rival in the 2012 Egyptian presidential elections. He used questionable statistics to describe accomplishments made by his administration in tourism and unemployment.[370] After the speech the opposition stated that it is even more determined to take to the streets on the planned 30 June uprising against the president.[371]

On 28 June, three individuals were killed during clashes between pro- and anti-Morsi protesters in the city of Alexandria, including 21-year-old Andrew Pochter, an American student who was reportedly stabbed to death as he observed the demonstrations.[372] On 29 June 2013, thousands of Egyptians converged on Tahrir Square in Cairo to demonstrate against the Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi, demanding his resignation from office.[373][374] The demonstrators used the slogan "the people demand the ouster of the regime", used in the protests that led to the ouster of Mubarak in the 2011 revolution.[45]

External video
Helicopter view of the Tens of thousands of protesters

By 30 June, thousands of protestors surrounded the presidential palace in the Heliopolis suburb.[41] Demonstrations were reported to be in progress in 18 locations across Cairo[42] and in other different locations across the country including Alexandria, El-Mahalla and cities of the Suez Canal.[43][44] The demonstrations are described as being backed by multiple entities, including the Tamarod movement formed by members of the Egyptian Movement for Change in April 2013 that claims to have collected 22 million signatures calling for President Morsi's resignation.[45][46] Opponents of Morsy claimed Google Earth had published figures suggesting 33 million demonstrators were on the streets. Responding to the claims that it recorded 33 million protesters in Tahrir Square, Google confirmed that its engines do not have the ability to estimate numbers of rallies or protests on the ground. Furthermore, it insisted that it does not publish live imaging of protests or any other events on planet earth.[375] Although sources estimate as many as 14 million people roamed the streets of the country, which means about one of every six people of the nation of 84 million took part in Sunday's demonstrations in sweltering heat.[376] Later, pro-Morsi Qatari based Aljazeera News Channel also broadcast a documentary suggesting through calculations and experts analysis that the number of those who protested against Morsi in Cairo couldn't have exceeded 800,000 in Cairo and 4 Millions across Egypt,[377] despite the pro-Morsi Aljazeera channel claiming two years before that Tahrir Square alone had more than one million and up to 2 million people during the January 25 revolution.[378][379]

Concurrently with these anti-Morsi demonstrations, supporters of President Morsi held demonstrations mainly in Rabaa Square in Cairo.[42] The number of pro-Morsi counter-protesters has been estimated to be about 100,000 people on 21 June (though it's not clear whether as many were on the streets in the period between 30 June and 3 July).[380]

July 2013 (ousting of Morsi)

On the morning of 1 July, anti-Morsi protesters ransacked the national headquarters of the Muslim Brotherhood in Cairo. Protesters threw objects at windows and looted the building, making off with office equipment and documents. The health ministry confirmed the deaths of eight people who had been killed in clashes around the headquarters in Mokattam.[381]

Hours later, the Egyptian Armed Forces issued a 48-hour ultimatum which gave the country's political parties until 3 July to meet the demands of the Egyptian people. The Egyptian military also threatened to intervene if the dispute is not resolved by then.[382] Four Ministers also resigned on the same day: Tourism Minister Hisham Zazou (who previously offered to resign a few months ago after Morsi appointed an Islamist linked to the group that attacked tourists as governor of Luxor), Communication and IT Minister Atef Helmi, State Minister for Legal and Parliamentary Affairs Hatem Bagato and State Minister for Environmental Affairs Khaled Abdel Aal,[383] leaving the government with members of the Freedom and Justice Party.

On 2 July Foreign Minister Mohamed Kamel Amr resigned as well in support of the anti-government protesters.[384] The presidency rejected the Egyptian Army's 48-hour ultimatum vowing that the president is sticking with his own plans for national reconciliation to resolve the political crisis.[385] Defense Minister General Abdul Fatah al-Sisi was also said to have told Morsi that he would impose a military solution if a political one could not be found by the next day.[386]

Incidentally the Court of Cassation ordered the reinstatement of former general prosecutor Abdel Maguid Mahmoud who was replaced with Talaat Abdallah following the constitutional declaration on 22 November 2012.[387] The Presidency spokesman and the spokesman for the cabinet resigned as well.[388]

The newspaper Al-Ahram reported that if there was no resolution the military would suspend the constitution of Egypt and appoint a new council of experts to draft a new one, institute a three-person executive council and appoint a prime minister from the military.[389] Morsi's military advisor, Sami Hafez Anan, also resigned and said that the army would not "abandon the will of the people."[390]

Morsi declared, in a late-night television address, that he would "defend the legitimacy of his elected office with his life".[391] He added that "there is no substitute for legitimacy" as he vowed not to resign.[392] Morsi accused supporters of Hosni Mubarak of exploiting the wave of protests to topple the government and fight democracy.[393] SCAF leaders also issued a statement entitled "The Final Hours" in which they said that the military is willing to shed its blood "to protect the people against terrorists and fools" following Morsi's refusal to step down from his elected office.[394]

On 3 July, unknown gunmen opened fire on a pro-Morsi rally in Cairo, killing 16 and wounding 200.[395] As the 16:35 deadline set by the army approached, military leaders met for emergency talks with the army expected to issue a statement when the deadline passes. Mohamed El-Baradei, who was chosen to represent the National Salvation Front, was also said to have met army chief General Abdul Fatah al-Sisi.[396] On 3 July, just before the deadline approached, Morsi offered to form a consensus government. An army statement read: "The General Command of the Armed Forces is currently meeting with a number of religious, national, political and youth icons...There will be a statement issued from the General Command as soon as they are done." At the same time the Freedom and Justice Party's senior leader, Waleed al-Haddad, said: "We do not go to invitations (meetings) with anyone. We have a president and that's it."[396]

The head of the Egyptian Armed Forces and Defense Minister Abdul Fatah al-Sisi spoke at night from Cairo and said that the army was standing apart from the political process but was using its vision as the Egyptian people were calling for help and discharged its responsibility. Morsi was removed from power, the draft constitution was suspended and Chief Justice Adli Mansour was named interim president. Mohammed el-Baradei says the roadmap was to rectify the issues of the revolution. The Grand Sheikh of Al Azhar Ahmed el-Tayeb, the Coptic Pope Tawadros II as well as opposition leader Mohamed El Baradei and a youth member of the Tamarod movement, who were present during the statement, spoke in support of the 3 July 2013 coup. The move led to continuous civil unrest in Egypt until the present day.

References

  1. Administrator. "- How to predict a revolution using the center-periphery dissonance factor".
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Kirkpatrick, David D. (7 December 2012). "Morsi Defends Wide Authority in Egypt as Turmoil Rises". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  3. "Egypt's National Salvation Front Profile". BBC. 10 December 2012.
  4. "From Egypt Petition Drive, A New Grassroot Wave". National Public Radio (NPR). 28 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2015.
  5. "Al-Wafd repeats commitment to boycott". Daily News Egypt. 2 March 2013.
  6. Kirkpatrick, David D. (24 November 2012). "Egyptian Judges Challenge Morsi Over New Power". The New York Times.
  7. "Morsi faces judicial revolt over decree". China Daily. 26 November 2013.
  8. "Thoughts on June 30th, Tamarod, and the future of liberal democracy in Egypt". The Struggle for the World. 1 July 2013.
  9. "Thousands flood Egypt's streets to protest against Morsi". The Irish Times. 1 July 2013.
  10. "Egypt's Revolutionary Socialists call for general strike until the fall of the regime". Socialist Worker. 30 June 2013.
  11. "The 'S-Word': Egyptian Movement Takes on Islamic Rule". Al-Monitor. 27 April 2013.
  12. "My religion is "none of your business": Campaigning against division". Daily News Egypt. 21 April 2013.
  13. "Egypt Ideology Devolves into Anarchy Amid Vendettas". Bloomberg. 14 May 2013.
  14. "Black Bloc anarchists emerge". BBC. 1 February 2013.
  15. "'Sexist' Egyptian Info Minister causes more feminist outrage". Al Arabiya. 27 April 2013.
  16. "Another revolution in Egypt: Insights from Egyptian feminist Amal Abdel Hadi". Women's Learning Partnership (Blog). 29 June 2013.
  17. "Ahead of anti-Morsi protests, artists target Egypt's minister of culture". Index on Censorship. 28 June 2013.
  18. "Egypt intellectuals retaliate against culture minister after urgent meeting". Ahram Online. 7 June 2013.
  19. "Press Release by Operation Anti-Sexual Harassment/Assault on Sexual Assaults during 30 June Demonstrations". Jadaliyya. 2 July 2013.
  20. "Anti-Morsi Activists Set Up Female-Only Protest Zone to Protect Against Sexual Harassment at Tahrir Square". The Blaze. 30 June 2013.
  21. "Gama'a al-Islamiya organises pro-Morsi protests to counter 'rebellion' campaign". Albawaba News. 6 June 2013.
  22. Yolande Knell (22 November 2011). "Egypt military pledges to speed up power transfer". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  23. 1 2 "Egypt protester El-Gendy was tortured: Security sources". Al Ahram. 6 February 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
  24. "Egypt protesters clash with police at presidential palace". Bbc.co.uk. 1 February 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  25. Mona Chalabi. "Egypt's dead and injured: the toll so far". the Guardian.
  26. McCrumen, Stephanie; Hauslohner, Abigail (5 December 2012). "Egyptians take anti-Morsi protests to presidential palace". The Independent (London). Retrieved 5 December 2012.
  27. "Morsy issues new constitutional declaration". Egypt Independent. 22 November 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  28. Story of the Egyptian Revolution 2011–2013 (Documentary) (in English and Arabic). Internet Archive. 15 November 2013. 10 minutes in.
  29. David D. Kirkpatrick (26 November 2012). "Egypt's government shows rift over Morsi decree – World". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  30. 1 2 Brown, Jeffrey (6 December 2012). "Egyptian Army Steps in After Violent Overnight Clashes at Presidential Palace". PBS. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  31. "Clashes between rival protesters in Cairo kill 3, wound hundreds". Fox News Channel. 6 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  32. "Protests roil Egypt". The Washington Post. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  33. "Egypt's President Morsi calls for a nationwide referendum". CTV News. 1 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  34. Kirkpatrick, David (6 December 2012). "More Morsi Aides Resign as Egypt Deploys Tanks in Cairo". Post Gazette (Cairo). Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  35. Hamza Handawi; Maggie Michael (6 December 2012). "Egyptian army moves to restore order after deadly protests over constitutional crisis". The Vancouver Sun (Cairo). Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  36. 1 2 "Egypt's Mursi annuls controversial decree, opposition says not enough". Al Arabiya. 9 December 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  37. "Egypt's opposition to appeal 'fraudulent' referendum results". Al Arabiya. 23 December 2012.
  38. Hussein, Abdel-Rahman (23 December 2012). "Egypt referendum: opposition calls for fraud inquiry". London: The Guardian.
  39. "Egypt opposition cries 'fraud' in referendum". The Daily Star. 23 December 2012.
  40. "Mohammed Morsi's ouster: Key events in Egypt's uprising and unrest," India Today, 4 July 2013. Archived 2 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  41. 1 2 "BBC in Egypt: 'People were not expecting this'". BBC News. 30 June 2013.
  42. 1 2 3 Umar Farooq (30 June 2013). "Seeking New Leadership, Millions of Egyptians Take to the Streets". The Atlantic.
  43. 1 2 Alsharif, Asma (30 June 2013). "Millions flood Egypt's streets to demand Mursi quit". Reuters.
  44. 1 2 "Egypt: Mahalla workers join rebellion, reject privatization plans". MENA Solidarity Network. 28 June 2013.
  45. 1 2 3 "Tahrir Square protesters show President Mursi the 'red card'". Al Arabiya. 30 June 2013.
  46. 1 2 "Anti-Mursi 'Rebel' campaign receives more than 22 million signatures". 29 June 2013.
  47. 1 2 "Morsy out in Egypt coup". CNN. 28 June 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
  48. "Egyptian army suspends constitution". BBC News. 3 July 2013.
  49. "BBC News – Egypt clashes: Divided views". Bbc.co.uk. 9 July 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  50. "Morsi supporters stage demonstrations in Alexandria, other cities – Trend.Az". En.trend.az. 16 July 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  51. Youssef, Nancy A. "Tales of witnesses to Cairo massacre back pro-Morsi version | McClatchy". Mcclatchydc.com. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  52. Sengupta, Kim; Beach, Alastair (9 July 2013). "Cairo massacre eyewitness report: At least 51 dead and more than 440 injured as army hits back at Muslim Brotherhood supporters – Africa – World". London: The Independent. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  53. Saleh, Yasmine (27 July 2013). "With dozens dead, U.S. tells Egypt to pull 'back from the brink'". Reuters. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  54. "Scores killed in clashes at pro-Morsi rally – Middle East". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  55. "Thousands rally in dueling protests in Egypt – Middle East". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  56. Catherine Thompson (5 July 2013). "Egyptian Army Denies Reports It Shot at Protesters | TPM LiveWire". Livewire.talkingpointsmemo.com. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  57. Youssef, Nancy A. (23 July 2013). "CAIRO: Tales of witnesses to Cairo massacre back pro-Morsi version – World". MiamiHerald.com. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  58. http://www.vocativ.com/08-2013/live-blog-egypts-day-of-rage/
  59. Kirkpatrick, David (24 November 2012). "Morsi Urged to Retract Edict to Bypass Judges". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 November 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
  60. 1 2 "Rallies for, against Egypt president's new powers". ABC News. Associated Press. 23 November 2012. Archived from the original on 25 November 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
  61. 1 2 3 4 "Egypt's President Mursi assumes sweeping powers". BBC News Middle East. 22 November 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  62. 1 2 Stack, Liam (23 November 2012). "Anger in Egypt Over Power Grab by President Morsi". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  63. 1 2 Kareem Fahim and David D. Kirkpatrick (23 November 2012). "Clashes Break Out After Morsi Seizes New Power in Egypt". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  64. 1 2 3 "Morsi decree triggers mass protests in Egypt". Al Jazeera. 23 November 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  65. 1 2 3 Michael Birnbaum and Joby Warrick (23 November 2012). "President's decree of new powers divides Egypt". The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  66. Mohamed Fadel Fahmy (8 July 2012). "Egyptian parliament to convene Tuesday, official says". CNN. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
  67. Steve Hendrix and Ernesto Londoño (8 July 2012). "Egypt's Morsi makes bid to reinstate Islamist parliament". The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
  68. "Egyptian President Mursi reverses parliament dissolution". BBC News Middle East. 8 July 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
  69. Kareem Fahim and Mayy El Sheikh (8 July 2012). "Egypt's President Orders Return of Parliament". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
  70. "Egypt's Morsi orders parliament to reconvene". Al Jazeera English. 9 July 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
  71. "Egypt court challenges Mursi's reopening of parliament". BBC News Middle East. 9 July 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
  72. 1 2 3 "Egypt's top court rebukes president's decree". Al Jazeera English. 10 July 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
  73. Watson, Ivan (10 July 2012). "Court overrules Egypt's president on parliament". CNN. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
  74. "Egypt's parliament convenes despite dissolution". BBC News Middle East. 10 July 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  75. "Egypt parliament meets in defiance of court". Al Jazeera English. 10 July 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  76. "Thousands in Cairo protest high court ruling". Al Jazeera English. 11 July 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  77. 1 2 "Egypt's president vows to 'respect' court ruling on parliament". CNN. 12 July 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  78. "Egypt court overturns President Mursi parliament order". BBC News Middle East. 10 July 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  79. 1 2 Ernesto Londoño and Steve Hendrix (10 July 2012). "Morsi convenes Egypt's parliament in defiance of court and military". The Washington Post. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  80. 1 2 Kirkpatrick, David D. (10 July 2012). "Egyptian Leaders Meet in Defiance of Court and Military". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  81. "Morsi pledges respect for Egypt court rulings". Al Jazeera English. 11 July 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  82. "Egypt crisis: Mursi seeks talks on parliament row". BBC News Middle East. 11 July 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  83. Rana Muhammad Taha (14 July 2012). "assation Court claims it has no jurisdiction over parliament fight". The Daily News Egypt. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  84. "Egypt appeals court says no jurisdiction over Parliament rulings". bikyamasr.com. 14 July 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  85. Alaa Shahine (14 July 2012). "Egypt Appeals Court Rejects Requests To Hear Parliament Case". Bloomberg. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  86. "Egypt Appeals Court rejects suit on parliament legality". Al-Ahram. 14 July 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  87. "#Egyworkers strike in Mahalla | The Stream – Al Jazeera English". Stream.aljazeera.com. 16 July 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  88. "Administrative court recuses itself from controversial cases". Egypt Independent also known as Al-masry Al-youm. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  89. Sanchez, Luiz (19 July 2012). "Administrative Court deflects verdicts". The Daily Egypt. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  90. "Fate of People's Assembly referred back to Egypt's High Constitutional Court". Al-Ahram. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  91. "Egypt court says can't rule on fate of parliament". Agence France-Presse. France24. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  92. 1 2 "Morsi orders amnesty for convicted criminals during Egypt's uprising". Xinhua. China Daily. 9 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  93. 1 2 "Egypt's President Mursi pardons 'revolutionaries'". BBC News Middle East. 9 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  94. Ahmed Aboul Enein (30 July 2012). "Constituent Assembly lives to fight another day". The Daily Egypt. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  95. "Court to rule on replacing Constituent Assembly case judges in September". Egypt Independent. 30 July 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  96. Sirgany, Sarah (2 August 2012). "Egypt Cabinet ministers sworn in". CNN. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
  97. Karim Fahim and Mayy El Sheikh (2 August 2012). "New Egyptian Cabinet Includes Many Holdovers". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
  98. Hamza Hendawi (2 August 2012). "New Egypt government puts Brotherhood in key posts". ksl.com. Associated Press. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
  99. Ahmed Aboul Enein (1 August 2012). "Preliminary list of cabinet ministers revealed". Egypt Independent. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
  100. Kareem Fahim and Mayy El Sheikh (5 August 2012). "2012 Egyptian–Israeli border attack". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  101. Rudoren, Jodi (6 August 2012). "Sinai Attack Tests New Egyptian President's Relationship With Israel". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  102. Jori Rudoren and Kareem Fahim (6 August 2012). "Israeli Defense Chief Says Egypt Attack a 'Wake-Up Call'". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  103. 1 2 Faheem, Karim (8 August 2012). "Egyptian Officials Fired Over Soldiers' Killings in Sinai". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  104. "Egyptian president visits troubled border area". CNN WireStaff (CNN). 10 August 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  105. Fahim, Kareem (7 August 2012). "After Protest, Egypt's Morsi Skips Funeral for Soldiers". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  106. Mohamed Fadel Fahmy (9 August 2012). "Egypt launches airstrikes in Sinai after troop massacre". CNN. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  107. Fahim, Kareem (10 August 2012). "After Sinai Killings, Cairo Tightens Grip on a Neglected Region". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  108. Ahmed Eleiba, Hatem Maher, and Sherif Tarek (8 August 2012). "'Operation Eagle' will not stop until Sinai is terror-free: Egypt's military". Al Ahram. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  109. "Egypt leader Mursi orders army chief Tantawi to resign". BBC News. 12 August 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  110. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fahim, Kareem (12 August 2012). "In Upheaval for Egypt, Morsi Forces Out Military Chiefs". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  111. 1 2 Mazel, Zvi (14 August 2012). "Analysis: Morsy’s velvet revolution". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  112. 1 2 3 Londoño, Ernesto (12 August 2012). "Egypt's Morsi replaces military chiefs in bid to consolidate power". The Washington Post. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  113. 1 2 "Egypt's Morsy sends defense minister, top general to 'retirement'". CNN Wire Staff (CNN). 13 August 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  114. Knell, Yolande (13 August 2012). "Mursi's surprising swipe at military powe". BBC News Middle East. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  115. 1 2 3 "Crowds in Cairo praise Morsi's army overhaul". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  116. 1 2 3 4 5 Ahmed Aboul Enein (12 August 2012). "Morsy assumes power: Sacks Tantawi and Anan, reverses constitutional decree and reshuffles SCAF". The Daily News Egypt. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  117. Ahmed Aboul Enein (12 August 2012). "Morsy sacks Tantawi and Anan". The Daily News Egypt. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  118. 1 2 "Morsi retires Egypt's top army leaders; amends 2011 Constitutional Declaration; appoints vice president". Al-Ahram. 12 August 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  119. "Egypt leader Mursi orders army chief Tantawi to resign". BBC News Middle East. 12 August 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  120. Rageh, Rawya (12 August 2012). "Morsi's surprise sackings". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  121. 1 2 3 4 Paraszczuk, Joanna (18 August 2012). "Egypt's Morsy appoints new VP, defense minister, army chief". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  122. 1 2 Kareem Fahim (12 August 2012). "Egyptian Leader Ousts Military Chief". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  123. "Sunday decisions 'not meant to embarrass' any state institution: Morsi". Al-Ahram. 13 August 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  124. "Egypt President Mursi explains army chief replacement". BBC News Middle East. 13 August 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  125. 1 2 "Egypt's president asserts authority over army". Al Jazeera. 12 August 2012. Archived from the original on 12 August 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  126. "English text of President Morsi's new Egypt Constitutional Declaration". Al-Ahram. 12 August 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  127. 1 2 Bassem Abo Alabass, Sherif Tarek (13 August 2012). "Legal experts question legitimacy of Morsi's constitutional changes". Al-Ahram. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  128. Randa Ali and Sara Mourad (13 August 2012). "Morsi's Sunday surprise met with broad support by Egypt political forces". Al-Ahram. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  129. Levin, Josh (14 August 2012). "Egypt's Morsy: 'Imperial' president or step forward for revolution?". CNN. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  130. Trew, Bel (12 August 2012). "Morsi's counterpunch: A reading of Egypt latest Constitutional Declaration". Al-Ahram. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  131. "Egypt's Morsi may have consulted military on Sunday surprise". Al-Ahram. 12 August 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  132. Tamim Elyan (14 August 2012). "Egypt's Mursi faces lawsuit over removal of power curbs". Reuters. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
  133. Zeinab El Gundy (23 August 2012). "Morsi ends preventive custody for journalists charged in 'press crimes'". Al-Ahram. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  134. "Morsy annuls preventive detention for journalists". Daily News Egypt. 23 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  135. 1 2 "Egypt's Morsi passes law against media detention". Reuters. Haaretz. 23 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  136. Kareem Fahim and Mayy El Sheikh (23 August 2012). "Egyptian President's Move Ends Detention of Critic". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  137. "Journalist's detention sparks fury among Egypt's political class". Al-Ahram. 23 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  138. "Ruling determining fate of Constituent Assembly postponed until October". Al-Ahram. 8 September 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  139. "Constituent Assembly case adjourned to 2 October, MB drop court challenge". Al-masry Al-youm. 8 September 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  140. "Egypt's constituent assembly case postponed until Oct 2". AGL. 8 September 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  141. Egypt army intervenes to pacify Salafist protest at U.S. embassy, Ahram Online, 11 September 2012.
  142. Egyptian Protesters Scale U.S. Embassy Walls, Rip Down Flag, San Francisco Chronicle, 14 September 2012.
  143. Lynch, Sara; Dorell, Oren (13 September 2012). "Deadly embassy attacks were days in the making". USA Today. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  144. "US envoy dies in Benghazi consulate attack". Al Jazeera English. 12 September 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  145. Adam Kredo (13 September 2012). "Reports: Marines Not Permitted Live Ammo". Free Beacon (Center for American Freedom). Retrieved 6 November 2012.
  146. "Amid uneasy calm in Cairo, prime minister says some were paid to protest". CNN. 15 September 2012.
  147. "Anti-American fury sweeps Middle East over film". Reuters. 14 September 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
  148. "Ultraconservative protesters storm UN Sinai camp". Al Jazeera. 14 September 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
  149. "Fatwa issued against 'Innocence of Muslims' film producer". London: Telegraph.co.uk. 18 September 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  150. "The price of Obama's Muslim empathy". Washingtontimes.com. 20 September 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  151. "Muslim Cleric Tears Bible at Protest Outside the US Embassy in Cairo". Aina.org. 14 September 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  152. "Egyptian court rules parliament's lower house "null"". Xinhua. 22 September 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  153. "Egypt court upholds dissolution of house". The News International. 23 September 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  154. "Administrative court upholds ruling to dissolve Parliament". Egypt Independent. 23 September 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  155. "Egypt Islamists slam parliament's death knell, liberals celebrate". Al-Ahram. 23 September 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  156. Zeinab El Gundy (23 September 2012). "Egypt court upholds former NDP members' right to contest parliament". Al-Ahram. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  157. "Egypt doctors strike for better wages, services". Yahoo News. 1 October 2012.
  158. Fleishman, Jeffrey (16 October 2012). "In Egypt, doctors see strike as their 'last resort'". Los Angeles Times.
  159. "Egyptian court continues review into Constituent Assembly". Al-Ahram. 2 October 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  160. Ramadan Al Sherbini (18 October 2012). "Ruling on constitution panel delayed amid splits". Gulf News. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  161. "Three legal challenges to Constituent Assembly postponed". Egypt Independent. 2 October 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  162. Whittle, Thomas (2 October 2012). "Verdict on dissolution of Egypt's Constituent Assembly postponed". Xinhua. NZ Week. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  163. Gayathri, Amrutha (9 October 2012). "Egypt's President Pardons Prisoners of Revolution". International Business Times. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  164. "Egypt's President pardons revolutionaries of 2011–2012". The Voice of Russia. 9 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  165. "Egypt's President pardons all political prisoners". Euronews. 9 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  166. "Egypt's President pardons 'revolutionaries'". Press Trust of India. 9 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  167. Areeb Hasni (9 October 2012). "Egypt: President Mursi pardons all ‘revolution’ detainees". The News Tribe. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  168. "Mursi pardons those convicted over 'revolution'". Al Arabiya. 9 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  169. Marwa Awad (October 2012). "Egypt's Mursi pardons political prisoners". Reuters (The Chicago Tribune). Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  170. "Egypt court postpones case against Constituent Assembly". Al-Ahram. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  171. 1 2 Michael, Maggie (11 October 2012). "Egypt's prosecutor general refuses to resign". Boston.com. Associated Press. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  172. 1 2 Kirkpatrick, David D. (11 October 2012). "Egypt's Chief Prosecutor Resists President's Effort to Oust Him". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  173. 1 2 Hauslohner, Abigail (11 October 2012). "Egypt's Morsi moves to dismiss top prosecutor after 'camel battle' acquittals". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  174. 1 2 3 4 Maggie Michael and Aya Batrawy (12 October 2012). "Egypt Protests: Chants Against Mohammed Morsi Trigger Scuffle". The Huffington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  175. "Islamists and activists clash in Egypt's Tahrir Square". The Los Angeles Times. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  176. "Supporters and Opponents of Egypt's President Clash". Voice of America. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  177. Leyne, Jon (12 October 2012). "Egypt's new government struggles amid Tahrir clashes". BBC Middle East. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  178. 1 2 Kirkpatrick, David D. (12 October 2012). "as law gives immunity to the prosecutor general from being ousted by the president". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  179. El Deeb, Sarah (13 October 2012). "Egypt standoff between president, prosecutor ends". Seattle Pi. Associated Press. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  180. "Egypt leader Mursi backs down in row with prosecutor". BBC News Middle East (BBC News Middle East). 13 October 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  181. El Deeb, Sarah (12 October 2012). "Egypt Standoff Between President, Prosecutor Ends". ABC News. Associated Press. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  182. Marwa Awad, Ali Abdelaty, and Yasmine Saleh (16 October 2012). "Egyptian court to rule on constitutional assembly on October 23". Reuters (The Chicago Tribune). Retrieved 17 October 2012.
  183. Michael, Maggie (16 October 2012). "Egypt: Court delays ruling on constitutional panel". ktvl.com. Associated Press. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
  184. Abdel Latif Wahba and Tarek El-Tablawy (23 October 2012). "Egypt Constitution Panel Case Referred to Supreme Court". Bloomsberg Businessweek. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  185. "Egypt's constitutional assembly case referred to Supreme Court". Al Arabiya. 23 October 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  186. Ramadan Al Sherbini. "Top court to decide fate of constitution panel". Gulf News. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  187. Tamim Elyan and Tom Perry (23 October 2012). "Egyptian constitution case sent to higher court". Reuters (The Chicago Tribune). Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  188. 1 2 3 "Update: FJP sees Administrative Court decision as 'chance for dialogue'". Egypt Independent. 23 October 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  189. Michael, Maggie (23 October 2012). "Egypt's Top Court to Rule on Constitutional Panel". abc News. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  190. 1 2 "Morsi Asserts New Powers and Orders Ex-Officials Retried". The New York Times. Associated Press. 22 November 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  191. 1 2 3 David D. Kirkpatrick and Mayy El Sheikh (22 November 2012). "Citing Deadlock, Egypt's Leader Seizes New Power and Plans Mubarak Retrial". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  192. 1 2 3 "Egypt's President Morsi expands power, defies judiciary with new declaration". Al Ahram. 22 November 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  193. "Egypt fury over Mohammed Morsi 'coup against legitimacy'". BBC News Middle East. 23 November 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  194. 1 2 Tarek El-Tablawy and Mariam Fam (23 November 2012). "Egyptian President Mursi Expands Powers Ahead of Cairo Rally". Bloomsberg. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  195. 1 2 3 Mohamed Fadel Fahmy and Jason Hanna (23 November 2012). "Egypt's Morsy says courts can't overturn him". CNN. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  196. "English text of Morsi's Constitutional Declaration". Al Ahram Online. 22 November 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  197. Ethar Shalaby (22 November 2012). "Morsy issues new constitutional declaration". The Daily News Egypt. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  198. "Egypt's Mursi shields assembly writing constitution". The Chicago Tribune. Reuters. 22 November 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  199. "Egypt: The president's new powers". Al Jazeera English. 24 November 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  200. Kirkpatrick, David (22 November 2012). "Egyptian Judges Challenge Morsi Over New Power". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  201. "Egypt's Morsi assumes wide powers". Al Jazeera English. 23 November 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  202. Samak, Dina (22 November 2012). "Declaration 'aims to achieve revolutionary demands': Egypt Presidential spokesman". Al-Ahram. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  203. Ekram Ibrahim (22 November 2012). "New decree will allow Morsi to reinstate Egypt parliament: Legal expert". Al Ahram. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  204. Marwa Awad (22 November 2012). "Mursi draws fire with new Egypt decree". The Chicago Tribune. Reuters. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  205. "Egypt's Mursi assumes sweeping powers, branded 'new pharoah'". Agence France-Presse. South China Morning Post. 23 November 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  206. Birnbaum, Michael (22 November 2012). "Egypt's President Morsi takes sweeping new powers". The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  207. Godfrey, Hannah; Beaumont, Peter (24 November 2012). "Egypt's top judges condemn Mohamed Morsi power grab". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  208. 1 2 "Egypt President Mursi defends new powers amid protests". BBC News Middle East. 23 November 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  209. 1 2 Mohamed Fadel Fahmy and Reza Sayah (25 November 2012). "Top Egyptian judicial body rips Morsy". CNN. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  210. Gray, Melissa (26 November 2012). "Morsy edict divides Egypt but unifies opponents, critics and observers say". CNN. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  211. Leyne, John (24 November 2012). "Egypt: President Morsi's political gamble". BBC. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  212. "Egypt judges call for national strike over Mursi decree". BBC. 24 November 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  213. Kirkpatrick, David D. (24 November 2012). "Egyptian Judges Challenge Morsi Over New Power". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  214. "Egypt judges condemn Morsi's new powers". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  215. "Egypt Mursi crisis prompts shares dive". BBC News Middle East. 25 November 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  216. 1 2 "Egypt's Morsy to meet with top judicial body days after claiming new powers". CNN Wire Staff. 26 November 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  217. "Egypt crisis hits stock exchange". Al Jazeera English. 25 November 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  218. 1 2 3 4 Kirkpatrick, David D. (25 November 2012). "Pressure Grows on Egyptian Leader After Judicial Decree". The NewYork Times. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  219. Khouri, Jack (25 November 2012). "Morsi to meet judges over power grab". Haaretz. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  220. Charlene Gubash (5 December 2012). "'Men don't have to worry about being caught': Sex mobs target Egypt's women". NBC News. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  221. "Egypt crisis: Mohammed Mursi meets top judges". BBC News Middle East (BBC News Middle East). 26 November 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  222. Hussein, Abdel Rahman (26 November 2012). "Mohamed Morsi indicates judicial decree will be limited". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  223. 1 2 3 Pearson, Michael (28 November 2012). "Protesters to Morsy: Roll back your decree or leave". CNN. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  224. 1 2 "Mass anti-Morsi rally in Egyptian capital". Al Jazeera English. 28 November 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  225. Birnbaum, Michael (26 December 2012). "Egypt's Morsi appears to accept some limits on his power". The Washington Post. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  226. "Egypt's Morsi stands by decree". Al Jazeera English. Al Jazeera English. 26 November 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  227. Hussein, Abdel Rahman (26 November 2012). "Egyptian protests over Mohamed Morsi decree expected to draw thousands". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  228. Deaths of Gaber Salah, Islam Masoud Signal Egypt's Dangerous Divisions The Daily Beast, 27 November 2012
  229. Gouda, Hazem (27 November 2012). "Update: Protesters storm Alexandria Brotherhood office, set Mansoura FJP office on fire". Al-masry Al-youm. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  230. "Egypt crisis: Mass rally held against Mohammed Mursi". BBC News Middle East (BBC News Middle East). 27 November 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  231. Kareem Fahim and David D. Kirkpatrick (27 November 2012). "Egypt Protesters Gather to Denounce Morsi in Scenes Recalling Uprising". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  232. Richard Stengel, Bobby Ghosh and Karl Vick (28 November 2012). "An Interview with Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi: 'We're Learning How to Be Free'". TIME Magazine. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  233. Richard Stengel, Bobby Ghosh and Karl Vick (28 November 2012). "Transcript: TIME's Interview with Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi". TIME Magazine. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  234. 1 2 3 "Egypt speeds new constitution amid Morsy protests". CNN Wire Staff (CNN). 29 November 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  235. 1 2 3 Kirkpatrick, David D. (29 November 2012). "Panel Drafting Egypt's Constitution Vows Quick Finish". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  236. 1 2 "Egypt speeds vote on draft constitution". Al Jazeera English. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  237. 1 2 3 "Egypt appeals courts launch anti-Mursi strike action". BBC News. 28 November 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  238. "Morsi 'to address Egyptian nation'". The Irish Times. 28 November 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  239. Socialist Alliance holds slain protester's funeral in Egypt's Tahrir Al Ahram, 28 November 2012.
  240. Stephanie McCrummen and Ingy Hassieb (29 November 2012). "Egyptian assembly rushes to vote on new constitution". The Washington Post 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  241. "Egypt assembly votes on constitution". BBC. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  242. Nariman Youssef (2 December 2012). "Egypt's draft constitution translated". Egypt Independent. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  243. "Comparison of Egypt's suspended and draft constitutions". BBC News Middle East. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  244. Carlstrom, Gregg (30 November 2012). "Controversial clauses in Egypt's constitution". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  245. Kirkpatrick, David D. (29 November 2012). "Egyptian Islamists Approve Draft Constitution Despite Objections". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  246. "Movement on new Egyptian constitution, despite fervent opposition". CNN Wire Staff (CNN). 30 November 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  247. Jeffrey Fleishman (29 November 2012). "Egypt adopts draft constitution after marathon session". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  248. Leyne, Jon (30 November 2012). "Egypt divisions likely to deepen over draft constitution". BBC News Middle East. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  249. "Egypt constitution finalised as opposition cries foul". Al-Ahram. Reuters. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  250. "Egypt assembly adopts draft constitution". Al Jazeera English. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  251. 1 2 McCrummen, Stephanie (30 November 2012). "In Egypt, anger grows among liberals over Islamist-backed constitution". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  252. "Islamists unilaterally pass draft constitution in Egypt". CNN. 1 December 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  253. "Thousands protest nationwide against Morsy, Constituent Assembly". Egypt Independent. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  254. "Thousands rally in Cairo against constitution". Al Jazeera. 1 December 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  255. "Cairo's Tahrir Square fills with anti-Morsi protesters". BBC. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  256. Kareem Fahim (30 November 2012). "After Moves on Constitution, Protesters Gather in Cairo". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  257. Jeffrey Fleishman and Reem Abdellatif (30 November 2012). "Egypt protests intensify after passage of draft constitution". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  258. Spencer, Richard (30 November 2012). "Egypt: Mohammed Morsi criticised by UN". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  259. "Cairo's Tahrir Square fills with anti-Morsi protesters". BBC. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  260. "Morsy calls Egyptians to vote on Constitution on 15 December". Egypt Independent. 1 December 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  261. "Egypt to hold December referendum on new constitution". BBC News Middle East. 1 December 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  262. "Egypt crisis: Islamists rally for President Morsi". BBC News Middle East. 1 December 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  263. Kirkpatrick, David D. (1 December 2012). "Amid Egypt's Duel on Democracy, Morsi Calls for Vote". The New York Times 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  264. McCrummen, Stephanie (1 December 2012). "Morsi sets date for referendum on charter as his Islamist supporters rally in Cairo". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  265. "Morsi calls referendum on new constitution". Al Jazeera English. 2 December 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  266. Ruth Whitehead (1 December 2012). "Muslim Brotherhood 'paying gangs to go out and rape women and beat men protesting in Egypt' as thousands of demonstrators pour on to the streets". Daily Mail (London). Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  267. "Egypt court halts all work amid Islamist 'pressure'". BBC News Middle East. 2 December 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  268. Kirkpatrick, David D. (2 December 2012). "Egyptian Court Postpones Ruling on Constitutional Assembly". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  269. Reza Sayah and Amir Ahmed (3 December 2012). "Egypt's high court suspends sessions after protesters block judges' way". CNN. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  270. "Egypt's top court on indefinite strike". Al Jazeera English. 2 December 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  271. "Egypt judges reject role in constitution vote". Al Jazeera English. 3 December 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  272. "Egypt judges 'to oversee referendum' despite boycott". BBC News Middle East. 3 December 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  273. McCrummen, Stephanie (3 December 2012). "Egypt's Supreme Judicial Council to oversee constitutional referendum". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  274. Fahim, Kareem (3 December 2012). "Egyptian Judges Break Ranks to Support Morsi Vote Request". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  275. Nasser, Marwa; Jabeen (4 December 2012). "Protesters reach palace; Morsi flees". The Washington Times. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
  276. Saleh, Yasmine; Awad, Marwa (4 December 2012). "Egypt's Mursi leaves palace as police battle protesters". Reuters. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  277. Stephanie McCrummen and Abigail Hauslohner (4 December 2012). "Egyptians take anti-Morsi protests to presidential palace". The Washington Post. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  278. 1 2 "Protesters attack palace, party headquarters in Egypt". CNN Wire Staff (CNN). 5 December 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  279. "Clashes outside Egypt presidential palace in Cairo". BBC News Middle East. 4 December 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  280. "Clashes outside Egypt's presidential palace". Al Jazeera English. 5 December 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  281. Kirkpatrick, David D. (4 December 2012). "Thousands of Egyptians Protest Plan for Charter". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  282. "El-Baradei, Sabbahi and others to be investigated for 'espionage'". Al Masry Al Youm. 4 December 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  283. 1 2 Siddique, Haroon (5 December 2012). "Mohamed Morsi supporters and opponents clash in Cairo". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 5 December 2012.
  284. Richard Spencer and Magdy Samaan, Cairo. "100,000 surround Egypt president's palace". Brisbanetimes.com.au. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  285. "Update: Four reported dead in presidential palace clashes". Egypt Independent. 5 December 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  286. Reza Sayah, Michael Pearson and Laura Smith-Spark (6 December 2012). "Morsy to address Egyptians amid mounting violence". CNN. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  287. "Egypt crisis: Fatal Cairo clashes amid constitution row". BBC News Middle East. 6 December 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  288. "Clashes erupt at Egypt presidential palace". Al Jazeera English. 6 December 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  289. "Egypt army erects barriers at Cairo presidential palace". BBC News Middle East. 6 December 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  290. "Egypt's Morsi meets with army chief to discuss stabilization". Haaretz. 6 December 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  291. 1 2 Stephanie McCrummen and Abigail Hauslohner (7 December 2012). "Egypt's Morsi, looking to army for support, pushes charter that enshrines military's power". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  292. 1 2 3 Reza Sayah, Ian Lee and Greg Botelho (7 December 2012). "Egypt's Morsy stands by edict, calls for punishment of violent protesters". CNN. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  293. "Egypt army erects barriers at Cairo presidential palace". BBC News Middle East. 6 December 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  294. "Morsi: 'I won't tolerate anyone working to overthrow a legitimate government'". RT. 6 December 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  295. 1 2 Kirkpatrick, David D. (6 December 2012). "Morsi Defends Wide Authority as Turmoil Rises in Egypt". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  296. "Curfew hits Cairo after military tanks quell anti-Morsi protests". RT. 6 December 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  297. "Morsi addresses Egypt amid ongoing unrest". Al Jazeera English. 6 December 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  298. David D. Kirkpatrick; Alan Cowell (7 December 2012). "Cairo Protesters Take to Streets as Political Crisis Deepens". The New York Times (Cairo). Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  299. Reza Sayah, Ian Lee and Greg Botelho (7 December 2012). "Demonstrators again challenge Egypt's Morsy". CNN. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  300. Kirkpatrick, David D. (7 December 2012). "Morsi Turns to His Islamist Backers as Egypt's Crisis Grows". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  301. 1 2 Abigail Hauslohner and Stephanie McCrummen (7 December 2012). "Egypt's opposition defies call for dialogue, marches on presidential palace". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  302. 1 2 "Egypt opposition rejects President Morsi's call for talks". BBC News Middle East. 7 December 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  303. 1 2 "Tensions high after thousands march in Cairo". Al Jazeera English. 7 December 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  304. "Al-Masry Al-Youm Reports From Brotherhood Torture Chambers". Al-Masry Al-Youm (Al-Monitor). 7 December 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  305. 1 2 "Egypt: Army warns it will not allow 'dark tunnel'". BBC. 8 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  306. "Egypt's Mursi to authorise army to take on security role". Reuters. 8 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  307. Kirkpatrick, David D. (28 December 2012). "Backing Off Added Powers, Egypt's Leader Presses Vote". Egypt: The New York Times. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  308. "Morsi calls for constitution vote to go ahead". Al Jazeera English. 8 December 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  309. Sayah, Reza (9 December 2012). "Egypt's president pulls back on power decree, pushes referendum". CNN. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  310. 1 2 "Egypt's Morsi rescinds controversial decree". Al Jazeera English. 9 December 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  311. 1 2 "Egypt crisis: Morsi offers concession in decree annulment". BBC News Middle East. 9 December 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  312. McCrummen, Stephanie (8 December 2012). "Egypt's Morsi annuls most of contested decree, stays firm on Dec. 15 referendum". The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  313. 1 2 Abigail Hauslohner and Ingy Hassieb (9 December 2012). "Confusion pervades Egypt's opposition after Morsi rescinds decree". The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  314. 1 2 "Egypt crisis: Opposition shuns Morsi move". BBC News Middle East. 9 December 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  315. Reza Sayah and Amir Ahmed (9 December 2012). "Egyptian opposition calls for massive rally ahead of vote". CNN. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  316. "Egypt opposition rejects planned referendum". Al Jazeera English. 9 December 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  317. "Egyptian Opposition, Pro-Presidential Forces Planning Rival Rallies". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 10 December 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  318. 1 2 3 Kirkpatrick, David D. (25 January 2013). "Egyptians Protest on Revolt Anniversary". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  319. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Five die in Egypt violence on anniversary of uprising". Reuters. 25 January 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  320. 1 2 "Fatal clashes on Egypt uprising anniversary". BBC. 25 January 2013. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  321. "Egypt unrest: Death sentences over football riots spark violence". BBC. 26 January 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  322. Ridman, Melanie (27 January 2013). "3 dead, hundreds hurt at funerals in Egypt port city". The Jerusalem Post. Reuters. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  323. David D. Kirkpatrick and Mayy El Sheikh (27 January 2013). "Egyptian City Erupts in Chaos After Sentences". New York Times. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  324. "Seven die Sunday in Port Said clashes". Ahram Online. 27 January 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  325. "Mr. President's speech concerning the events of Port Said and Suez". Egyptian Presidency. 27 January 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  326. "Morsy invites ElBaradei, Sabbahi, Islamists to dialogue". Egypt Independent. 27 January 2013. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  327. "Egypt opposition rejects Mohammed Morsi dialogue call". BBC. 28 January 2013. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  328. 1 2 3 Abdellatif, Reem (28 January 2013). "Egypt protests continue; opposition rejects talks with Morsi". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  329. 1 2 3 4 Kirkpatrick, David D. (28 January 2013). "Protests Grow on Fifth Day of Unrest in Egypt". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  330. "Update: Protesters detain police officer, torch armored vehicle in Tahrir". Egypt. 28 January 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
  331. Fahim, Kareem; Kirkpatrick, David D.; Sheikh, Mayy El (30 January 2013). "Egyptian Army Chief Warns of 'Collapse of State' Amid Chaos". The New York Times.
  332. 2 killed in violence near Tahrir Square The Hindu, 30 January 2013.
  333. 1 2 Kareem Fahim; David D. Kirkpatrick (1 February 2013). "Clashes at Egypt's Presidential Palace". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
  334. "Health Ministry: One dead, 91 injured during Friday clashes". Egypt Independent. 2 February 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
  335. Second Egyptian protester dies from wounds sustained in palace clashes Al Ahram, 3 February 2013
  336. "Police drag protester, strip him naked - Egypt Independent".
  337. "''Al Arabiya'': Egypt presidency says 'pained' by dragging, beating of naked protester". English.alarabiya.net. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  338. FP Staff. "Man beaten by Egypt police shown on TV blaming protesters". Firstpost.com. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  339. Patrick Kingsley in Cairo (3 February 2013). "Egypt tensions rise as footage emerges of police beating protester". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  340. Samer al-Atrush (2 February 2013). "''AFP'': Egypt opposition hardens stand on Morsi". Modernghana.com. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  341. "Victim of police torture changes testimony, accuses officers". Al-Ahram. 4 February 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  342. "''Al Ahram'': I will leave my position if people want: Egypt's interior minister". English.ahram.org.eg. 2 February 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  343. "Egypt's culture minister resigns 'to protest assault on stripped protester'". Al-Ahram. 4 February 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
  344. "Egypt protester dies from alleged police torture". Al Ahram. 4 February 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  345. Sarah El Deeb; Amir Makar (11 February 2013). "Egypt Protests on Anniversary of Mubarak Ouster". ABC (Cairo). AP. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
  346. Port Said confirms 3 civilians, 2 police dead: Health ministry Al Ahram, 4 March 2013
  347. UPDATED: Five killed in Port Said clashes; Egypt army denies exchanging fire with police Al Ahram, 4 March 2013
  348. One protester killed in Egypt's Port Said on Tuesday Al Ahram, 6 March 2013
  349. Riots follow court verdict as Egypt braces for more violence Al-Ahram, 11 March 2013
  350. Calm morning follows a tense night of clashes in Egypt's Mahalla Al Ahram, 10 March 2013
  351. Arrest Warrant Issued For Bassem Youssef, TV Satirist Known As 'Egypt's Jon Stewart' by Sarah El Deeb, Associated Press (reprinted in the Huffington Post), 30 March 2013.
  352. Egypt satirist questioned for insulting Morsi, Al Jazeera English, 31 March 2013.
  353. Fahim, Kareem (31 March 2013). "Egyptian Satirist Posts Bail as Authorities Press Case". The New York Times.
  354. Worldwide support for Egyptian satirist’s fight for free speech, Al Arabiya, 2 April 2013.
  355. The Daily Show: Egypt, Mohamed Morsi, and Bassem Youssef, The Daily Show, 2 April 2013.
  356. "The battle for the Sinai". Aljazeera. 19 December 2012.
  357. "Egypt's Morsy Walks a Political Minefield in Sinai Crisis". Time World. 9 August 2012.
  358. "Egypt blames Hamas, Palestinians for violence in Sinai". World Tribune. 10 June 2013.
  359. "As Egyptian Army Again Moves Against Smuggling Tunnels, Hamas Officials Lash Out at Egyptian Media". The Tower. 28 June 2013.
  360. "2011 jail breaks become political issue in Egypt". Yahoo News. 23 May 2013.
  361. "Fatah: Egypt, PA discuss Hamas prison break role". Ma'an News Agency. 11 June 2013.
  362. "Militants release seven Egyptians kidnapped in Sinai". Egypt Independent. 22 May 2013.
  363. "Regarding the kidnapped Soldiers". Daily News Egypt. 20 May 2013.
  364. "Police blame Sinai jihadis for officer's murder". Egypt Independent. 10 June 2013.
  365. "Egypt interior minister forced to leave security officer's funeral". Ahram Online. 10 June 2013.
  366. Kingsley, Patrick (17 June 2013). "Egypt's Mohamed Morsi appoints hardline Islamist to govern Luxor". The Guardian (London).
  367. "Egypt: Morsi-appointed Luxor governor resigns". Yahoo News. 23 June 2013.
  368. "Egypt mob attack kills four Shia Muslims near Cairo". BBC News. 24 June 2013.
  369. "Amnesty urges Morsi to protect Egypt's Shias". Ahram Online. 25 June 2013.
  370. "Morsi's Pre-Tamarod Speech: Threats, Lies, and Manipulation". Atlantic Council. 27 June 2013.
  371. "Egypt: opposition even more determined after Morsi speech". Ansamed. 27 June 2013.
  372. Hauslohner, Abigail (28 June 2013). "Egyptian group accuses U.S. of backing Morsi; American student killed during clashes". Washington Post. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  373. Hamza Hendawi The Associated Press, Alastair Macdonald (30 July 2013). "Egypt protests: Thousands gather at Tahrir Square to demand Morsi’s ouster". Toronto: thestar.com.
  374. "Egypt: BBC inside Tahrir Square amid demonstration". BBC News. 30 June 2013.
  375. "Google throws a spanner in Al-Sisi's works". Middle East Monitor - The Latest from the Middle East.
  376. Shaimaa Fayed and Yasmine Saleh (30 June 2013). "Millions flood Egypt's streets to demand Mursi quit". Reuters.
  377. الجدل بشأن الحشود المشاركة في 30يونيو - YouTube. 1 August 2013 via YouTube.
  378. Al Jazeera Coverage of Two Million People March in Cairo's Tahrir Square [8-8_30AM EST 2_1_2011]. 26 March 2011 via YouTube.
  379. "Protesters flood Egypt streets".
  380. Hamza Hendawi and Maggie Michael (21 June 2013). "More Than 100,000 Morsi Supporters Protest Ahead of Opposition Rally in Egypt". Huffington Post.
  381. "Egypt protesters storm Muslim Brotherhood headquarters". BBC News. 1 July 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  382. Abdelaziz, Salma (1 July 2013). "Egyptian military issues warning over protests". CNN. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  383. Patrick Werr (1 July 2013). "Four Egyptian ministers resign after protests: cabinet official". Reuters. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  384. "FM becomes fifth cabinet official to resign". Egypt Independent. 2 July 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  385. "Egypt crisis: President Morsi rejects army ultimatum". BBC News. 2 July 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  386. Shahine, Alaa. "Mursi Trust in Army's Man Loyalty Backfires as Egypt Teeters". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  387. "Court orders return of Meguid Mahmoud as prosecutor general". Egypt Independent. 2 July 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  388. "Latest wave of resignations as Cabinet, Presidency spokesmen quit". Egypt Independent. 2 July 2013.
  389. Kirkpatrick, David D.; Hubbard, Ben (2 July 2013). "Morsi Defies Egypt Army's Ultimatum to Bend to Protest". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
  390. "Morsi tells Egypt army to withdraw ultimatum – Middle East". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  391. "Egypt's Mohammed Morsi vows to stay in office". BBC News. 3 July 2013.
  392. "Egypt's Morsi says he will not step down – Middle East". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  393. "Egypt military chiefs hold crisis talks". The Australian. 3 July 2013.
  394. Gordts, Eline (3 July 2013). "Egypt's President Mohammed Morsi, Army Chiefs Prepare For Showdown Hours Ahead of Ultimatum". Huffington Post.
  395. "Gun attack on Cairo pro-Morsi rally kills 16: ministry".
  396. 1 2 "Egypt's Morsi offers consensus government – Middle East". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 14 August 2013.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anti-Morsi protests.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Tuesday, April 19, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.