AVE

For other uses, see AVE (disambiguation).
AVE
Overview
Main stations(s): Madrid Atocha, Barcelona Sants, Seville-Santa Justa
Other stations(s): Madrid Chamartín, Zaragoza-Delicias, Valencia-Joaquín Sorolla, Málaga-María Zambrano, Alicante Terminal, Valladolid-Campo Grande, A Coruña-San Cristóbal, Santiago de Compostela, Ourense, Córdoba
Fleet size: 24 S-100
16 S-102
26 S-103
30 S-112
Stations called at: 30
Route km operated: 3,100 km (1,900 mi)[1]
Parent company: Renfe
Website: www.renfe.com

Alta Velocidad Española (AVE)[lower-alpha 1] is a service of high-speed rail in Spain operated by Renfe Operadora, the Spanish national railway company, at speeds of up to 310 km/h (193 mph).[2] Alta Velocidad Española translates to "Spanish High Speed", but the initials are also a play on the word ave, meaning "bird". As of June 2013, the Spanish AVE system is the longest HSR network in Europe with 3,100 km (1,900 mi) and the second in the world, after China's.[1][3]

AVE trains run on a network of high-speed rail track owned and managed by Adif, where other high-speed (Avant, Alvia) and mid-speed (Altaria) services also operate. The first line was opened in 1992, connecting the cities of Madrid, Córdoba and Seville. Unlike the rest of the Iberian broad gauge network, the AVE uses standard gauge. This permits direct connections to outside Spain through the link to the French network at the Perthus tunnel. AVE trains are operated by Renfe, but private companies may be allowed to operate trains in the future using other brands, in accordance with European Union legislation. Some TGV-derived trains do run on the broad-gauge network at slower speeds, and these are branded separately as Euromed.

History

Map showing high-speed railway lines currently (October 2015) in operation.
Map showing high-speed lines already in operation, under construction or planned (updated December 2015).
Network diagram showing AVE train stations

New rail link to Andalusia

Towards the end of the 1980s a new line was planned to join the Castilian Meseta with Andalusia without passing through the Despeñaperros Natural Park. After considering various options it was decided that a standard-gauge line, allowing for Spain's first high-speed rail link, would be built. The project was named NAFA (Nuevo Acceso Ferroviario a Andalucía, New Rail Link to Andalusia) and was meant to help revitalise the stagnant southern Spanish economy. The line was inaugurated on 14 April 1992 to coincide with Expo 92 being held in Seville. Seven days later on 21 April 1992 commercial service began with six daily services stopping at Madrid, Seville, Córdoba, Puertollano and Ciudad Real. In October 1992 RENFE began the AVE Lanzadera (Shuttle) service between Madrid and Puertollano and Ciudad Real.

It has been suggested that the PSOE government chose the French Alstom bid over the Siemens and Talgo bids for political rather than technical reasons, rewarding the French government for its assistance in capturing ETA activists who took "sanctuary" across the border in southern France.[4] Seville's hosting of the 1992 World's Fair prompted the choice of that city for the inaugural AVE line, with its being the home town of then Spanish president Felipe Gonzalez also playing some role. Seville is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain and the fourth largest city in Spain, after Madrid, Barcelona and Valencia, with a population of over 700,000 and a metropolitan area of almost 1.5 million people. It is also the capital of Andalusia, Spain's most populous autonomous community (region).

In January 1993 the Talgo 200 Madrid–Málaga service began, using AVE lines as far as Córdoba and then Spanish-gauge conventional track to reach Málaga. On 23 April that year, the AVE set a new top speed of 356.8 km/h (221.7 mph) on a test run. Later in 1993 the mixed-method services Talgo 200 Madrid–Cádiz and Talgo 200 Madrid–Huelva began.

In 1994 AVE trains on the Madrid–Seville line began to run at 300 km/h, cutting journey times by at least 40 minutes and covering the 471 km in 2½ hours, though it is unlikely that much of a saving came from the increase in maximum speed, because only a small section of the line near Los Yébenes has the alignments for 300 km/h operation. The maximum permitted speed is 270 km/h between Atocha station and Brazatortas, save for the approaches to the intermediate stations (Atocha, Ciudad Real and Puertollano). Beyond Brazatortas, the line is only authorised for 250 km/h operation, which drops to 215 km/h in the Sierra Morena mountains and 90 km/h around Córdoba station.[5] It is more likely that time savings occurred as a result of there being fewer intermediate stops.

Although in 1999 RENFE began a mixed-service Talgo 200 Madrid–Algeciras route, this was, along with the other mixed services, transferred to Grandes Líneas Renfe (RENFE's Spanish gauge long-distance brand) following changes to plans for high-speed rail in Spain.

The last segment of the Madrid–Málaga high-speed rail line was completed on 24 December 2007 when the new high speed railway section between the cities of Córdoba and Málaga was inaugurated. It is a standard gauge railway line of 155 km in length and is designed for speeds of 300 km/h (186 mph). It has compatibility with neighbouring countries' railway systems as well.

AVANT – Media Distancia

Class 104 train.
Class 114 train.

In 1992, a new high-speed medium distance service (AV Media Distancia operating under the AVE Lanzadera brand) began between Madrid, Ciudad Real and Puertollano, using spare class 100 trains. In November 2003 a new service began between Seville and Córdoba using new class 104 trains, reducing journey times between the two cities to 40 minutes. In 2005 the brand was renamed RENFE Avant, and all services started to use class 104 trains, leaving class 100 for AVE services.

The construction of a 21-kilometre (13 mi) stretch of high-speed line from Madrid to Toledo allowed the inauguration of a medium distance service in November 2005. The journey time between the two cities is now less than 30 minutes. The high-speed link combined with high property prices in Madrid has encouraged many Madrid commuters to settle in Ciudad Real, the first stop on the Madrid–Seville line. There has, however, been controversy over the construction of this line as the change to standard-gauge track meant that large towns such as Getafe, Aranjuez and Algodor, which now have no commercial services, lost their direct services to Toledo. Furthermore, since Toledo is now connected by standard-gauge track it is impossible for other passenger or goods trains to reach it that have not come from other high-speed lines.

Further Avant services have been launched with the expansion of the AVE lines to Valladolid, Barcelona, Málaga and Galicia. See below for details of all Avant services.

In the Valladolid line, new class 114 trains are used. Both Avant class 104 and class 114 trains are based in Pendolino designs, without tilting capacity:

- Avant class 104 trains are based in ETR 480

- Avant class 114 trains are based in ETR 600

Class 121 trains based on the Alvia S-120 train-sets are also used for some Avant services.

Madrid–Barcelona

The Madrid–Zaragoza (Saragossa)–Barcelona line was inaugurated on 20 February 2008, after parts of the line had operated since 2003 (Madrid–Zaragoza–Lleida) and 2006 (Lleida–Tarragona). This line is currently one of the world's fastest long-distance trains in commercial operation,[6] with non-stop trains covering the 621 km (386 mi) between the two cities in just 2 hours 30 minutes, and those calling at all stations in 3 hours 10 minutes. The line includes a spur railway that branches off at Zaragoza towards Huesca in north Aragon. The Madrid-Huesca high-speed rail line was inaugurated in 2005.

Northern corridors

The first instalment of a high-speed rail corridor in the north and north-west of Spain was the 179.6 km section Madrid–Segovia–Valladolid which was put in operation on 22 December 2007. It includes a tunnel of 28 kilometres (17 mi) at Guadarrama, which is the fourth longest train tunnel in Europe. The extension of the line with the 162.7 km section Valladolid–Venta de Baños–Leon was inaugurated on 29 September 2015. Valladolid will become the hub for all AVE lines connecting the north and north-west of Spain with the rest of the country. On April 24, 2010, it was announced a 55 km high-speed spur would leave the Madrid–Valladolid route at Segovia and continue to Ávila. Initial plans were expected to be complete by the end of 2010 but as of 2015 this line remains unfinished.[7]

In the north-west of Spain the Madrid–Galicia high-speed rail line is scheduled to be completed before 2018 when the Olmedo–Zamora–Santiago de Compostela part will be connected to the Madrid–Leon line at Olmedo south of Valladolid.[8] The 87.1 km northern section between Ourense and Santiago de Compostela was inaugurated in December 2011[9] and the 107 km southern section, between Olmedo (130 km north of Madrid on the Madrid–Leon line) and Zamora entered revenue service on 17 December 2015 by Alvia trains.[10] This line will be connected in the region of Galicia with the 156 km Atlantic Axis high-speed rail line that connects the cities of Vigo and A Coruña via Santiago de Compostela. The Atlantic Axis was inaugurated in April 2015 and the section A Coruña–Santiago de Compostela opened in 2009 and was electrified in 2011.[11]

Madrid–Levante

The Madrid–Levante corridor connects Madrid with the Mediterranean coast of the Levante Region (Eastern Spain). The Madrid–Cuenca–Valencia line was officially finished on Friday, 10 Dec 2010,[12] with commercial trips starting on Saturday 18 Dec 2010. Non-stop trains between Madrid and Valencia cover the 391 km (243 mi) in 1 hour 38 minutes.[13] The Madrid–Albacete–Alicante line was inaugurated on 17 June 2013. Trains cover the distance between Madrid and Alicante in 2 hour 12 minutes. When fully operational the Madrid–Levante corridor will total 940 km of high-speed rail connecting Madrid, Cuenca, Albacete, Valencia, Alicante, Elche, Castellón, Murcia and Cartagena.

International connection with France

Map showing the evolution of the high-speed rail interconnection between Spain and France
Networks of Major High Speed Rail Operators in Europe

A milestone for the AVE network was reached in December 2013 when it was connected to the rest of Europe via France.[14][15] The connecting link was the construction of the 131-kilometre (81.4 mi) Barcelona–Figueres section of the Perpignan–Barcelona high-speed line, an extension of the Madrid–Barcelona line, completed in January 2013 at a cost of €3.7 billion.[16][17][18] The international 44.5-kilometre (27.7 mi) Perpignan–Figueres section of the line opened in December 2010 and includes the new 8.3-kilometre (5.2 mi) Perthus Tunnel under the Pyrenees.[19]

Operational services

Currently the Spanish high-speed network is made up of the following services:

The central hub of the AVE system is Madrid's Puerta de Atocha, except for the Madrid–León line, which terminates at Chamartín station.

International services

TGV service

All services stop at Girona and Figueres.

The Santa Justa train station of Seville

Trains

Currently, there are several series of high-speed trains that run the AVE service:

There are also other series of trains that are considered high-speed, but do not run under the AVE name. They run under the brand Alvia and Avant, and are variable gauge trains. They can run on high-speed lines at a maximum of 250 km/h (155 mph), and can also change between standard- and Iberian-gauge lines without stopping. The trains that are operated under the Alvia and Avant brand are:

Ridership

RENFE indroduced new market-based fares structure in February 2013. Over the 12-month period ending in February 2014, passengers carried on the high-speed services had grown by 23.47% from 12 million to reach 14.9 million over the 12-month period ending in February 2014. Over the same period, revenue had grown 6.95% to reach €784m and train occupancy reached 73%, up from 65% the previous year.[22]

Lines in operation

Currently there are five corridors with nine main lines in operation, and two spur lines connecting the cities of Toledo with the Madrid-Seville main line and Huesca with the Madrid–Barcelona main line.

Line Connected Cities Year of inauguration Operational top speed Type of trains
North-western corridor
HSR Madrid – Galicia Orense · Santiago de Compostela 2011 250 km/h or 155 mph S-121, S-730
Madrid Chamartín · Segovia · Olmedo · Zamora 2015
HSR Atlantic Axis Santiago de Compostela · La Coruña 2011 250 km/h or 155 mph S-121, S-730
Vigo · Pontevedra · Santiago de Compostela 2015
North corridor
HSR Madrid – León Madrid Chamartín · Segovia · Valladolid 2007 300 km/h or 186 mph S-102, S-114
Valladolid · Venta de Baños · Palencia · León 2015
North-eastern corridor
HSR Madrid – Barcelona Madrid · Guadalajara-Yebes · Calatayud · Zaragoza · Lérida 2003 310 km/h or 193 mph S-100, S-103, S-112, S-120, S-121
Lérida · Camp de Tarragona 2006
Camp de Tarragona · Barcelona-Sants 2008
HSR Barcelona – Perpignan Figueres · Perpignan (France) 2009 300 km/h or 186 mph S-100, SNCF TGV Duplex
Barcelona-Sants · Barcelona-Sagrera · Gerona · Figueres 2013
HSR Madrid – Huesca Madrid · Guadalajara-Yebes · Calatayud · Zaragoza · Tardienta · Huesca 2005 300 km/h or 186 mph S-102
Eastern corridor
HSR Madrid – Valencia Madrid · Cuenca · Requena-Utiel · Valencia 2010 300 km/h or 186 mph S-102, S-112, S-130
HSR Madrid – Alicante Madrid · Cuenca · Albacete 2010 300 km/h or 186 mph S-112, S-130
Albacete · Villena · Alicante 2013
Southern corridor
HSR Madrid – Seville Madrid · Ciudad Real · Puertollano · Córdoba · Sevilla 1992 300 km/h or 186 mph S-100, S-102, S-103, S-112, S-104
HSR Madrid – Málaga Madrid · Ciudad Real · Puertollano · Córdoba · Puente Genil-Herrera · Antequera-Santa Ana · Málaga 2007 300 km/h or 186 mph S-102, S-103, S-112, S-104
HSR Madrid – Toledo Madrid · Toledo 2005 250 km/h or 155 mph S-104

North-western corridor

Map of the high-speed rail network (newly built and upgraded lines). Also shows under construction, planned or in study lines.

Madrid–Zamora

The Madrid–Zamora line is the open section of the under construction Madrid–Galicia high-speed rail line connecting Madrid to Zamora via Segovia. The line shares a common section with the Madrid–Leon line for the part between Madrid and Olmedo. The Madrid–Zamora line entered revenue service on 17 December 2015 by Alvia S-730 (Patito, max speed 250 km/h (155 mph)) trains that cover the distance in 1 hour and 33 minutes.[10] Part of the line up to Medina del Campo is also used for the Alvia Madrid–Salamanca service.

The Atlantic Axis

The Atlantic Axis high-speed railway line is connecting the two main cities of Vigo and A Coruña (Corunna) via Santiago de Compostela in the northwestern Spanish region of Galicia. The railway, 155.6 km in length, is an upgrade of the former non electrified single railway line between the town of Ferrol and the Portuguese border for the part between A Coruña and Vigo, into a double electrified high-speed line. The new rebuilt railway permits mixed use traffic with a maximum design speed of 250 km/h for passenger trains.[1] The new railway was inaugurated in April 2015 and shorten the distance between the two cities by 22 km, from 178 km to 156 km, and cut the travel time from around 3 hours on the old railway down to 1 hour and 20 minutes on the new one. 37 tunnels totalling 59 km and 34 bridges totalling 15 km form part of the rebuilt railway.[23] The line is served by Avant S-121 (max speed 250 km/h (155 mph)) train-sets for the routes between A Coruña and Vigo[24] and between A Coruña and Ourense and by S-730 (Patito, max speed 250 km/h (155 mph)) train-sets for the Alvia services connecting Galicia with other Spanish regions. The line will be connected at Santiago de Compostela with the Madrid–Galicia high-speed rail line, which as of 2015 is under construction.

North corridor

Madrid–León

The Madrid–Leon high-speed rail line connects Madrid with León passing the cities of Segovia, Valladolid and Palencia. The line supports the longest railway tunnel in Spain at 28 km in length and is served by up to two S-102 (Pato, max speed 330 km/h or 205 mph) trains per day with the fastest schedule lasting 2 hours and 6 minutes. Other trainsets used on the Madrid–Leon line include S-120 (max speed 250 km/h (155 mph)) and S-130 (Patito, max speed 250 km/h (155 mph)) for the Alvia services.

North-eastern corridor

Madrid–Barcelona

Madrid–Barcelona high-speed railway line connects Madrid with Barcelona in the north east of Spain passing through the cities of Guadalajara, Calatayud, Zaragoza (Saragossa), Lleida (Lérida) and Tarragona where the future Tarragona–Valencia high-speed railway line will connect. The line has a length of 621 km and a travel time of two and a half hours for the direct trains using the route avoiding entering Zaragoza (Saragossa) and Lleida (Lérida). The line is served by S-103 (max speed 350 km/h or 217 mph) trains. Seventeen trains run now every day between 6:00 and 21:00 hrs. Direct trains Barcelona–Seville and Barcelona–Malaga that do not make a stop in Madrid are also scheduled combining the Madrid–Barcelona line with one of the southern corridor's existing lines. S-112 (Pato, max speed 330 km/h or 205 mph) trains are used for these services and cover these distances in less than 6 hours.

Barcelona–Perpignan (France)

The international high-speed section across the border, Perpignan–Figueres (44.4 km), of the Perpignan–Barcelona high-speed rail line opened in December 2010. Since then, French TGV trains operate from Paris. The Spanish high-speed section Barcelona–Figueres opened on the 7th of January 2013[25][26] Nine Spanish services initially serviced the line, with 8 being a through service to Madrid, which also connected with two French TGV services from Paris. Previously French TGV services connected Paris and Barcelona by means of a shuttle train on the standard Barcelona–Figueres line.[27][28][29] Direct Barcelona-Paris, Madrid-Marseille, Barcelona-Lyon and Barcelona-Toulouse high-speed trains between France and Spain started on December 15, 2013.[30]

Madrid–Huesca

The Zaragoza-Huesca section branches off from the Madrid–Barcelona line at Zaragoza and connects with the city of Huesca and serves the connection train station for regional trains in the town of Tardienta. The line first put in operation in 2005 and is served by up to two S-102 (Pato, max speed 330 km/h or 205 mph) trains per day with the fastest train journey between the two cities lasting 2 hours and 5 minutes.

Eastern corridor

Madrid–Valencia

The Madrid–Valencia line connects the city of Valencia with the city of Madrid passing through the cities of Cuenca and Requena-Utiel. It is serviced by S-112 (Pato, max speed 330 km/h or 205 mph) trains, assembled by the Talgo-Bombardier consortium and direct trains cover the 391 km in 98 minutes. Thirty trains run every day between 05:00 and 21:00, fifteen in each direction. The line is part of the Madrid–Levante corridor (see below). Direct trains Valencia–Seville that do not make a stop in Madrid are also scheduled combining the existing lines of Madrid–Valencia and Madrid-Seville. S-102 (Pato, max speed 330 km/h or 205 mph) trains are used for this service and cover the whole distance in 3 hours and 50 minutes.

Madrid–Alicante

The 350 km/h line branches off from the Madrid–Valencia Line and connects the city of Alicante with the city of Madrid passing through the cities of Cuenca, Albacete and Villena.[31] It is part of the Madrid–Levante corridor and is serviced by S-112 (Pato, max speed 330 km/h or 205 mph) trains that cover the distance in up to 2 hours and 12 minutes. Direct trains Toledo–Albacete were also scheduled in the past, combining four of the existing lines, but this service eventually terminated due to low demand.

South corridor

Madrid–Seville

The Madrid–Seville high-speed railway line connects Madrid with Seville in the south of Spain, passing through the cities of Ciudad Real, Puertollano and Córdoba, where the Madrid–Málaga high-speed rail line branches off towards Málaga just outside Los Mochos near Almodóvar del Río. The route travels across the plains of Castile, travelling through the Sierra Morena mountains just before reaching Córdoba, before going onward towards Seville through the largely flat land surrounding the Guadalquivir river. The Madrid–Seville line was the first dedicated passenger high-speed rail line to be built in Spain and was completed in time for Seville's Expo 92. With a length of 472 km, the fastest train journey between the two cities takes 2 hours and 20 minutes. The line is served by S-100 (max speed 300 km/h or 186 mph) trains. An extension of the Madrid-Seville high-speed rail line to Cádiz is currently under construction, with some sections in service and is expected to enter full revenue service in 2016.

Madrid–Málaga

The Madrid–Málaga high-speed rail line connects the city of Málaga with the city of Madrid. The line shares a common section with the Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line up to the city of Córdoba and then includes a 155 km long spur line up to the city of Málaga. It is served by S-102 (Pato, max speed 330 km/h or 205 mph) and S-103 (max speed 350 km/h or 217 mph) trains and the fastest train journey between the two cities takes 2 hours and 20 minutes. Apart from the traffic to and from the city of Málaga, the line also handles the traffic to the cities of Granada and Algeciras. In the future, the line will also support the traffic between Madrid and the Costa del Sol high-speed rail line.

Madrid–Toledo

The Madrid–Toledo high-speed rail line branches off from the Seville and Málaga routes around the depot at La Sagra. The Avant service between the two cities offers journey times of half an hour on trains with a maximum speed of 250 km/h.

Construction and current development

Tunnel Sants–La Sagrera

The Sants–La Sagrera tunnel links the Sants station in Barcelona through the Eixample with the future La Sagrera station. The tunnel passes under the streets of Provença and Mallorca, using a short part of the Diagonal to link between these streets. In the Carrer de Mallorca, the tunnel passes directly in front of Gaudí's masterpiece, the basilica of the Sagrada Família, and in the Carrer de Provença, another Gaudí work, the Casa Milà. In a long campaign against this route, the Board of the Sagrada Família and other parties argued that the tunnel would damage the church, whose construction is still in progress. In this discussion about different routes, the one now built is also called the Provença tunnel because part of its route passes under this street.

The tunnel boring machine Barcino passed the Sagrada Família in October 2010, and reached its final destination a few months later. Rail traffic is planned to start in 2012, initially without stops at the La Sagrera station, which is expected to be completed in 2016.

In March 2012, railway equipment was installed, with a special elastic isolation of the rails in order to dampen vibrations at the sections passing close to Gaudí's architectural works, using the Edilon system.[32][33]

North corridor

North-western corridor

North-eastern corridor

Southwest–Portuguese corridor

Southern corridors

Eastern corridor (Madrid – Levante)

Mediterranean corridor

From the existing high speed at station Camp Taragona there wil be a connecting high speed line to a point past L´Hospitalet de l´Infant station on the classic line.Google map(A distance of 44 km) There wil be a new station at the intersection with the road between Reus and Taragona.[48] The existing main railway between Taragona and Valencia has been and is being modernized. The maximum speed limits have been increased. The railway no longer passes trough Tortosa but takes a shortcut. Tortosa town is now served with a branch railway line.

Lines under construction

Line Connected Cities Year expected to be completed
North-western corridor
HSR Madrid – Galicia Zamora · Orense 2018[49]
North corridor
HSR Madrid – Basque Country Venta de Baños · Burgos 2016[50]
Burgos · Miranda de Ebro · Vitoria 2019[51][40]
Basque Y Vitoria · Bilbao · San Sebastián · Irún · French border 2019[52]
HSR Madrid – Asturias León · La Robla –
La Robla · Pola de Lena 2016[53]
Pola de Lena · Oviedo · Gijón –
Central corridor
Madrid interconnector Madrid Atocha · Madrid Chamartín 2016[54]
Mediterranean corridor
HSR Madrid – Levante Castellón · Valencia · Alicante · Elche · Murcia 2016[55][56]
Murcia · Cartagena 2017[57]
HSR Murcia – Almería Murcia · Almería after 2018[58]
Southern corridor
HSR Madrid – Seville Sevilla · Jerez de la Frontera · Cádiz 2016[59]
HSR Andalusian Transverse Axis Antequera · Granada 2016[60]
Antequera · Sevilla -
HSR Madrid – Jaén Mora · Alcázar de San Juan -
South-western corridor
HSR Madrid – Extremadura Madrid · Talavera · Plasencia · Cáceres · Mérida · Badajoz 2020[61]

Madrid–Levante

The Madrid–Levante high-speed rail line is a network of railways connecting the capital with the Mediterranean coast. Consisting of 940 kilometres (580 mi) of railways with an estimated cost of 12.5 billion euros, it is the most expensive high-speed railway project in Spain. The network will consist of both dedicated passenger high-speed railways designed for trains running above 300 kilometres per hour (190 mph) and high-speed railways shared with freight trains.
The network is to be opened in stages, starting with the Madrid–Valencia/Albacete section, which was opened in December 2010,[12][62] followed by Albacete/Valencia–Alicante in June 2013[63] and finally reaching the cities of Murcia and Castellón by 2016. A branch line to Cartagena is also included in the network and is expected to open by 2017.

Madrid–Lisbon

This high-speed rail line will connect the two capitals on the Iberian Peninsula; Portugal's section will be the first "standard gauge" railway in that country as it shares the same broad gauge standard as Spain. Designed as a mixed use railway line shared between passenger and freight trains, it will have a length of 439 km on the Spanish side, of which 48 km are part of the already built Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line and will connect the region of Extremadura to the high-speed network. Connecting cities in the line include Talavera de la Reina, Navalmoral de la Mata, Plasencia, Cáceres, Mérida and Badajoz.[41] Once built, the travel time between the two capital cities will be drastically reduced to around 3 hours, however construction on the Portuguese side along with the entire Portuguese high-speed rail programme was abandoned in March 2012.[45] The section on the Spanish side between Madrid and Badajoz is expected to be completed by 2020.

Madrid interconnector

A new interconnecting tunnel is planned between Atocha and Chamartín stations. Currently, trains going to Valladolid leave from Chamartín and trains going to Seville, Málaga and Barcelona leave from Atocha station. Also, there is a single daily service in each direction running along the Barcelona–Seville and Barcelona–Málaga routes, which uses the high-speed bypass around Madrid (the only alternative is to have the driver walk from one end of the train to the other, which would have a negative effect on journey times). The tunnel will allow services serving northern cities to travel non-stop or with a stop through Madrid and onward to southern cities (or vice versa), without the driver having to change ends or bypass Madrid, a valuable source of passengers: currently, someone wanting to travel from Valladolid to Málaga, for instance, must travel from Valladolid Campo Grande station to Madrid Chamartín station before taking a Cercanías service to Atocha; then finally taking an onward train to Málaga.

On April 24, 2010, tunneling started on the 7.3 km route connecting Atocha and Chamartin.[7] The works are expected to be completed in 2016 and put the new interconnection line in service within the first months of the same year.

Madrid–Jaén

This high-speed railway line will be part passenger-dedicated high-speed railway (Madrid–Alcázar de San Juan) and part shared with freight trains (Alcázar de San Juan–Jaén). The first 99 km of the line will use the already existing Madrid-Seville high-speed railway line. From there, a 67.5 km branch line will be constructed towards Alcázar de San Juan.

From Alcázar de San Juan the existing railway line will be upgraded to allow passenger trains to run up to 250 km/h; a new double-tracked route through the Despeñaperros mountain range will be built to replace the existing single-tracked route. This part of the high-speed railway also forms part of the Madrid–Algeciras freight corridor. An extension of the line to Granada is being investigated; however, the complicated terrain between Jaén and Granada might make it uneconomical.

Valladolid–Vitoria-Gasteiz

The extension of the Madrid–Valladolid high-speed rail line began construction in 2009. This 223.4 kilometres (138.8 mi) railway line will run parallel to the 244.8 kilometres (152.1 mi) long existing railway line. Originally it was to be used as a mixed-use high-speed railway line, but it has since been changed to a passenger-dedicated railway line, leaving the existing railway line for freight trains. The line was forecast to open the Valladolid–Burgos part around 2013 and the Burgos–Vitoria-Gasteiz part in 2014 or 2015. However, due to delays the line is not expected to open before 2019, although the Valladolid–Burgos section is expected to enter full revenue service in 2016.[40] At Vitoria it will be connected to the Basque high-speed railway line, thus reaching the French border. Once opened, the travel time between Valladolid and Vitoria will be around an hour.

The Basque Y

The Basque high-speed railway line connecting the three Basque capitals, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Bilbao and San Sebastián. Construction began in October 2006 and the railway line was forecast to open in 2016. However, due to delays in construction, the line is expected to put in service in 2019 according to the new estimations.

Madrid–Galicia

The Madrid–Galicia high-speed rail line will connect Madrid with Santiago de Compostela and the Atlantic Axis high-speed rail line in Galicia in the North West of Spain. The line will include a new 424 km long high-speed railway section that starts at Olmedo 130 km to the north of Madrid on the Madrid–Leon high-speed rail line. Construction on the northernmost part of the line between the cities of Ourense and Santiago de Compostela began late 2004 and the section was inaugurated in December 2011. The southern section between Olmedo and Zamora completed in 2015.[10] The line is currently served by Alvia trains and constructions are expected to be completed in 2018.

Venta de Baños–Gijón

It is the high-speed railway section connecting Madrid to the cities of León, Oviedo and Gijón in the north of Spain. The section starts at Venta de Baños: 205 km north of Madrid on the Valladolid–Vitoria high-speed section. It includes the 24,7 km long Pajares Base Tunnel which runs under the Asturian mountain range.

The Andalusian transverse axis

The southern Andalusian transverse high-speed railway line is a 503.7-kilometre railway running between the cities of Huelva and Almería, passing the cities of Seville and Granada. The line is designed for speeds up to 250 kilometres per hour, except for the 130-kilometre Antequerra–Granada and the 103-kilometre Seville–Huelva parts of the line, which are designed for speeds in excess of 300 kilometres per hour. A connection between Huelva and the Portuguese border is being studied. When finished the journey between Huelva and Almería in the new line is estimated to last 3 hours and 35 minutes.[64] The first section of the line between Antequera and Granada is expected to put in service by the first semester of 2016 connecting the city of Granada to the rest of the high speed network via the Madrid–Málaga high-speed rail line.

Mediterranean corridor (French border–Algeciras)

See also: TGV

The high-speed Barcelona-Figueres section (from Barcelona to the French border) was inaugurated in January 2013.[65] The journey from the centre of Barcelona to the centre of Girona takes now 37 minutes (compared to the hour and a half it took), and to Figueres in 53 minutes (instead of two hours). Girona and Figueres will be 14 minutes from each other. The Perpignan (France)-Figueres section opened in 2010. One lacking high-speed section on the French side, between Montpellier and Nîmes, is scheduled to open in 2017, allowing almost continuous high-speed travel from the French high-speed network to the Spanish one. The French government, on the other hand, recently announced indefinite delays to the Montpellier-Perpignan high speed section that was originally planned for 2020. The section linking Taragona to Almería via Valencia and Murcia is expected to be completed by 2020. The final section between Almería and Algeciras, passing through Málaga, will be built at a later point of time and an alternative and longer route looks likely.[66]

Future planned lines

In the short term, other connections to the LGV are planned. After the connection to France at La Jonquera in Catalonia, another connection is proposed at Irun in the Basque Country. Other new lines are under consideration, including a line connecting Soria to the Madrid–Barcelona line at Calatayud. Finally, the Madrid–Barcelona line currently terminates in Barcelona's Estació de Sants, but a new station is under construction at La Sagrera on the northern edge of the city.

In the long term, the Spanish government has an ambitious plan to make 7,000 kilometres (4,300 mi) of high-speed railway operational by 2010, with all provincial capitals at most only 4 hours from Madrid, and 6½ hours from Barcelona. According to the Strategic Plan for railway infrastructures developed by the Spanish Ministerio de Fomento (Ministry of Public Works), called PEIT, a second expansion programme is planned to start in 2010–11, when the last lines of the first programme still under construction begin operation. This plan has a ten-year scope, ending in 2020, and its ambition is to make the 300 km/h (186 mph) network reach 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi) by the end of that year. This would be the most extensive network in Europe, with several operational links with France and Portugal, and is the most ambitious high-speed rail plan in the European Union.

Critics of this scheme point out that raising the average speed of Spain's regional trains would achieve a much greater global impact at much less cost. At present, there are some rural lines where average speeds barely exceed 60 km/h (37 mph). The speed between some provincial capitals is little better; for example, it takes some 8 hours to cover the 784 kilometres (487 mi) between León and Barcelona.

On the other hand, there has been a great improvement in speed and time for trains that link Madrid with other capitals that do not have direct AVE connections, but use the high-speed line for most of the route, such as:

Two seas corridor

The line will connect the Valencian Community with the Basque Country region and the French border passing through the regions of Aragon, Navarre and La Rioja, with further connection to the TGV network via Irun towards Bordeaux and Paris. The line will include two connections between the region of Aragon and the Basque Country, one via Pamplona in Navarre towards the French border and one via Logroño in La Rioja towards Bilbao. Connected cities will include Valencia, Teruel, Zaragoza, Pamplona, Logroño, Vitoria-Gasteiz, San Sebastián and Bilbao with possible further connection to Santander. The travel time between Valencia and Bilbao in the new high-speed line will be decreased from 9 hours down to roughly 4 hours.[67] The line is not yet projected.

Cantabrian Sea corridor

The 430 km high-speed line will connect El Ferrol in Galicia with Bilbao in the Basque Country passing through the regions of Asturias and Cantabria along the Cantabrian Sea coast in the north Spain. The line will be further connected to the Atlantic Axis high-speed rail line on the west, the Basque Y high-speed railway line on the east and the north corridor (future Madrid-Gijón high-speed railway line) in Asturias region. The travel time between El Ferrol and Bilbao in the new line is estimated to last 1 hour and 48 minutes.[68] The line is not yet projected but it is planned to be completed before 2024.[69]

Central-Pyrenees corridor

A new high-capacity rail connecting Spain with France on international standard width track is considered via a 40 km tunnel through the central Pyrenees mountains. The line, also called Trans-Pyrenean Central Corridor (Travesía Central de los Pirineos) or TCP project, will serve both passenger high-speed trains as well as large freight trains and will connect directly Zaragoza to Toulouse via Huesca a distance of 355 km in length.[70][71] Ten possible alternatives are being considered for crossing the mountains, all of them including tunnels at low altitude and other possible stops include Tarbes or Pau. There is currently no clear provision on its construction.[72]

Madrid-Santander high-speed line

A new high-speed line will branch off from the current Madrid–Leon high-speed rail line at Palencia and as a part of the north corridor will connect the region of Cantabria to the high-speed rail network with direct connection to Madrid. According to the plans the city of Santander will be connected via Villaprovedo and Reinosa. An agreement for completing the line by the end of 2015 was signed on 11 August 2010 including the agreement to call tenders for the section between Palencia and Villaprovedo before the end of March 2011 and for the Villaprovedo – Reinosa section before the end of 2012.[73] However the line still remains unprojected.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Spanish pronunciation:
    [ˈalta βeloθiˈðað espaˈɲola], [ˈaβe]

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Infraestructuras y Estaciones. Líneas de Alta Velocidad". Adif.
  2. ↑ "Madrid — Barcelona at 310 km/h with ETCS Level 2". Railway Gazette International (London). 18 October 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
  3. ↑ "High speed line opens to Alacant". Railway Gazette International. 18 June 2013.
  4. ↑ "Rafa Sánchez, concejal del PSOE: "Gerardo Velasco es un mal educado" - interview with Rafa Sánchez". Diario La Torre (in Spanish) (Málaga). 10 August 2007. Retrieved 17 October 2008.
  5. ↑ Ferropedia. LAV Madrid-Sevilla.
  6. ↑ It is planned that in 2012 high-speed services will link Madrid and Barcelona with Paris-Gare de Lyon and later perhaps London St Pancras (using the Eurotunnel and the HS1 line). "High-Speed Train To Link Madrid, Barcelona | Travel News from Fodor's Travel Guides". www.fodors.com. Retrieved 28 January 2009.
  7. 1 2 DVV Media UK. "Boring begins beneath Madrid". Railway Gazette.
  8. ↑ "Los AVE de pruebas entre Olmedo y Zamora comenzarán a circular a finales de septiembre". La Opinión de Zamora. 23 August 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  9. ↑ "Ourense - A Coruña broad gauge high speed line opens". Railway Gazette International. 23 December 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Fran Hurtado (15 December 2015). "El AVE Madrid-Zamora se estrena este jueves sin actos inaugurales". noticias.lainformacion.com. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  11. 1 2 Fernando Puente (20 April 2015). "Spain inaugurates Galicia high-speed line". International Railway Journal. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  12. 1 2 Europa Press (10 December 2010). "Diplomáticos y periodistas extranjeros conocen el AVE a Valencia en un viaje de simulación". europapress.es.
  13. ↑ "King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofía open the AVE high speed train line between Madrid and Valencia". Typically Spanish (Malaga). 19 December 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
  14. ↑ "High speed services between France and Spain launched". Railway Gazette. 2013-12-17. Retrieved 2014-04-11.
  15. ↑ "Paris-Barcelona TGVs set for December 15 launch". International Railway Journal. 2013-11-28. Retrieved 2014-04-11.
  16. ↑ "Spain completes Iberia's high-speed link to Europe". International Railway Journal. 2013-01-08. Retrieved 2014-04-11.
  17. ↑ "High speed line opens between Barcelona and Figueres". Railway Gazette. 2013-01-08. Retrieved 2014-04-11.
  18. ↑ "Barcelona-Figueres HS line to open January 7". International Railway Journal. 2012-12-12. Retrieved 2014-04-11.
  19. ↑ "Perpignan–Figueres link inaugurated". Railway Gazette. 2011-01-27. Retrieved 2014-04-11.
  20. ↑ "AVANT trains at Renfe.es". Renfe. Retrieved 29 April 2016. (mid distance)
  21. ↑ "Alvia trains at Renfe.es". Renfe. Retrieved 31 July 2015. (mixed high-speed/conventional)
  22. ↑ DVV Media UK. "New fares boost high speed traffic". Railway Gazette.
  23. ↑ "Fase final de las obras del Eje Atlántico y de la nueva estación de Vigo-Urzáiz". fomento.gob.es. 30 March 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  24. ↑ C. Prego (15 April 2015). "Renfe estrena el Eje Atlántico el sábado con una rebaja del 50% en las tarifas". La Opinion A Coruña. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  25. ↑ DVV Media UK. "High speed line opens between Barcelona and Figueres". Railway Gazette.
  26. ↑ Fernando Puente. "Barcelona - Figueres HS line to open January 7". railjournal.com.
  27. ↑ Today's railways Europe, issue 202, page 41, timetable news
  28. ↑ shuttle + TGV Spanish railways website
  29. ↑ Joan Miró Trenhotel Spanish railways website
  30. ↑ "AVE rail connection between Barcelona and Paris to open in December". thinkspain.com.
  31. ↑ "Los Reyes inaugurarán el AVE a Valencia, y los Príncipes la conexión a Albacete". Europa Press (in Spanish). 10 December 2010.
  32. ↑ Comorera, Ramon (12 March 2012). "Doble aislante de vibraciones en las obras de Gaudí" [Double Isolation of Vibrations at the Gaudí constructions]. El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  33. ↑ Map of the tunnel route and details if the railway equipment in the tunnel in a PDF in El Periodico
  34. ↑ "High-Speed Lines León — Palencia Line". ADIF. Archived from the original on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
  35. ↑ "New AVE high speed train service to Palencia and Leon opens". ADIF. 29 September 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  36. ↑ "High Speed Lines Leon — Asturias high speed line". ADIF. Archived from the original on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
  37. ↑ "High speed lines Madrid-Galicia line Zamora-Lubián–Ourense and Ourense-Santiago". ADIF. Archived from the original on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
  38. ↑ "High Speed Lines Vitoria — Bilbao — San Sebastián Line". ADIF. Archived from the original on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
  39. ↑ "High-Speed Lines Valladolid — Burgos — Vitoria Line". ADIF. Archived from the original on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
  40. 1 2 3 "Rajoy destaca que el AVE llegará a Burgos este año y el tramo a Vitoria estará en 2019". diariodeburgos.es (in Spanish). 17 May 2015.
  41. 1 2 "High Speed Lines Madrid — Extremadura — Portuguese Border line". ADIF. Archived from the original on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
  42. ↑ "Alta Velocidade em Síntese" (in Portuguese). Rave.pt. Archived from the original on 4 October 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
  43. ↑ "Pointers December 2009". Railway Gazette International (London). 6 December 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
  44. ↑ "Portugal's cutbacks halt high-speed train to Spain". The Guardian (London). 5 July 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
  45. 1 2 "High speed programme axed". Railwaygazette.com. Retrieved 2015-11-11.
  46. ↑ "High-speed Lines Antequera — Granada". ADIF. Archived from the original on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
  47. ↑ "High speed lines Madrid — Castilla La Mancha — Valencian Community — Region of Murcia line". ADIF. Archived from the original on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
  48. ↑ Panoramio images from east to west: , , , , , , , ,
  49. ↑ Un nuevo tramo de AVE revoluciona los trenes a Galicia elpais.com
  50. ↑ Adif sitúa en abril el fin de la obra y en 2017 la llegada del "AVE real" diariodeburgos.es
  51. ↑ AVE Burgos-Vitoria, 2.200 millones para conectar Euskadi y Madrid elcorreo.com
  52. ↑ Fomento anuncia que el AVE vasco estará “en funcionamiento” en 2019 elpais.com
  53. ↑ Fomento impulsa la llegada del ave a León
  54. ↑ El túnel del AVE bajo Madrid entrará en servicio en 2016
  55. ↑ Las obras del AVE en Castellón continuarán hasta el 30 de abril elmundo.es
  56. ↑ El AVE enlazará Valencia con Alicante y Barcelona en una hora a partir de 2016 lasprovincias.es
  57. ↑ Bernabé prevé que el AVE llegue en 2017 si las obras comienzan durante este año laverdad.es
  58. ↑ El Ministerio siguen sin poner fecha a la llegada del tren veloz a Almería ideal.es
  59. ↑ Los AVE que no han llegado en 2015 cadenaser.com
  60. ↑ Fomento inaugurará el AVE a Granada sin acabar el trazado diariovasco.com
  61. ↑ La Junta afirma que el AVE de Madrid a Lisboa estará concluido en 2020 hoy.es
  62. ↑ "Railway Gazette: Madrid — Valencia high speed line opening dates confirmed". Retrieved 2010-10-16.
  63. ↑ "The new HSL between Albacete and Alicante opened on June the 18th (translation)" (PDF). formento.es (in Spanish).
  64. ↑ "3 horas y 35 minutos de Huelva a Almería". http://www.juntadeandalucia.es. 22 January 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2016. External link in |work= (help)
  65. ↑ high-speed Barcelona-Figueres section
  66. ↑ "The Mediterranean Rail Corridor will be a reality in 2020". Catalan news agency. 17 March 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  67. ↑ "El AVE unirá en cuatro horas el Cantábrico y el Mediterráneo". El País. 2009-11-04. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
  68. ↑ "El AVE del Cantábrico unirá Ferrol y Bilbao en menos de dos horas". La voz de Galicia. 2003-01-25. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
  69. ↑ Ramón Muñiz (2015-05-29). "Pastor aprueba el plan de infraestructuras que promete un AVE por la costa antes de 2024". GIJÓN: elcomercio.es. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
  70. ↑ "Catalans shocked by decision to prioritise the Central Railway Corridor". Catalan news agency. 17 February 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  71. ↑ Dr. Jaap Vleugel (October 2006). "Natural cross-border barriers to the development of Trans-European Transport Networks" (PDF) (Press release). Brussels: EUROPEAN UNION Committee of the Regions. Delft University of Technology. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
  72. ↑ "Trans-Pyrenean Central Corridor, Spain - France". Environmental Justice Atlas. 26 January 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  73. ↑ "High speed concession plan". Railwaygazette.com. 25 August 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2015.

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