Akash (missile)

Akash

Akash missile being test fired from Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur, Odisha
Type Mobile Surface-to-air missile system
Place of origin India
Service history
In service 2009-present
Used by Indian Army
Indian Air Force
Production history
Designer DRDO
Manufacturer Ordnance Factories Board
Bharat Dynamics
Bharat Electronics
Produced 2009-present
Number built 3000 missiles[1]
Specifications
Weight 720 kg (1,590 lb)
Length 578 cm (228 in)
Diameter 35 cm (14 in)
Warhead High-explosive, pre-fragmented warhead
Warhead weight 60 kg (130 lb)
Detonation
mechanism
 RF proximity fuse
Propellant integral rocket motor/ramjet booster and sustainer motor
Flight ceiling 18 km (59,000 ft)
Speed Mach 3
Guidance
system
 Command guidance

Akash (Sanskrit: आकाश Ākāśa "Sky") is a medium-range mobile surface-to-air missile defense system developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) for Missile Systems, Ordnance Factories Board and Bharat Electronics (BEL) for other Systems in India.[2][3][4] The missile system can target aircraft up to 30 km away, at altitudes up to 18,000 m.[5] It has the capability to "neutralise aerial targets like fighter jets, cruise missiles and air-to-surface missiles" as well as ballistic missiles.[6][7][8][9] It is in operational service with the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force.

An Akash battery comprises four 3D passive electronically scanned array radars and four launchers with three missiles each, all of which are interlinked. Each battery can track up to 64 targets and attack up to 12 of them. The missile has a 60 kg (130 lb) high-explosive, pre-fragmented warhead with a proximity fuse. The Akash system is fully mobile and capable of protecting a moving convoy of vehicles. The launch platform has been integrated with both wheeled and tracked vehicles. While the Akash system has primarily been designed as an air defence SAM, it also has been tested in a missile defense role. The system provides air defence missile coverage for an area of 2,000 km². The Indian military's combined orders of the Akash, including radar systems (WLR and Surveillance), have a total worth of ₹ 23,300 crore (US$4 billion).[10][11][12]

Development and history

Mark-I
The first test flight of Akash missile was conducted in 1990, with development flights up to March 1997.

Two Akash missiles intercepted two fast moving targets in simultaneous engagement mode in 2005. 3-D Central Acquisition Radar (3D-CAR) group mode performance is also fully established.[13][14]

The Akash Missile Development cost of ₹ 1,000crore (€150 million; $200 million), including the project sanction of ₹ 600 crore (€90 million; $120 million), is 8-10 times lower than the cost of similar system developments in other countries. Akash has certain unique characteristics like mobility, all-the-way-powered flight till target interception, multiple target handling, digitally-coded command guidance and fully automatic operation.”.[10]

Mark-II
As reported on June 11, 2010, Akash Mk-II version has begun development and will be ready for a first flight in 24 months. The Akash Mk-II will be a longer-range, faster and more accurate SAM. The missile will have an intercept range of 30–35 km and increase in the accuracy of the missile's guidance system and the fire control system.[15] Putting a seeker on board to allow the Akash Mk-II to operate over a larger profile is one of the options being considered.[16]

Description

Missile

Akash is a surface-to-air missile with an intercept range of 30 km.[17] It has a launch weight of 720 kg, a diameter of 35 cm and a length of 5.78 metres. Akash flies at supersonic speed, reaching around Mach 2.5. It can reach an altitude of 18 km and can be fired from both tracked and wheeled platforms.[17] An on-board guidance system coupled with an actuator system makes the missile maneuverable up to 15g loads and a tail chase capability for end game engagement. A digital proximity fuse is coupled with a 55 kg pre-fragmented warhead, while the safety arming and detonation mechanism enables a controlled detonation sequence. A self-destruct device is also integrated. It is propelled by an Integrated Ramjet Rocket Engine. The use of a ramjet propulsion system enables sustained speeds without deceleration throughout its flight.[18] The Missile has command guidance in its entire flight.[2]

The design of the missile is somewhat similar to that of the SA-6 with four long tube ramjet inlet ducts mounted mid-body between wings. For pitch/yaw control four clipped triangular moving wings are mounted on the mid-body. For roll control four inline clipped delta fins with ailerons are mounted before the tail. However, the internal schema shows a different layout with an onboard digital computer, no Semi-active seeker, different propellant, different actuators and command guidance datalinks. The Akash carries an onboard radio-proximity fuse.

Composite technology for Akash includes radome assemblies, booster liners, ablative liners, sustainer liners, compression moulded wings and fins.[19]

System

Each Akash battery consists of four self-propelled Launchers (3 Akash SAMs each), a Battery Level Radar - the Rajendra, and a Command post (Battery Control Centre). Two batteries are deployed as a Squadron (Air Force), while up to four form an Akash Group (Army configuration). In both configurations, an extra Group Control Centre (GCC) is added, which acts as the Command and Control HQ of the Squadron or Group. Based on a single mobile platform, GCC establishes links with Battery Control Centres and conducts air defense operations in coordination with air defense set up in a zone of operations. For early warning, the GCC relies on the Central Acquisition Radar. However, individual batteries can also be deployed with the cheaper, 2-D BSR (Battery Surveillance Radar) with a range of over 100 km.

Akash has an advanced automated functioning capability. The 3D CAR automatically starts tracking targets at a distance of around 150 km providing early warning to the system and operators. The target track information is transferred to GCC. GCC automatically classifies the target. BSR starts tracking targets around a range of 100 km. This data is transferred to GCC. The GCC performs multi-radar tracking and carries out track correlation and data fusion. Target position information is sent to the BLR which uses this information to acquire the targets.

The BCC which can engage a target(s) from the selected list at the earliest point of time is assigned the target in real time by the GCC. The availability of missiles and the health of the missiles are also taken into consideration during this process. Fresh targets are assigned as and when intercepts with assigned targets are completed. A single shot kill probability of 88% has been achieved by the system taking into consideration various parameters of the sensors, guidance command, missile capabilities and kill zone computations.

There are a number of possibilities for deploying Akash weapon system in autonomous mode and in group mode for neutralizing the threat profiles with defined multi-target engagement scenarios. In the Group mode we can have number of configurations to defend vulnerable areas depending upon nature and expected threat pattern, characteristics of threat. Similarly, multiple batteries in autonomous mode can be deployed to defend vulnerable areas/points. In a Group formation, the four Batteries can be deployed in various geometric formations, as suited to the vulnerable area being protected and the extent desired to be sanitized from enemy air threat. In a box deployment pattern, an Akash group can defend an area of 62 km x 62 km. In a linear array configuration, it covers an area of 98 km x 44 km. Trapezoidal configuration gives defense to the largest area as compared to any other pattern of deployment covering an area of size 5000 square km.[20]

Each Akash battery can engage up to four targets simultaneously. Each battery has four launchers with three missiles each, with each Rajendra able to guide eight missiles in total, with a maximum of two missiles per target. Up to a maximum of four targets can be engaged simultaneously by a typical battery with a single Rajendra if one (or two) missile is allotted per target. A single Akash missile has an 88% Probability of kill. Two missiles can be fired, five seconds apart, to raise the Probability of Kill to 98.5%.

Communications between the various vehicles are a combination of wireless and wired links. The entire system is designed to be set up quickly and to be highly mobile for high survivability.

The Akash system can be deployed by rail, road or air.

Radars

Main article: Rajendra Radar

The missile is guided by a phased array fire control radar called 'Rajendra' which is termed as Battery Level Radar (BLR) with a tracking range of about 60 km.[21] The tracking and missile guidance radar configuration consists of a slewable phased array antenna of more than 4000 elements, spectrally pure TWT transmitter, two stage superhetrodyne correlation receiver for three channels, high speed digital signal processor, real time management computer and a powerful radar data processor.[22] It can track 64 targets in range, azimuth and height and guide eight missiles simultaneously in ripple fire mode towards four targets. The radar has advanced ECCM features. The Rajendra derivative on a BMP-2 chassis and to be used by the Indian Air Force is known as the Battery Level Radar-II whereas that for the Army, is based on a T-72 chassis and is known as the Battery Level Radar-III.

The Army version also consists of the Battery Surveillance Radar (BSR). BSR is a track vehicle based, long range sensor, interfaced with the BCC. It can detect and track up to 40 targets in range and azimuth up to a range of 100 km.[23]

Long range target acquisition is performed by the 3D Central Acquisition Radar (3D CAR), which is a long range surveillance radar that can track up to 200 targets in Track while Scan mode (detecting, tracking and processing) in three dimensions at a range of 180 km. It provides azimuth, range and height coordinates of targets to the Group Control Centre (GCC) through secure communication links. The data is used to cue the weapon control radar.[22][24]

Platforms

The Army's radar and launchers are based on the T-72 chassis built by the Ordnance Factories Board's Ordnance Factory Medak to accompany the Army's fast moving armoured formations.[25] The Air Force versions use a combination of tracked and wheeled vehicle. The Air Force Akash launcher consists of a detachable trailer which is towed by an Ashok Leyland truck, and which can be positioned autonomously. Both the Army and Air Force launchers have three ready-to-fire Akash missiles each. The launchers can slew in both elevation and azimuth. The Army Self-Propelled Launcher (ASPL) is 360 degrees slewable and its arc in elevation is from 6 to 60 degrees. The Akash Air Force Launcher (AAFL) is 360 degree slewable, in elevation it can fire from 8 to 75 degrees in all directions depending on the mode of deployment.[26] Akash Air force launcher features an All electro servo drive system for fully automated and remote operation.[19]


To enable the Akash group to perform self-sufficient in the combat zone, a number of supporting specialist vehicles have been designed and developed. They are mobile and field-worthy. Their design is based on the role and task to be performed and the vehicles are accordingly allocated to the Group HQ, the Batteries, Assembly Line Area and the Field maintenance workshop. Some of the vehicles are: the Missile Transportation Vehicle (MTV), the Transportation and Loading Vehicle (TLV), the Mobile Station for Missile Checkout (MSMC) Vehicle, the Air Compressor Vehicle (ACV), the Power Supply vehicles (GPSV, BPSV), the Engineering Support, Maintenance and Repair vehicles (GEM, BEM) and a few others. These specialist vehicles assemble and prepare missiles, deliver them to Batteries, carry maintenance spares and fuel, and provide logistical engineering support. Their allocation provides for flexibility and self-sufficiency to the whole Akash Group.[27]

Propulsion

The Akash, like the Russian 2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful), utilizes an integrated ramjet-rocket propulsion system, which provides thrust for the missile throughout most of its flight. Because this missile has an integrated ram-rocket, maneuverability is highest. The engine is 'on' throughout the flight. The thrust is on till the missile intercepts the target. Most other surface-to-air missiles, including the U.S. Patriot and the Russian S-300 series, use solid-fuel rocket propulsion.

Status

Each missile is expected to have starting costs below US$500,000, i.e. under ₹20 million,[28] which is less than half the cost of similar Western missiles which usually cost between US$1.2-1.5 million (₹ 50-60 million) each.[29] It is expected that this cost will further decrease due to the economies of scale achieved as production ramps up.[28] The Indian military (IAF & IA) have a combined order worth ₹23,300 crore ($5.18 billion).[30] On 24 May 2012, India successfully test fired Akash missile to revalidate technology and operational efficacy.[31] On 1 June 2012, the Air Force version of the missile with a strike range of 25 km was successfully test fired from the Integrated Test Range at Chandipur.[32] On 3 August 2014 Akash missile test-fired from launch complex-3 of ITR at Chandipur off Odisha coast, Describing the trials as "fully successful", ITR Director M V K V Prasad said . the Air Force version has already been inducted while Army version is in the final stage of its trial.[33] The Army version was inducted on 5 May 2015, as was tweeted by MoD Spokesman. [34] [35] On March 16 2016, Director of Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL), K Jayaraman said that India is looking to double missile production to 100 per month, up from 50-60.[36][37]

Indian Air Force

In December 2007, the Indian Air Force completed user trials for this missile. The trials, which were spread over ten days were declared successful after the missile hit the target on five occasions. Multiple targets handling capability of Akash weapon system was demonstrated by live firing in C4I environment. Before the ten day trial at Chandipur, ECCM Evaluation tests were carried out at Gwalior Air force base and mobility trials were carried out in Pokhran. The IAF had evolved the user Trial Directive to verify the Akash's consistency. The following trials were conducted: Against low flying near range target, long range high altitude target, crossing and approaching target and ripple firing of two missiles from the same launcher against a low altitude receding target.[38]

The Indian Air force was satisfied with the performance of Akash after extensive flight trials and has decided to induct the weapon system. An order for two squadrons were placed initially, with these being inducted in 2009. The IAF found the missile performance to be satisfactory and was expected to place orders for 16 more launchers to form two more squadrons for India's northeast theater.[25][29][39]

In May 2008, the Indian Air Force decided to induct two squadrons (totaling 4 batteries) of Akash missile.[40]

In March 2009, Tata Power's Strategic Engineering Division (Tata Power SED) announced that it had secured the INR 1.82 Billion order for 16 Akash launchers to be delivered in the next 33 months.[41]

In January 2010, it was revealed that the Indian Air Force had ordered for 6 more squadrons. Each squadron will consist of 125 missiles, bringing the order to 750 missiles for 6 squadrons.[42] The first two squadrons will consist of 48 missiles each[43] while future squadrons will vary in number depending on the IAF. The additional missiles were ordered from state-run defence behemoth Bharat Electronics, who will act as the system integrator, at a cost of ₹ 42.79 billion ($925 million).[44]

Akash missile at Aero India 2011

On 3 March 2012, the missile was officially inducted into Indian Air force at function at Hyderabad.[45]

IAF orders may also rise as it phases out its Pechoras and if the Indo-Israeli JV to develop a MRSAM (Medium Range SAM) for the IAF continues to be put on hold, while a similar program for the Indian Navy proceeds unimpeded.[46][47][48] On June 6, 2012, IAF successfully test fired the Air Force version of Akash missile from the Integrated Test Range at Chandipur.[49] Indian Air Force tested Akash missiles taken from the production lot on 26 April 2014 against maneuvering targets at extreme ranges The test was a success.[50]

In February 2010, the Indian Air Force accepted the Akash missile system as a substantial part of its arsenal.[51]

In November 2014 Surface-to-air supersonic missile Akash on Friday completed its training user trials successfully for 5 straight days validating all mission parameters as set by the Indian Air Force (IAF) team.[52]

On July 10 2015, the Akash surface-to-air missile was formally inducted in the Indian Air Force at Gwalior.[53][54]

On September 1 2015, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) cleared the purchase of seven additional squadrons of the Akash missile for the Indian Air Force. [55][56]

On January 28 2016, the missile was successfully test fired from complex-3 of the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipuri in Odisha. As part of a user trial from the ITR, three rounds of test were carried out by the Indian Air Force (IAF) personnel aiming at para-barrel target. Tests were aimed at gauging the flight consistency and effectiveness of the missile, besides ascertaining the serviceability of the system in various conditions.[57][58][59][60]

On March 8 2016, Indian Air Force(IAF) demonstrated the missile at the exercise Iron Fist 2016.[61][62]

Indian Army

In June 2010, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) placed an order of the Akash missile system, valued at ₹12,500 crore ($2.8 billion). Bharat Dynamics (BDL) will be the system integrator and nodal production agency for the Akash Army variant.[10] The Army plans to induct two regiments of the missile.[63]

In March 2011, a report indicates that the Indian Army has ordered 2 Akash regiments — approximately 2,000 missiles — worth ₹14,000 crore ($3.1 billion).[64] These will replace the Indian Army's 2 SA-6 Groups (25 systems with 1,500 missiles), which were inducted between 1977 and 1979.[65]

On 5 May 2015 Akash Missile was inducted into the Indian Army.[66]

On 11 April to 13 April 2015, Indian Army successfully conducted six rounds of user trials of the missile. The tests were conducted from complex 3 of the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipuri in Odisha. The missiles targeted pilot less target aircraft (PTA) Lakshya, unmanned air vehicle (UAV) 'Banshee' and a para barrel target, two times each.[67][68][69][70][71][72]

Other

It was also reported that Malaysia, Thailand and Belarus had shown interest in purchasing the Akash missile system.[73]

Deployment

The Indian Air Force has deployed Akash at its bases in Gwalior, Hashimara, Tejpur, Jorhat and Pune[74][75]

The Indian Army has deployed one Akash Regiment in June-July 2015 with the second one to be ready by end of 2016.[76]

Operators

 India

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Indian Army Orders Akash Missile System". Aviation Week. 2011-03-25. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
  2. 1 2 AKASH AIR DEFENSE WEAPON SYSTEM
  3. ↑ AkashSAM.com
  4. ↑ "Guided Threat Systems". International Electronic Countermeasures Handbook. Journal of Electronic Defense Staff (Artech House). 2004. p. 115. ISBN 1-58053-898-3.
  5. ↑ Asian tribune: Upgraded version of ‘Akash’ test fired; By Hemanta Kumar Rout
  6. ↑ Akash missile successfully test fired for second day, Dated:November 18, 2014
  7. ↑ India Successfully Test Fires Medium-Range Akash Missile
  8. ↑ http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-12-13/india/27973517_1_akash-missile-nuclear-capable-multi-target-missile Nuclear-capable Akash missile test fired
  9. ↑ http://www.army-technology.com/projects/akashsurfacetoairmis/ kash Surface-to-Air Missile System, India
  10. 1 2 3 Akash Missile System For Indian Army OK'd
  11. ↑ Akash Missile Users Give Feedback To DRDO | AVIATION WEEK
  12. ↑ http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news/awx/2011/03/25/awx_03_25_2011_p0-301846.xml
  13. ↑ "IAF initiates process for inducting Akash and Trishul SAM's". Frontier India. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  14. ↑ "Defense19". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  15. ↑ Shiv Aroor. "LIVEFIST: EXCLUSIVE: Akash Mk-II SAM To Fly In Two Years". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  16. ↑ "Saurav Jha's Blog : Interview with Dr Avinash Chander, DRDO Chief and Scientific Adviser to Defence Minister". http://ibnlive.in.com/. Retrieved 24 December 2014. External link in |work= (help)
  17. 1 2 Sify article dated 2 Feb 2010, accessed 25 Feb 2010.
  18. ↑ The Hindu article dated 11 December 2005, accessed 18 October 2006.
  19. 1 2 "IAF initiates process for inducting Akash and Trishul SAM's". Frontier India. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  20. ↑ Akash Operational Scenarios
  21. ↑ Global Security.Org article accessed 18 October 2006.
  22. 1 2 About Akash
  23. ↑ Akash Radars
  24. ↑ "Aero India 2003 - Part 6". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  25. 1 2 Army warms up to Akash missile
  26. ↑ Akash Launchers
  27. ↑ Akash Support Vehicles
  28. 1 2 http://www.drdo.org/dpi/prahlada_interview.html
  29. 1 2 "The Hindu : National : Akash missile achieves a milestone". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  30. ↑ "Bharat Dynamics Limited Signs Largest Ever Deal With Army for Akash Missiles". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  31. ↑ "Surface-to-air Akash missile test fired successfully". The Times Of India. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
  32. ↑ "Defence News - India Test-Fires Air Force Version Of Akash". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  33. ↑ "Successful surface-to-air 'Akash' missile trial for second day". 13 August 2014.
  34. ↑ "Surface-to-air short range Akash missile system to be inducted into Indian Army today". 5 May 2015.
  35. ↑ "Akash missile system handed over to Indian Army today". 5 May 2015.
  36. ↑ "India looks to double missile production to 100 per month". www.moneycontrol.com. Retrieved 2016-03-16.
  37. ↑ "India To Double Akash Missile Production To 100 Per Month". www.defenseworld.net. Retrieved 2016-03-16.
  38. ↑ DRDO report on Akash
  39. ↑ "IAF Slams Chinese Protest to PM's Arunachal Visit". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  40. ↑ "IAF inducts the Akash missile". Thaindian News. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  41. ↑ "Tata Power unit bags defence order". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 31 March 2009.
  42. ↑ IAF orders another 750 Akash surface-to-air missiles
  43. ↑ IAF To Get Akash Missiles This Year
  44. ↑ "IAF orders another 750 Akash SAMs". Thaindian News. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  45. ↑ Subramanian, T. S. (2 March 2012). "Torpedo, Akash missile to be handed over to Navy and IAF on Saturday". The Hindu (Chennai, India).
  46. ↑ Barak-MRSAM for IAF put on hold
  47. ↑ "IAF to induct indigenous Akash missile". Sify News. Sify News. 2007-12-26. Archived from the original on 31 December 2007. Retrieved December 27, 2007.
  48. ↑ Missile mission meets target
  49. ↑ "Air Force version of 'Akash' missile successfully test-fired". The Times Of India. 6 June 2012.
  50. ↑ Special Correspondent. "Two Akash missiles tested". The Hindu. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  51. ↑ Missile boost for BEL
  52. ↑ "Akash Missile Completes Training User Trials". The New Indian Express. 22 Nov 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-28.
  53. ↑ "IAF gets Akash missile shield". Jammu Kashmir Latest News | Tourism | Breaking News J&K. https://www.google.com/+DailyexcelsiorPage. Retrieved 2015-12-30. External link in |publisher= (help)
  54. ↑ "Ingeniously-built Aakash missile inducted in IAF : India, News - India Today". indiatoday.intoday.in. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
  55. 1 2 "DAC clears projects worth over Rs. 13,000 cr.". The Hindu. 2015-09-02. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
  56. 1 2 "Govt clears defence projects worth Rs 15,000 crore - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
  57. ↑ "Akash missile successfully test fired in Chandipuri, Odisha: Interesting facts : Current Affairs". indiatoday.intoday.in. Retrieved 2016-01-29.
  58. ↑ "Indian armed forces to test Akash missiles as part of user trials". International Business Times, India Edition. Retrieved 2016-01-29.
  59. ↑ "India test fires Akash missiles". The Hindu. 2016-01-28. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2016-01-29.
  60. ↑ "India successfully conducts user trials of Akash missile". Army Technology. Retrieved 2016-01-29.
  61. ↑ "Iron Fist 2016: Indian Air Force’s greatest show of air power | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". dna. Retrieved 2016-03-19.
  62. ↑ "IAF showcases indigenous fighter plane 'Tejas' in Iron Fist Exercise". NewsX. Retrieved 2016-03-19.
  63. ↑ Press Trust of India (2 December 2010). "India eyes producing more Akash missiles, BEL expects windfall". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  64. ↑ Indian Army Orders Akash Missile System
  65. ↑ "SIPRI Arms Transfers Database". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  66. ↑ "Akash Missile Supersonic System inducted by Indian Army". Defence Wire. 5 May 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  67. ↑ "User Trial of Akash Missile System By Indian Army Successful". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
  68. ↑ "Akash missile test fired for second consecutive day | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". dna. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
  69. ↑ "India test fires Akash supersonic missile". Army Technology. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
  70. ↑ "Surface-to-air Akash missile successfully test fired in Odisha". OdishaSunTimes.com. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
  71. ↑ "Akash Missile System Successfully Demonstrates Killing Efficiency". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2016-04-14.
  72. ↑ "Akash missile test fired successfully for third consecutive". Retrieved 2016-04-14.
  73. ↑ "India, Russia yet to reach breakthrough on Gorshkov". The Times Of India. 9 January 2008.
  74. ↑ "Akash Air Defence System to be Formally Inducted Into IAF". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
  75. ↑ "Surface-to-air missile 'Akash' inducted in IAF - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
  76. ↑ "Indian Army gets muscle with Akash missile system - Rediff.com India News". www.rediff.com. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
  77. 1 2 "Air Force places order with BEL for Akash missile". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 12 January 2009.

External links

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