Alemannic German

Alemannic
Alemannisch
Pronunciation	[alɛˈman(ː)ɪʃ]
Native to	Switzerland: entire German-speaking part. Germany: most of Baden-Württemberg and Bavarian Swabia. Austria: Vorarlberg and some parts of Tyrol. Liechtenstein: entire country. France: Alsace. Italy: some parts of Aosta Valley and northern Piedmont Venezuela: Alemán Coloniero
Native speakers	7,162,000 (2004–2012)[1]
Language family	Indo-European Germanic West Germanic High German Upper German Alemannic
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-2	gsw
ISO 639-3	Variously: gct – Colonia Tovar gsw – Swiss German and Alsatian swg – Swabian wae – Walser
Glottolog	alem1243[2]
The traditional distribution area of Western Upper German (=Alemannic) dialect features in the nineteenth and twentieth century

Alemannic (German:  Alemannisch ) is a group of dialects of the Upper German branch of the Germanic language family. The name derives from the ancient Germanic alliance of tribes known as the Alamanni ("all men").

Distribution

Alemannic dialects are spoken by approximately ten million people in eight countries:

• Switzerland: all German-speaking parts of the country
• Germany: center and south of Baden-Württemberg, Swabia district of Bavaria
• Austria: Vorarlberg, Reutte District of Tyrol
• Liechtenstein: entire country
• France: Alsace
• Italy: Gressoney, Issime and Rimella, in some other villages almost extinct
• Venezuela: Colonia Tovar (Colonia Tovar dialect)
• United States: Allen County, Indiana by the Amish there and also in their daughter settlements in Indiana and other U.S. states.

Status

Alemannic comprises a dialect continuum, from the Highest Alemannic spoken in the mountainous south to Swabian in the relatively flat north, with more of the characteristics of standard German the farther north one goes.

Some linguists and organisations that differentiate between languages and dialects primarily on the grounds of mutual intelligibility, such as SIL International and UNESCO, describe Alemannic as one of several independent languages. ISO 639-3 distinguishes four languages: gsw (Swiss German), swg (Swabian German), wae (Walser German) and gct (Alemán Coloniero, spoken since 1843 in Venezuela).

At this level, the distinction between a language and a dialect frequently is considered a cultural and political question, in part because linguists have failed to agree on a clear standard. Standard German is used in writing, and orally in formal contexts, throughout the Alemannic-speaking regions (with the exception of Alsace, where French or the Alsatian dialect of Alemannic are used), and Alemannic varieties are generally considered German dialects (more precisely, a dialect group within Upper German) rather than separate languages.

Variants

The following variants comprise Alemannic:

• Swabian (mostly in Swabia, in Germany). Unlike most other Alemannic dialects, it does not retain the Middle High German monophthongs û, î but shifts them to [ou], [ei] (as opposed to Standard German [aʊ], [aɪ]). For this reason, "Swabian" is sometimes used in opposition to "Alemannic".
• Low Alemannic dialects. Retain German initial /k/ as [kʰ] (or [kx]) rather than fricativising to [x] as in High Alemannic. Subvariants:
  • Lake Constance Alemannic (in Southern Württemberg, Southeastern Baden, Northwestern Vorarlberg)
  • Upper-Rhine Alemannic in Southwestern Baden and its variant Alsatian (in Alsace, France)
  • Alemán Coloniero (in Venezuela)
  • Basel German (in Basel, Switzerland)
• High Alemannic (mostly in Switzerland, parts of Vorarlberg, and in the southern parts of the Black Forest in Germany). Complete the High German consonant shift by fricativising initial /k/ to [x]. Subvariants:
  • Bernese German
  • Zürich German
  • Vorarlbergisch
  • Liechtensteinisch
• Highest Alemannic (in the Canton of Wallis, in the Walser settlements (e.g., in the canton of Grisons), in the Bernese Oberland and in the German-speaking part of Fribourg) does not have the hiatus diphthongisation of other dialects of German. For example: [ˈʃnei̯jə] ('to snow') instead of [ˈʃniː.ə(n)], [ˈb̥ou̯wə] ('to build') instead of [ˈb̥uː.ə(n)]. Subvariants:
  • Walliser German
  • Walser German

Note that the Alemannic dialects of Switzerland are often called Swiss German or Schwyzerdütsch.

Written Alemannic

The oldest known texts in Alemannic are brief Elder Futhark inscriptions dating to the sixth century (Bülach fibula, Pforzen buckle, Nordendorf fibula). In the Old High German period, the first coherent texts are recorded in the St. Gall Abbey, among them the eighth century Paternoster,

Fater unser, thu bist in himile

uuihi namu dinan

qhueme rihhi diⁱn

uuerde uuillo diin,

so in himile, sosa in erdu

prooth unseer emezzihic kip uns hiutu

oblaz uns sculdi unsero

so uuir oblazem uns skuldikem

enti ni unsih firleit in khorunka

uzzer losi unsih fona ubile

Due to the importance of the Carolingian abbeys of St. Gall and Reichenau Island, a considerable part of the Old High German corpus has Alemannic traits. Alemannic Middle High German is less prominent, in spite of the Codex Manesse compiled by Johannes Hadlaub of Zürich. The rise of the Old Swiss Confederacy from the fourteenth century leads to the creation of Alemannic Swiss chronicles. Huldrych Zwingli's bible translation of the 1520s (the 1531 Froschauer Bible) was in an Alemannic variant of Early Modern High German. From the seventeenth century, written Alemannic was displaced by Standard German, which emerged from sixteenth century Early Modern High German, in particular in the wake of Martin Luther's bible translation of the 1520s. The 1665 revision of the Froschauer Bible removed the Alemannic elements, approaching the language used by Luther. For this reason, no binding orthographical standard for writing modern Alemannic emerged, and orthographies in use usually compromise between a precise phonological notation, and proximity to the familiar Standard German orthography (in particular for loanwords).

Johann Peter Hebel published his Allemannische Gedichte in 1803. Swiss authors often consciously employ Helvetisms within Standard German, notably Jeremias Gotthelf in his novels set in the Emmental, and more recently Tim Krohn in his Quatemberkinder.

Characteristics

• The diminutive is used frequently in all Alemannic dialects. Northern and eastern dialects use the suffix -le; southern dialects use the suffix -li (Standard German suffix -lein or -chen). Depending on dialect, thus, 'little house' could be Heisle, Hüüsle, Hüüsli or Hiisli (Standard German Häuslein or Häuschen).
• A significant difference between the high and low variants is the pronunciation of ch after the front vowels (i, e, ä, ö and ü) and consonants. In Standard German and the lower variants, this is a palatal [ç] (the Ich-Laut), whereas in the higher variants, a uvular or velar [χ] or [x] (the Ach-Laut) is used.
• The verb to be is conjugated differently in the various dialects:
  (The common gs*-forms do historically derive from words akin to ge-sein, not found in modern standard German.)

The conjugation of the verb to be in Alemannic dialects
English (standard German)	Low Swabian	Alsatian Lower High Alsace	Allgäuerisch	Lower Markgräflerland	Upper Swabian	Eastern Swiss German	Western Swiss German	Sensler
I am (ich bin)	I ben	Ich bìn [eç]~[ex] [ben]	I bi	Ich bi	I bee	I bi	I(g) bi [ɪ(g̊) b̥ɪ]	I bü/bi
you are (du bist)	du bisch	dü bìsch	du bisch	du bisch	d(o)u bisch	du bisch	du bisch [d̥ʊ bɪʒ̊]	du büsch/bisch
he is (er ist)	er isch	är ìsch	är isch	är isch	är isch	är isch	är isch [æɾ ɪʒ̊]	är isch
she is (sie ist)	sia isch	sie ìsch	sia isch	sie isch	si isch	si isch	si isch [sɪ ɪʒ̊]	sia isch
it is (es ist)	es isch	äs ìsch	as isch	as isch	äs isch	äs isch	äs isch [æz̊ (əʒ̊) ɪʒ̊]	as isch
we are (wir sind)	mr sen(d)	mir sìnn	mir send/sönd	mir sin	mr send	m(i)r send/sön/sinn	mir sy [mɪɾ si]	wier sy
you (pl.) are (ihr seid)	ihr sen(d)	ihr sìnn	ihr send	ihr sin	ihr send	i(i)r sönd/sind	dir syt [d̥ɪɾ sit]	ier syt
they are (sie sind)	se sen(d)	sie sìnn	dia send	si sin	dia send	di sönd	si sy [sɪ si]	si sy
I have been (ich bin ... gewesen)	i ben gwäa	ich bìn gsìnn [eç]~[ex] [ben] [gsenn]	i bi gsi	ich bi gsi	i bee gsei	i bi gsi	i bi gsy [ɪ(g̊) b̥ɪ ksiː]	i bü/bi gsy

See also

• Alemannic separatism
• German dialects
• Muettersproch-Gsellschaft
• Muggeseggele
• Pennsylvania German language
• Swiss German

References

1. Colonia Tovar at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
   Swiss German and Alsatian at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
   Swabian at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
   Walser at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
2. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Alemannic". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

External links

• Media related to Alemannic at Wikimedia Commons
• The dictionary definition of alemannic german at Wiktionary
• Alemanni poems and Alemanni encyclopedia -German-