Anti-nuclear movement in California

The 1970s proved to be a pivotal period for the anti-nuclear movement in California. Opposition to nuclear power in California coincided with the growth of the country's environmental movement. Opposition to nuclear power increased when President Richard Nixon called for the construction of 1000 nuclear plants by the year 2000.[1]

The movement succeeded in blocking plans to build a large number of facilities in the state as well as closing operating power plants. The confrontation between nuclear power advocates and environmentalists grew to include the use of non-violent civil disobedience.[2]

In 1976 the state of California placed a moratorium on new reactors until a solution to radioactive waste disposal was in place. In September 1981, over 1,900 arrests took place during a ten-day blockade at Diablo Canyon Power Plant. As part of a national anti-nuclear weapons movement Californians passed a 1982 statewide initiative calling for the end of nuclear weapons.[3] In 1984, the Davis City Council declared the city to be a nuclear free zone.

In 2013, San Onofre 2 and 3 were permanently closed.[4][5]

Early conflicts

The birth of the anti-nuclear movement in California can be traced to controversy over Pacific Gas & Electric's attempt to build the nation's first commercially viable nuclear power plant in Bodega Bay. This conflict began in 1958 and ended in 1964, with the forced abandonment of these plans. Subsequent plans to build a nuclear power plant in Malibu were also abandoned.[6]

1970s and 1980s

  • Nuclear power plants in California
  •  Active plants
  •  Closed plants

The anti-nuclear movement grew in California between 1964 and 1974. It was during this period that some scientists and engineers began supporting the positions of the activists. They were influenced by the Ecology and Free Speech Movements that had inspired activists and had impacted the public consciousness.[6] Californian's for Nuclear Safeguards would succeed at placing Proposition 15 on the June 1976 ballot which would ban new facilities and put additional safety requirements on operating reactors.[7] The initiative failed to pass with millions of dollars spent by the nuclear industry to influence the outcome. However, as a result of the publicity which included the resignation of three General Electric nuclear engineers, the state legislature passed a moratorium on further nuclear development until a permanent solution to high level waste was in place.

Anti-nuclear groups campaigned to stop construction of several proposed plants in the seventies, especially those located on the coast and near fault lines. These proposals included the Sundesert Nuclear Power Plant, which was never built.[2][8] In 1978, a year before the Three Mile Island accident, the State of California refused to allow the utility to begin construction of the Sundesert units in the "absence of federally demonstrated and approved technology for permanent disposal of radioactive wastes".[9][10] The project was cancelled that year.

The discovery of an earthquake fault near General Electric's Vallecitos Nuclear Center near Pleasanton resulted in the Nuclear Regulatory Commission closing the facility down. The discovery of an earthquake fault line as well as plutonium a short distance from a school in Humboldt California resulted in the closure of Pacific Gas & Electric's.[11]

Over a two-week period in 1981, 1,900 activists were arrested at Diablo Canyon Power Plant. It was the largest arrest in the history of the anti-nuclear movement in the United States.[12][13] Specific protests included:

During this period there were controversies within the Sierra Club about how to lead the anti-nuclear movement, and this led to a split over the Diablo Canyon plant which ended in success for the utilities. The split led to the formation of Friends of the Earth, led by David Brower.[6]

In 1979, Abalone Alliance members held a 38-day sit-in in the Californian Governor Jerry Brown's office to protest continued operation of Rancho Seco Nuclear Generating Station, which was a duplicate of the Three Mile Island facility.[19] In 1989, Sacramento voters voted to shut down the Rancho Seco power plant.[20] The salient issues were mostly economic; the plant kept breaking down, and it had been shut from late 1985 to early 1988 for repairs, forcing the district to buy electricity from neighbors.[21]

On June 22, 1980, about 15,000 people attended a protest near San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station.[22] In 1977 Bechtel Corporation installed the [23] reactor vessel backwards.

California has banned the approval of new nuclear reactors since the late 1970s because of concerns over waste disposal.[24][25]

Dark Circle is a 1982 American documentary film that focuses on the connections between the nuclear weapons and the nuclear power industries, with a strong emphasis on the individual human and protracted U.S. environmental costs involved. A clear point made by the film is that while only two bombs were dropped on Japan, many hundreds were exploded in the United States. The film won the Grand Prize for documentary at the Sundance Film Festival and received a national Emmy Award for "Outstanding individual achievement in news and documentary."[26] The film shows anti-nuclear protest activities directed at the Diablo Canyon Power Plant on the California coast in the USA. The protesters contend, and the movie supports, the assertion that the protests were responsible for delaying the licensing of the Diablo Canyon Power Plant and, as a result of the delay, the uncovering of serious construction errors was made public just before the plant went online and started producing power. For example, earthquake supports for nuclear piping had been installed backwards, and the film includes close up footage of the moment that this information became known.

1990s

On June 15, 1990 the Bureau of Land Management published the draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) for the construction of a Low-level Nuclear waste repository to be located at Ward valley California. The company applying to construct and operate the repository was U.S. Ecology. An eight-year struggle between government agencies and opponents of the nuclear waste dump ended with the dump being blocked.[27]

Nuclear-free communities

One of a set of two billboards in Davis, California advertising its nuclear-free policy
The second billboard corresponding to the one above

On November 14, 1984 the Davis, California City Council declared the city to be a nuclear free zone.[28] Another well-known nuclear-free community is Berkeley, California, whose citizens passed the Nuclear Free Berkeley Act in 1986 which allows the city to levy fines for nuclear weapons-related activity and to boycott companies involved in the United States nuclear infrastructure.

Recent developments

PG&E announced its decision to pursue license renewal for Diablo Canyon in November 2009, and local officials "came out in support because of the economic importance of the plant and its 1,200 employees and $25 million in annual property taxes".[29] However, local anti-nuclear activists oppose renewal and want PG&E to focus more on renewable energy. They are also concerned "about the seismic safety of the plant given the recent discovery of a new earthquake fault nearby".[29]

In April 2011, there was demonstration of 300 people at Avila Beach calling for the closure of Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant and a halt to its relicensing application process. The event, organized by San Luis Obispo-based anti-nuclear group Mothers for Peace, was in response to the Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan.[30]

In 2013, San Onofre 2 and 3 were permanently closed.[31][5]

See also

References

  1. ↑ New York Times
  2. 1 2 San Diego Gas & Electric, Sundesert Nuclear Power Plant Collection
  3. ↑ 1982 California Proposition 12
  4. ↑ Mark Cooper (18 June 2013). "Nuclear aging: Not so graceful". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.
  5. 1 2 Matthew Wald (June 14, 2013). "Nuclear Plants, Old and Uncompetitive, Are Closing Earlier Than Expected". New York Times.
  6. 1 2 3 Critical Masses: Opposition to Nuclear Power in California, 1958-1978
  7. ↑ Time Magazine
  8. ↑ August S. Carstens Collection
  9. ↑ Luther J. Carter "Political Fallout from Three Mile Island", Science, 204, April 13 1979, p. 154.
  10. ↑ Critical Masses p. 176.
  11. ↑ Humboldt nuclear power plant Humboldt Bay Nuclear Power Plant
  12. ↑ Conservation Fallout: Nuclear Protest at Diablo Canyon
  13. ↑ Daniel Pope. Conservation Fallout (book review), H-Net Reviews, August 2007.
  14. 1 2 3 Social Protest and Policy Change p. 44.
  15. ↑ Amplifying Public Opinion: The Policy Impact of the U.S. Environmental Movement p. 7.
  16. ↑ Gottlieb, Robert (2005). Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement, Revised Edition, Island Press, USA, p. 240.
  17. ↑ Arrests Exceed 900 In Coast Nuclear Protest New York Times, September 18, 1981.
  18. ↑ Testing and Protesting Time, May 14, 1984.
  19. ↑ Hippy Dictionary p.559.
  20. ↑ Shutting Down Rancho Seco
  21. ↑ Matthew L. Wald. Vermont Senate Votes to Close Nuclear Plant The New York Times, February 24, 2010.
  22. ↑ Williams, Eesha. Wikipedia distorts nuclear history Valley Post, May 1, 2008.
  23. ↑ San Onofre San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station
  24. ↑ Jim Doyle. Nuclear power industry sees opening for revival San Francisco Chronicle, March 9, 2009.
  25. ↑ Minnesota also has a moratorium on construction of nuclear power plants, which has been in place since 1994. See Minnesota House says no to new nuclear power plants StarTribune.com, April 30, 2009.
  26. ↑ Dark Circle, DVD release date March 27, 2007, Directors: Judy Irving, Chris Beaver, Ruth Landy. ISBN 0-7670-9304-6.
  27. ↑ Ward Valley Timeline
  28. ↑ Nuclear Free Zone
  29. 1 2 Nuclear Regulatory Commission dealing with multiple issues at Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant
  30. ↑ Julia Hickey (April 17, 2001). "Anti-nuclear rally at Avila Beach". The Tribune.
  31. ↑ Mark Cooper (18 June 2013). "Nuclear aging: Not so graceful". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.

Further reading

External links

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