April 1961

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April 12, 1961: Soviets win race to send first man into space...

April 19, 1961: Bay of Pigs invaders captured in Cuba

The following events occurred in April 1961:

April 1, 1961 (Saturday)

• With the approval of the Food and Drug Directorate, the morning sickness suppressant thalidomide went on sale for the first time in Canada, marketed by Richardson-Merrill under the name Kevadon. The Horner Company would begin sales of its own version, Talimol, in October. Despite evidence later in the year that the drug caused birth defects, sales were not halted in Canada until March 21, 1962, after four million tablets had sold to expectant mothers.^[1]
• Television commercials were introduced to New Zealand, which had one station (AKTV2) in Auckland, and TV was allowed for 28 hours per week, spread over five days.^[2]
• In Australia, Roger Nott replaced James Archer as Administrator of the Northern Territory.
• The US Air Materiel Command was renamed Air Force Logistics Command.
• The codename "Bumpy Road" was assigned to the US Navy operation in the Bay of Pigs Invasion plan.^[3]
• Jim Bakker, 21, and Tamara Faye LaValle, 19, who had met while students at North Central Bible College in Minneapolis, were married. As Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker, the two would become America's most famous televangelist couple, but would separate after scandal ended their PTL Club ministry. The couple divorced in 1992.^[4]
• Born: Susan Boyle, Scottish singer, in Blackburn, West Lothian; and Anders Forsbrand, Swedish golfer, in Filipstad

April 2, 1961 (Sunday)

• In Tokyo, Australian swimmer Jan Andrew broke the world record for the Women's 100 m butterfly.
• Born: Emmanuel Issoze-Ngondet, Gabonese politician and diplomat, in Makokou; Christopher Meloni, American actor, in Washington, D.C.

April 3, 1961 (Monday)

Rediscovered possum

• Believed to have become extinct in 1909, the Leadbeater's Possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri) was rediscovered in Australia by naturalist Eric Wilkinson. Later in the month, the first specimen found in more than 50 years was captured.^[5]
• The National Educational Radio Network, funded with a grant from the Ford Foundation, began broadcasting on six radio stations. The network would give way to government funded National Public Radio on March 3, 1970.^[6]
• Country music star Spade Cooley, nicknamed "The King of Western Swing", murdered his wife Ella Mae after she admitted to having an affair. Cooley remained in prison until 1969, and died on November 23 of that year after performing a concert while on furlough.^[7]
• The Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, granting citizens in the District of Columbia the right to vote in national elections, officially took effect upon certification by John L. Moore, U.S. Administrator of General Services. The amendment had been ratified by 38 states as of March 29.^[8]
• The Soviet government approved sending a man into space on the April 12 launch of a rocket, and made a choice between the two remaining candidates for first cosmonaut, Yuri Gagarin and Gherman Titov.^[9]
• John Surtees won the 9th Glover Trophy at Goodwood in a Cooper T53.
• Born: Eddie Murphy, American comedian and actor, in Brooklyn, New York; Angelo d'Arrigo, Italian aviator, in Catania (died 2006); Michalis Rakintzis, Greek singer, in Athens; and Elizabeth Gracen, American actress who won the title of Miss America in 1982
• Died: Florence Cole Talbert, 70, African-American operatic soprano

April 4, 1961 (Tuesday)

• Carlos Marcello, boss of the Mafia in New Orleans, was arrested after making a required check-in with the local office of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, driven to the airport and placed as the only passenger on an airplane bound for Guatemala City. Marcello's deportation, ordered by U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, was done immediately, without affording him the benefit of a phone call, money or even a change of clothes. Marcello, outraged by the surprise move, would sneak back into the United States two months later. Some conspiracy theorists suggest that Marcello conspired in the 1963 assassination of President Kennedy in revenge for the act.^[10]
• Bay of Pigs Invasion: At 6:00 pm in a conference room at the office of U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk, President Kennedy convened a meeting to discuss final plans for the invasion of Cuba. U.S. Senator William Fulbright of Arkansas, who argued against the operation, was invited to participate at the meeting, which also included Defense Secretary Robert McNamara, CIA Director Allen Dulles, and three members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The meeting ended at 8:18 pm with Kennedy approving the mission.^[11]
• Edric Bastyan became Governor of South Australia.
• Born: Tom Byron, American actor, in Houston, Texas
• Died: Simion Stoilow, 87, Romanian mathematician

April 5, 1961 (Wednesday)

"Barbara Strysand"

• Singer Barbra Streisand made her national television debut, as a guest on Tonight Starring Jack Paar.^[12] In TV listings, both of her names were misspelled, as "Barbara Strysand".^[13]
• The New Guinea Council of Western Papua took office with 28 members, 23 of whom were indigenous residents.^[14]
• Born: Lisa Zane, American actress, in Chicago, Illinois

April 6, 1961 (Thursday)

• American author Fritz Leiber suggested the term "sword and sorcery" as "a good popular catchphrase for the field".^[15]
• New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller signed the bill authorizing the construction of the World Trade Center and a rehabilitation of the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad (H & M RR). The original plan for the WTC called for construction of several buildings in the east side of Manhattan, near the Brooklyn Bridge, the two tallest being 72 stories and 30 stories. New Jersey, which shared the Port Authority with New York, protested the location and the site was relocated to Manhattan's west side, where the H & M's office buildings stood.^[16]
• New York Times reporter Tad Szulc filed a two column story reporting that an invasion of Cuba was "imminent". Times publisher Orvil Dryfoos chose not to run the news after consulting with the paper's Washington bureau. Dryfoos's decision was revealed five years later by editor Clifton Daniel in a speech at Macalester College.^[17]
• Graduated pensions were introduced in the UK.
• Joseph C. Satterthwaite became the U.S. ambassador to South Africa.
• Died: Jules Bordet, 90, Belgian microbiologist

April 7, 1961 (Friday)

• Vladimir Ilyushin, according to contemporary rumours, supposedly became the first man in space. Dennis Ogden, at the time an American reporter for the U.S. Communist Party newspaper, the Daily Worker, would later note that Soviet papers reported that cosmonaut Ilyushin had been seriously injured in a car accident, and speculated that the news was a cover story for a mission that had gone wrong.^[18]
• In Montevideo, Uruguay, the Treaty between the Argentine Republic and the Eastern Republic of Uruguay concerning the boundary constituted by the River Uruguay was signed by the leaders of Argentina and Uruguay. Effective January 19, 1966, the channels of navigation and the islands within the river would be divided along the river on a line running from the southwest headland of the Isla Brasilera to the point where the Uruguay River merged with the Paraná River to form the Río de la Plata. ^[19]
• Born: Luigi De Agostini, Italian footballer, in Udine; and DONDI, (Donald Joseph White) American graffiti artist (d.1998)
• Died: Vanessa Bell, 81, English artist; H. Rowan Gaither, 59, American businessman who authored the controversial Gaither Report in 1957; and Marian Jordan, 62, radio comedian who, with her husband, starred in the title roles of Fibber McGee and Molly

April 8, 1961 (Saturday)

• Shortly after 4:00 am, the British passenger ship MV Dara exploded off Dubai. In the fire and in panic during the rescue, 238 passengers and crew died, while another 565 were rescued.^[20] The ship sank two days later while being towed.^[21] A British Admiralty court concluded a year later that an anti-tank mine, "deliberately placed by a person or persons unknown", had "almost certainly" caused the explosion.^[22]
• The leadership of the Malta Labour Party, readers, advertisers and distributors of Party papers as well as its voters were placed under an interdict, which lasted until 1969.^[23]
• Born: Richard Hatch, American reality show contestant who, in 2000, won the first competition in the TV series Survivor; in Middletown, Rhode Island
• Died: Princess Abigail Kapiolani Kawānanakoa, 58, pretender to the throne of Hawaii. Her son, Edward A. Kawānanakoa, proclaimed as the new pretender, Kawanakoa II, by monarchists, would live until 1997.

April 9, 1961 (Sunday)

King Zog

• Bay of Pigs Invasion: Eight days before the scheduled invasion of Cuba, the CIA learned that the Soviet Union was aware that the attack would take place on the 17th, but didn't call it off. The information was not made public until 39 years later, when the Taylor Commission report was declassified.^[24]
• The last of the streetcars of Los Angeles was retired, after 136 passengers boarded the last scheduled Pacific Electric Railway red car to ride the 18 mile rail line to Long Beach. A charter car departed 10 minutes later. The network had been formed in 1902, but the interurban tracks were gradually removed after World War II.^[25]
• Albert Kalonji, President of the South Kasai breakaway republic, was crowned the "Mulopwe", a Baluba word that translates as King or Emperor, of his people.^[26]
• Joseph Ganda was ordained the first priest of Sierra Leone.
• Died: Zog I, 65, former King of Albania from 1928 to 1939, died in Paris. As Ahmet Zogu, he had been Prime Minister and then President of Albania before proclaiming a monarchy. Albanian exiles proclaimed his 22-year-old son, the former crown prince, as King Leka I.^[27]

April 10, 1961 (Monday)

• A radar signal, transmitted from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to Venus, gave the first definite measurement of its distance from Earth (26,372,600 miles). "This single determination", it has been written, "was sufficient to fix the scale of the solar system with an unprecedented accuracy." ^[28]
• 1961 Masters Tournament: Gary Player of South Africa became the first foreign-born winner of the Masters, winning by one stroke after Arnold Palmer shot a 6 on the very last hole.^[29]
• President Kennedy "threw what was regarded as the longest and hardest first ball ever tossed by a President" ^[30] to open the 1961 Major League Baseball season. The new Washington Senators became the first expansion team to play in the majors, and lost to the Chicago White Sox, 4-3. The next day, the Los Angeles Angels became the second team, beating the Baltimore Orioles 7-2, while the old Senators, playing as the Minnesota Twins, beat the New York Yankees 6-0.

April 11, 1961 (Tuesday)

• The trial of Nazi Adolf Eichmann began in Jerusalem.^[31] Eichmann, accused of more than six million murders, was found guilty on August 14, and hanged on May 31, 1962.^[32]

April 12, 1961 (Wednesday)

• At 2:07 p.m. local time (9:07 a.m. Moscow, 0607 UTC and 1:07 a.m. in New York), Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin was launched from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR on the Vostok 1 rocket, and became the first human being to go into outer space. Gagarin made one orbit of the Earth before re-entering, and landed at 10:55 a.m., 15 miles southwest of the city of Engels in Russia's Saratov Oblast.^[33]

April 13, 1961 (Thursday)

• In Portugal, an attempted coup against António de Oliveira Salazar failed.
• Died: Former Private First Class John A. Bennett, 26, became the last^[34] American serviceman to receive the death penalty following a court-martial. Bennett had been convicted of the 1954 rape and attempted murder of an 11-year-old girl while in Austria and was hanged at the prison at Fort Leavenworth.^[35]

April 14, 1961 (Friday)

• "MH-5", the Materials Handling Committee #5 of the American Standards Association, approved the standard size for shipping containers now used worldwide, with dimensions of 8 feet high, 8 feet wide, and in units of 10, 20, 30 and 40 feet long.^[36]
• In an event televised live throughout the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, Yuri Gagarin received a hero's welcome at the Vnukovo airport, where he was greeted by Soviet dignitaries, and along the ten mile route from the airport to Moscow's Red Square.^[37]
• Bay of Pigs Invasion: Brigade 2506, the group of 1,400 Cuban exiles, boarded ships and departed from Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua for a three-day voyage to Cuba.^[38]
• Hungary abolished its "People's Courts", which had pronounced sentences on 22,000 people, including 280 death sentences, for their role in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.^[39]
• Born: Robert Carlyle, Scottish actor, in Maryhill, Glasgow

April 15, 1961 (Saturday)

• Bay of Pigs Invasion: Eight Douglas B-26B Invader bombers attacked Cuban airfields at San Antonio de Los Baños, Ciudad Libertad, and Santiago de Cuba airport. The B-26s had been prepared by the CIA on behalf of Brigade 2506, and painted in false flag markings of the Cuban air force. They had flown from Nicaragua with crews of Cuban exiles, and the purpose of Operation Puma was to destroy armed aircraft of the Cuban air force in advance of the main invasion.^[40] Shortly after the attacks, another B-26 flew to Miami with false battle damage, and the pilot falsely claimed to be one of several Cuban defectors. At the United Nations, the Cuban Foreign Minister accused the US of aggressive air attacks against Cuba. The US ambassador to the UN Adlai Stevenson stated that US armed forces would not "under any conditions" intervene in Cuba. He was later embarrassed to realize that the CIA had lied to him and to Secretary of State Dean Rusk.^[41]
• Born: Tiina Lillak, Finnish javelin thrower, in Helsinki

April 16, 1961 (Sunday)

• Bay of Pigs Invasion: In a funeral oration in Vedado for victims of the air raids the day before, Fidel Castro described the January 1959 Cuban Revolution as follows: "...esta es la Revolución socialista y democrática de los humildes, con los humildes y para los humildes..." (...this is the socialist and democratic revolution of the working people, with the working people, and for the working people...)^[42][43]
• The Vienna Grand Prix was won by Stirling Moss in a Lotus 18.

April 17, 1961 (Monday)

• Bay of Pigs Invasion: At about 01:00, in Operation Zapata, the first group of a force of about 1,300 Cuban exiles of Brigade 2506 made an amphibious landing at Playa Girón, a beach at the Bahia de Cochinos ("Bay of Pigs" in modern Spanish) on the southern coast of Cuba. They had been trained by the CIA in Guatemala, then embarked in Nicaragua on four freighter ships chartered by the CIA, and escorted to Cuban waters by a large US Navy task force. A second group of attackers landed 35 km further northwest in the bay at Playa Larga. By about 06:30, the freighter ships and landing craft still unloading troops, vehicles and equipment were attacked by Sea Fury fighter-bombers and T-33 jets of the Cuban air force. At about 07:30, 177 invading paratroops were dropped at four locations north of the landing areas. By about 09:00, one of the freighters had been damaged and beached, and another was then sunk in the bay by air-to-ground rockets. The surviving vessels withdrew south to international waters. By the end of the day, four attacking B-26 bombers had been shot down by T-33s and ground fire, and invading troops had come under fire from Cuban militia and regular troops.^[44]
• At the 33rd Academy Awards ceremony, hosted by Bob Hope, the award for Best Picture went to The Apartment, for which Billy Wilder won Best Director. Burt Lancaster won Best Actor (for Elmer Gantry), Elizabeth Taylor Best Actress for Butterfield 8.^[45]

April 18, 1961 (Tuesday)

• Bay of Pigs Invasion: Cuban ground forces continued their advances against invading troops, retaking Playa Larga, and advancing towards Playa Girón and the paratroop positions. They were attacked by B-26s flown by Cuban exiles and CIA contractors using napalm, machine guns and bombs.^[46]
• The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations was approved, 72-0, by participants at a six-week-long conference convened by the United Nations, and entered into effect on April 24, 1964.^[47]
• Catherine Dorris Norrell, widow and legislative assistant of Arkansas Congressman William F. Norrell, won a special election to fill the vacancy left by her husband's death on February 15, defeating four men vying for the office. She took office as U.S. Representative for the 6th District of Arkansas on April 25, and finished out his term.^[48]

April 19, 1961 (Wednesday)

• Bay of Pigs Invasion: Air attacks were made by B-26s against advancing Cuban ground forces. Combat air patrols, with strict rules of engagement, were flown by unmarked US Navy A4D Skyhawk jets from USS Essex, but they failed to prevent two bombers being shot down by Cuban aircraft, killing four Americans of the Alabama National Guard employed by the CIA as aircrew trainers. By dusk, about 17:30, Brigade 2506 ground forces had retreated to the beaches, then surrendered or dispersed into neighbouring swamps. About 114 Brigade ground troops, and 176 Cuban ground forces, were killed in combat. Subsequently, 1,189 prisoners were taken, and later tried for treason.^[49] On December 24, 1962, the last group of 1,113 prisoners was released in exchange for $53,000,000 worth of food and medicine.^[50]
• Born: Anna Gerasimova, Russian singer and songwriter

April 20, 1961 (Thursday)

• Harold Graham, a 26-year-old test pilot for Bell Laboratories, made the first successful untethered test of the Bell Rocket Belt, a jet pack. Starting at the airport in Niagara Falls, New York, Graham flew 112 feet with the 21 second supply of superheated steam.^[51]
• President John F. Kennedy sent Vice-President Johnson, to whom he had delegated the job of Chairman of the National Aeronautics and Space Council, a memorandum asking him to find out, "Do we have a chance of beating the Soviets" in the race to be the first "to go the moon and back with a man".^[52]
• In the Paisley by-election, John Robertson, retained the seat for the UK Labour Party with a reduced majority.^[53]

April 21, 1961 (Friday)

• The Minnesota Twins, who had already played six road games, played their first game at home and the first regular season MLB game in Minnesota. Formerly the Washington Senators until moving, the team played the new Washington Senators (who would later become the Texas Rangers, and lost, 5-3.^[54]
• At a press conference in the State Department, President Kennedy was asked by NBC reporter Sander Vanocur whether it was true that Dean Rusk and Chester Bowles were against the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion. Kennedy said "There's an old saying that victory has a hundred fathers and defeat is an orphan... What matters is only one fact, I am the responsible officer of the government."^[55][56] (the saying was later attributed to Mussolini's Foreign Minister, Galeazzo Ciano, in 1942).
• Died: Princess Isabelle d'Orléans, 82; and James Melton, 57, American singer

April 22, 1961 (Saturday)

• Algiers putsch of 1961: Four retired French Generals-- Maurice Challe and Raoul Salan, both of whom had formerly been Commanders-in-Chief of the French Army in Algeria; Edmond Jouhaud, former Inspector General of the French Air Force; and André Zeller, former Chief of Staff of the French Ground Army—sent at least 2,000 paratroopers to seize control of cities in Algeria to prevent the transfer of power from France to Algerian nationals. In the early morning hours in Algiers, France's delegate general, Jean Morin, French Transport Minister Robert Buron, and General Fernand Gambiez were taken prisoner as the troops seized control of government offices.^[57] Expecting that an attempted coup would reach the French mainland, President Charles De Gaulle ordered loyal units to fight the mutineers. Failing to win support in the coup, General Challe surrendered to loyal troops on April 26 and was flown to Paris to face trial for treason, while Salan, Jouhad and Zeller fled, along with former Prime Minister Georges Bidault, who had joined the generals in a statement calling for the overthrow of De Gaulle.^[58]

April 23, 1961 (Sunday)

• Judy Garland performed in a legendary comeback concert at Carnegie Hall in New York City, receiving a standing ovation as she arrived on stage, and five minutes of cheering. Variety critic Gordon Cox Tom Moon, 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die: A Listener's Life List (Workman Publishing, 2008) described the event as "the greatest night in show business history". The live performance was recorded as a Grammy award winning and bestselling album, Judy at Carnegie Hall.^[59]
• For the first and only time in the history of the Fifth Republic of France, the emergency powers (pouvoirs exceptionnels) provision in Article 16 of its Constitution was invoked. President De Gaulle retained the special power following the uprising in Algeria, until September 29.^[60]
• A monument "to the victims of fascism" was dedicated, before a crowd of 200,000 by East German leader Walter Ulbricht at the site of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp.^[61]
• Born: George Lopez, Mexican American actor, comedian, and talk show host; in Mission Hills, Los Angeles, California.

April 24, 1961 (Monday)

• The Swedish warship Vasa was raised from the sea after sinking in the Baltic Sea almost 333 years earlier. The Vasa capsized hours into its maiden voyage on August 10, 1628, drowning the 30 people on board. The ship was rediscovered in 1956 by Anders Franzén off of the island of Beckholmen, still well-preserved, and is now in a museum in Stockholm.^[62]

April 25, 1961 (Tuesday)

Early integrated circuit

• U.S. Patent 2,981,877 was issued to Robert Noyce, founder of the Intel Corporation as the first ever granted for an integrated circuit. Noyce's application for "Semiconductor Device-and-Lead Structure" had been filed on July 30, 1959, after Jack Kilby's filing on May 6, 1959 for "Miniaturized Self-Contained Circuit Modules and Method of Fabrication", but was not approved until June 23, 1964 (and granted U.S. Patent 3,138,744) because it was more complex.^[63]
• Algiers putsch of 1961: In order to prevent an atomic bomb from falling under the control of mutineering French officers in Algeria, France hastily detonated the last of its plutonium fission devices at Reggane in the Sahara Desert.^[64]
• An unmanned American Atlas rocket was destroyed by ground control, 40 seconds after an attempt to launch it into orbit, sending a rain of shrapnel from 16,000 feet.^[65] Gus Grissom, piloting an F-106A to observe the launch, was able to fly through the debris without injury.^[66]

April 26, 1961 (Wednesday)

• Algiers putsch of 1961: The rebellion of the French Army was suppressed with the surrender of most mutineering soldiers, along with Generals Maurice Challe and André Zeller. The other two ringleaders, General Raoul Salan and General Edmond Jouhaud, remained at large and founded the Organisation de l'armée secrète (Secret Army Organization) as a terrorist group dedicated to keep European settlers in control of Algeria.
• Born: Joan Chen, Chinese actress, in Shanghai

April 27, 1961 (Thursday)

lowered

raised

• At 10 seconds after midnight in Freetown, the green white and blue flag of the Dominion of Sierra Leone replaced Britain's Union Jack as the former British colony for freed slaves became an independent nation.^[67] A British anti-slavery society had purchased West African land in 1787 from King Waimbana, and Britain created the colony in 1808. Later in the day, Sir Milton Margai took office as the nation's first Prime Minister, and accepted the new constitution from Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, who was appearing on behalf of his cousin, Queen Elizabeth II. The former colonial governor, Sir Maurice Dorman, became the first Governor-General. Opposition leader Siaka Stevens, who would become President when the Dominion became a Republic in 1971, was kept under house arrest until ceremonies were over.^[68]
• President Kennedy delivered the speech: The President and the Press: Address before the American Newspaper Publishers Association.^[69] Kennedy told the assembled press that the Cold War required the media to avoid disclosing information that might threaten American interests, saying, "Every newspaper now asks itself with respect to every story: 'Is it news?'. All I ask is that you add the question: 'Is it in the interest of national security?'" ^[70]

April 28, 1961 (Friday)

• Little Joe 5B, the final unmanned test of the Launch Escape System of the Mercury spacecraft, was launched from Wallops Island, Virginia, exactly one week before the first American astronaut would be launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida. A misfire sent the rocket to 14,000 feet rather than 40,000 feet, the original altitude at which the abort system was to eject the capsule. The system performed flawlessly, even against a dynamic pressure of almost twice as much as what had been planned.^[71]

April 29, 1961 (Saturday)

• Luciano Pavarotti, a 25-year-old tenor from Italy, made his operatic debut, as Rodolfo in a production of La bohème at Reggio Emilia.^[72]

UAS Flag

• The television program ABC's Wide World of Sports, hosted by Jim McKay, made its debut at 2:00 pm EST. The innovative program used videotaped highlights of sports not often seen on TV, and started with two track and field competitions, the Penn Relays and the Drake Relays.^[73]
• The Union of African States was created as the nation of Mali joined an existing union between Ghana and Guinea to become the third member of what had Ghana's leader Kwame Nkrumah had described as the nucleus of a "United States of Africa" open to all nations on the continent. The Union fell apart after Nkrumah's ouster in 1966.^[74]
• Westward Television became the holder of the independent television franchise for the South West of England, retaining it for twenty years.
• Died: Cisco Houston, 42, American folk singer

April 30, 1961 (Sunday)

• Lee Harvey Oswald married Marina Prusakova in Minsk.^[75]
• Willie Mays of the San Francisco Giants ended a batting slump with what he described as "the greatest game of my career", becoming only the sixth major league player to hit four home runs in one game, in a 14-4 win over the host Milwaukee Braves, whose Hank Aaron hit two homers.^[76] Giants' first-base coach Wes Westrum, a former catcher, is said to have been able to decode the signals from the Braves' catcher, and to have signaled Mays on what to expect.^[77]
• Eastern Air Lines revolutionized commuter air travel by inaugurating the Eastern Air-Shuttle, hourly flights between New York's LaGuardia airport and Boston and Washington, with no reservation required. If a customer was unable to make one flight, it was guaranteed that another one would be available within an hour or less. The New York Times described it as "the greatest advance in aviation since the Wright Brothers".^[78]
• Soviet submarine K-19, the first Russian nuclear-powered submarine, was commissioned.
• Born: Isiah Thomas, American NBA player selected by the league in 1996 as one of the 50 greatest in its history; in Chicago
• Died: Dickie Dale, 34, motorcycle racer, following an accident at the Nürburgring circuit; and Jessie Redmon Fauset, 79, African-American novelist.

References

1. Georgina D. Feldberg, Women, Health and Nation: Canada and the United States since 1945 (McGill-Queen's Press, 2003) pp47-49; "Sedative Blamed In Third Case", Montreal Gazette, March 30, 1962, p4
3. Kornbluh, Peter. 1998. Bay of Pigs Declassified: The Secret CIA Report on the Invasion of Cuba. The New Press. New York. ISBN 1-56584-494-7 ISBN 978-1565844940
4. "Tammy Faye Bakker Gets Divorce, Custody of Son, 16", Los Angeles Times, March 14, 1992
5. David Lindenmayer, Wildlife + Woodchips: Leadbeater's Possum— A Test Case for Sustainable Forestry (University of New South Wales Press, 1996) p28
6. Michael P. McCauley, NPR: the trials and triumphs of National Public Radio (Columbia University Press, 2005) p17
7. Ivan M. Tribe, Country: A Regional Exploration (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006) p99
8. Senate Manual 2008: Containing the Standing Rules, Orders, Laws, and Resolutions Affecting the Business of the United States Senate (Government Printing Office, 2008) p1127
9. Hamish Lindsay, Tracking Apollo to the Moon (Springer, 2001) p41
10. Dan Kanstroom, Deportation Nation: Outsiders in American History (Harvard University Press, 2007) pp181-184
11. Joseph A. Fry, Dixie Looks Abroad: The South and U.S. Foreign Relations, 1789–1973 (Louisiana State University Press, 2002) pp234-235
12. James S. Olson, ed., Historical Dictionary of the 1970s (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999) p331
13. "Today's Television Picture", Milwaukee Journal, April 5, 1961, p12
14. Andrew J. Marshall and Bruce M. Beehler, The Ecology of Papua (Part 2) (Tuttle Publishing, 2007) p1117
15. Ancalagon (6 April 1961)
16. Jameson W. Doig, Empire on the Hudson: Entrepreneurial Vision and Political Power at the Port of New York Authority (Columbia University Press, 2001) p384
17. John G. Morris, Get the Picture: A Personal History of Photojournalism (University of Chicago Press, 2002) p193; "Editor's Decision on Cuba Related; Kennedy Later Wished Times Had Printed All it Knew", New York Times, June 2, 1966
18. Hall, Rex (2001). The Rocket Men: Vostok & Voskhod, the First Soviet Manned Spaceflights (illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 145. ISBN 1-85233-391-X. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
19. Lilian del Castillo-Laborde, The Río de la Plata and its Maritime Front Legal Regime (Martinus Nijhoff, 2008) p36
20. "BRITISH SHIP CATCHES FIRE IN PERSIAN GULF; 500 SAVED, SEARCH CONTINUES FOR OTHERS", The Norwalk (CT) Hour, April 8, 1961, p1
21. William H. Miller, Picture History of British Ocean Liners, 1900 to the Present (Courier Dover Publications, 2001) p95
22. "Court Finds Bomb Sank Liner With 238 In Persian Gulf", Toledo Blade, April 19, 1962, p22
23. "The Unholy War" (PDF). Malta Today,. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 7, 2006. Retrieved March 13, 2005.
24. "Soviets Knew Date of Cuba Attack", Washington Post, April 29, 2000; Page A4
25. Jim Walker, Images of Rail: Pacific Electric Red Cars (Arcadia Publishing, 2007) p87; "Big Red Car Disappears; Era In California Ends", Spartanburg (SC) Herald, April 10, 1961, p3
26. "Kasai Secessionist Crowned Baluba King", Toledo Blade, April 10, 1961, p2; "Baluba Tribe Has King Again", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 10, 1961, p1
27. "Ex-Albanian King Zog Dies at 65", Saskatoon Star-Phoenix, April 10, 1961, p9
28. Eli Maor, June 8, 2004: Venus in Transit (Princeton University Press, 2000) p171
29. "Player Wins Masters as Palmer Flubs 18th Hole", Spokane Spokesman-Review, April 11, 1961, p16
30. Paul F. Boller, Presidential Diversions: Presidents at Play from George Washington to George W. Bush (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2007)
31. "EICHMANN'S TRIAL BEGINS", Miami News, April 11, 1961, p1
32. James Waller, Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing (Oxford University Press US, 2007) p99
33. "RUSSIA PUTS MAN IN SPACE", Miami News, April 12, 1961, p1; Erik Gregersen, ed., Manned Spaceflight (Rosen Publishing Group, 2009); Ben Evans, Escaping the Bonds of Earth: The Fifties and the Sixties (Springer, 2009) p23
34. "U.S. Military Braces for Flurry of Criminal Cases in Iraq", New York Times, July 9, 2006
35. "Army Private Hanged For Raping Child, 11", St. Petersburg (FL) Independent, April 12, 1961, p2-A
36. Marc Levinson, The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger (Princeton University Press, 2008) p137
37. George Burchett and Nick Shimmin, eds., Rebel Journalism: The Writings of Wilfred Burchett (Cambridge University Press, 2007) p115
38. Karl R. DeRouen, Defense and Security: A Compendium of National Armed Forces and Security Policies (ABC-CLIO, 2005) p193
39. Grzegorz Ekiert, The State against Society: Political Crises and Their Aftermath in East Central Europe (Princeton University Press, 1996) p78
40. Rodriguez, Juan Carlos. 1999. Bay of Pigs and the CIA, p130.
41. Bay of Pigs, 40 Years After: Chronology. The National Security Archive. The George Washington University.
42. Fernandez, Jose Ramon. 2001. Playa Giron/Bay of Pigs: Washington's First Military Defeat in the Americas, p56.
43. Alfredo José Estrada, Havana: Autobiography of a City (Macmillan, 2008) p241
44. Wyden, Peter. 1979. Bay of Pigs – The Untold Story, pp220-262
45. "Burt Lancaster, Liz Taylor Win Top Oscars", Daytona Beach Morning Journal, April 18, 1961, p1
46. Rodriguez, Juan Carlos. 1999. Bay of Pigs and the CIA, pp183-190
47. J. Craig Barker, The Protection of Diplomatic Personnel (Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2006) p62
48. Women in Congress, 1917–2006 (Government Printing Office, 2006) pp404-407
49. Fernandez, Jose Ramon. 2001. Playa Giron/Bay of Pigs: Washington's First Military Defeat in the Americas, pp118-128
50. "All 1,113 Freedom Fighters Safe", Miami News, December 25, 1962, p1
51. Mac Montandon, Jet Pack Dreams (Da Capo Press, 2008)
52. Roger D. Launius, Frontiers of Space Exploration (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004) p99
53. Result of Paisley by-election, 1961: British Parliamentary by-elections index
54. "Senators Spoil Twins' Home Opener With Victory Before Crowd of 24,606", New York Times, April 22, 1961, p20
55. Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. 1965. A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House.
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57. "FRENCH ARMY REVOLTS IN ALGERIA", Pittsburgh Press, April 22, 1961, p1; 'ALGERIA: The Third Revolt", TIME Magazine, April 28, 1961
58. "Algerian Mutiny Smashed; Leader Is Flown to Paris", Milwaukee Journal, April 26, 1961, p1
59. "Judy Garland in Concert; Attracts Cheering Fans to Carnegie Hall", New York Times, April 24, 1961, p36
60. Oren Gross, Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, Law in Times of Crisis: Emergency Powers in Theory and Practice (Cambridge University Press, 2006) p197-198
61. "Reds Rap Germany's Nazi Past", Milwaukee Sentinel, April 24, 1961, p1
62. Otmar Schäuffelen, Chapman Great Sailing Ships of the World (Hearst Books, 2005) pp326-327; "Oldest Ship Is Salvaged", Saskatoon Star-Phoenix, April 24, 1961, p1
63. Arjun N. Saxena, Invention of Integrated Circuits: Untold Important Facts (World Scientific, 2009) pp159-160
64. Joseph A. Angelo, Nuclear Technology (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004) p385
65. "Rocketing Capsule Veers Off Course", Spokane Spokesman-Review, April 26, 1961, p1
66. Hamish Lindsay, Tracking Apollo to the Moon (Springer, 2001) p45
67. "Thousands Cheer At Independence For Sierra Leone", Ottawa Citizen, April 27, 1961, p1
68. Advocate Nations of Africa: Sierra Leone
69. http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/Speeches/JFK/003POF03NewspaperPublishers04271961.htm
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71. David Shayler, Space Rescue: Ensuring the Safety of Manned Spacecraft (Springer, 2009) p123; "Space Capsule Survives Last Pre-Manned Test", Milwaukee Sentinel – April 29, 1961, p2
72. Robert S. Wieder, Wannabe Guide to Classical Music (RDR Books, 2002)
73. Kevin G. Quinn, Sports and Their Fans: The History, Economics and Culture of the Relationship between Spectator and Sport (McFarland, 2009) p97; "Pirates, Penn Relays on Screen", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 29, 1961, p3-8
74. Kwame Botwe-Asamoah, Kwame Nkrumah's Politico-Cultural Thought and Policies: An African-centered Paradigm for the Second Phase of the African Revolution (Psychology Press, 2005)
75. Report of the Warren Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, (McGraw-Hill, 1964) p264
76. "A(Mays)ing Willie Ties Homer Record: Say Hey! 4 HRs, 8 RBI Help Giants Rip Braves", St. Petersburg Times, May 1, 1961, pC-1
77. George F. Will, "With a Happy Eye, But...": America and the World, 1997–2002 (Simon and Schuster, 2003) p49
78. Thomas Petzinger, Hard landing: The Epic Contest for Power and Profits that Plunged the Airlines into Chaos (Random House, 1996)