Arthur, Prince of Wales

Arthur
Prince of Wales
Anonymous portrait, c. 1501
Born	20 September 1486 Winchester Cathedral Priory, Winchester, Kingdom of England
Died	2 April 1502 (aged 15) Ludlow Castle, Ludlow, Shropshire, Kingdom of England
Burial	25 April 1502 Worcester Cathedral, Worcester, Kingdom of England
Spouse	Catherine of Aragon (m. 1501; his death 1502)
House	Tudor
Father	Henry VII of England
Mother	Elizabeth of York
Religion	Roman Catholicism

Arthur Tudor (20 September 1486 – 2 April 1502) was Prince of Wales, Earl of Chester and Duke of Cornwall as the eldest son and heir apparent of Henry VII of England. Arthur was viewed by contemporaries as the great hope of the newly established House of Tudor. His mother, Elizabeth of York, was the daughter of Edward IV, and his birth cemented the union between the House of Tudor and the House of York.

Plans for Arthur's marriage began before his third birthday; he was installed as Prince of Wales two years later. He grew especially close to his siblings Margaret and Henry, Duke of York, with the latter of whom he shared some tutors.^[1] At the age of eleven, Arthur was formally betrothed to Catherine of Aragon, a daughter of the powerful Catholic Monarchs in Spain, in an effort to forge an Anglo-Spanish alliance against France. Arthur was well educated and, contrary to modern belief, was in good health for the majority of his life. Soon after his marriage to Catherine in 1501, the couple took up residence at Ludlow Castle in Shropshire, where Arthur died six months later of an unknown ailment. Catherine would later firmly state that the marriage had not been consummated.

One year after Arthur's death, Henry VII renewed his efforts of sealing a marital alliance with Spain by arranging for Catherine to marry Arthur's brother Henry, who had by then become Prince of Wales. Arthur's untimely death paved the way for Henry's accession as Henry VIII in 1509. The question of the consummation of Arthur and Catherine's marriage cast doubt on the validity of Catherine's union with Henry, eventually leading to the separation between the Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church.

Biography

Infancy

The family of Henry VII, depicted on an illuminated page.

In 1485, Henry Tudor became King of England upon defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth. In an effort to strengthen the Tudor claim to the throne and emphasise his family's Welsh, that is to say Romano-British, ancestry, Henry had royal genealogists trace his lineage back to the ancient British rulers and decided on naming his firstborn son after the legendary King Arthur. On this occasion, Camelot was identified as present-day Winchester,^[2] and his wife, Elizabeth of York, was sent to Saint Swithun's Priory (today Winchester Cathedral Priory) in order to give birth there.^[3] Born at Saint Swithun's Priory^[4] on 20 September 1486 at about 1 am,^[5] Arthur was Henry and Elizabeth's eldest child.^[6] Arthur's birth was anticipated by French and Italian humanists eager for the start of a "Virgilian golden age".^[5] Sir Francis Bacon wrote that although the Prince was born one month premature, he was "strong and able".^[7] Young Arthur was viewed as "a living symbol" of not only the union between the House of Tudor and the House of York, but also of the end of the Wars of the Roses.^[2] In the opinion of contemporaries, Arthur was the great hope of the newly established House of Tudor.^[5]

Arthur became Duke of Cornwall at birth.^[6] Four days after his birth, the baby was baptised at Winchester Cathedral by the Bishop of Worcester, John Alcock, and his baptism was immediately followed by his Confirmation.^[3] John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford, Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby, William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel, Queen Elizabeth Woodville and Cecily of York served as godparents; the latter two carried the prince during the ceremony.^[8] Initially, Arthur's nursery in Farnham was headed by Elizabeth Darcy, who had served as chief nurse for Edward IV's children, including Arthur's own mother. After Arthur was created Prince of Wales in 1490, he was awarded a household structure at the behest of his father.^[4] Over the next thirteen years, Henry VII and Elizabeth would have six more children, of whom only three – Margaret, Henry and Mary – would reach adulthood.^[9] Arthur was especially close to his sister Margaret (b. 1489) and his brother Henry (b. 1491), with whom he shared a nursery.^[10]

On 29 November 1489, after being made a Knight of the Bath, Arthur was appointed Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester,^[11] and was invested as such at the Palace of Westminster on 27 February 1490.^[12] As part of his investiture ceremony, he progressed down the River Thames in the royal barge and was met at Chelsea by the Lord Mayor of London, John Mathewe, and at Lambeth by Spanish ambassadors.^[13] On 8 May 1491, he was made a Knight of the Garter^[6] at Saint George's Chapel at Windsor Palace.^[14] It was around this time that Arthur began his formal education under John Rede, a former headmaster of Winchester College.^[4] His education was subsequently taken over by Bernard André, a blind poet,^[15] and then by Thomas Linacre, formerly Henry VII's physician.^[16] Arthur's education covered grammar, poetry, rhetoric and ethics and focused on history.^[17] Arthur was a very skilled pupil and André wrote that the Prince of Wales had either memorised or read a selection of Homer, Virgil, Ovid, Terence, a good deal of Cicero and a wide span of historical works, including those of Thucydides, Caesar, Livy and Tacitus.^[18] Arthur was also a "superb archer",^[19] and had learned to dance "right pleasant and honourably" by 1501.^[20]

Childhood

Prince Arthur, c. 1500. This is likely the earliest surviving portrait of Arthur.^[21]

The popular belief that Arthur was sickly during his lifetime stems from a Victorian misunderstanding of a letter from 1502;^[22] on the contrary, there are no reports of Arthur being ill during his lifetime.^[23] Arthur grew up to be unusually tall for his age,^[22] and was considered handsome by the Spanish court:^[24] he had reddish hair, small eyes, a high-bridged nose and resembled his brother Henry,^[25] who was said to be "extremely handsome" by contemporaries.^[26] As described by historians Steven Gunn and Linda Monckton, Arthur had an "amiable and gentle" personality and was, overall, a "delicate lad".^[27]

In May 1490 Arthur was created warden of all the marches towards Scotland and the Earl of Surrey was appointed as the Prince's deputy. From 1491, Arthur was named on peace commissions. In October 1492, when his father travelled to France, he was named Keeper of England and King's Lieutenant. Following the example of Edward IV, Henry VII set up the Council of Wales and the Marches for Arthur in Wales, in order to enforce royal authority there. Although the council had already been set up in 1490, it was headed by Jasper Tudor, Duke of Bedford.^[4] Arthur was first dispatched to Wales in 1501, at the age of fifteen.^[28] In March 1493, Arthur was granted the power to appoint justices of oyer and terminer and inquire into franchises, thus strengthening the council's authority. In November of that year, the Prince also received an extensive land grant in Wales, including the County of March.^[4]

Arthur was served by sons of English, Irish and Welsh nobility, such as Gearoid Óg FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Kildare, who had been brought to the English court as a consequence of the involvement of his father, Gerald Fitzgerald, 8th Earl of Kildare, in the crowning of pretender Lambert Simnel in Ireland during Henry VII's reign.^[29] Other servants were Anthony Willoughby, a son of Robert Willoughby, 1st Baron Willoughby de Broke, Robert Radcliffe, the heir of the 9th Baron FitzWalter and Maurice St John, a favourite nephew of Arthur's grandmother Lady Margaret Beaufort. He was brought up with Gruffydd ap Rhys ap Thomas, the son of powerful Welsh nobleman Thomas ap Rhys,^[30] Gruffydd grew quite close to Arthur^[31] and was buried in Worcester Cathedral upon his death in 1521, alongside the Prince's tomb.^[32]

Marriage

A Flemish tapestry depicting Arthur and Catherine's court.

Henry VII planned to marry Arthur to a daughter of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, in order to forge an Anglo-Spanish alliance against France.^[33] It was suggested that the choice of marrying Arthur to Ferdinand and Isabella's youngest daughter, Catherine (b. 1485), would be appropriate.^[4] The Treaty of Medina del Campo (27 March 1489) provided that Arthur and Catherine would be married as soon as they reached canonical age; it also settled Catherine's dowry at 200,000 crowns (the equivalent of £5 million in 2007).^[34] Since Arthur, not yet 14, was below the age of consent, a papal dispensation (i.e., waiver) allowing the marriage was issued in February 1497, and the pair were betrothed by proxy on 25 August 1497.^[35][3] Two years later, a marriage by proxy took place at Arthur's Tickenhill Manor in Bewdley, near Worcester; Arthur said to Roderigo de Puebla, who had acted as proxy for Catherine, that "he much rejoiced to contract the marriage because of his deep and sincere love for the Princess".^[36]

In a letter from October 1499, Arthur, referring to Catherine as "my dearest spouse", had written:

"I cannot tell you what an earnest desire I feel to see your Highness, and how vexatious to me is this procrastination about your coming. Let [it] be hastened, [that] the love conceived between us and the wished-for joys may reap their proper fruit."^[36]

The young couple exchanged letters in Latin until 20 September 1501, when Arthur, having attained the age of 15, was deemed old enough to be married.^[37] Catherine landed in England about two weeks later, on 2 October 1501, at Plymouth.^[4] The next month, on 4 November 1501, the couple met each other for the first time at Dogmersfield in Hampshire.^[38] Arthur wrote to Catherine's parents that he would be "a true and loving husband"; the couple soon discovered that they had mastered different pronunciations of Latin and so were unable to communicate.^[39] Five days later, on 9 November 1501, Catherine arrived in London.^[25]

On 14 November 1501, the marriage ceremony finally took place at Saint Paul's Cathedral; both Arthur and Catherine wore white satin. The ceremony was conducted by Henry Deane, Archbishop of Canterbury, who was assisted by William Warham, Bishop of London. Following the ceremony, Arthur and Catherine left the Cathedral and headed for Baynard's Castle, where they were entertained by "the best voiced children of the King's chapel, who sang right sweetly with quaint harmony".^[40]

What followed was a ceremony laid down by Arthur's grandmother Lady Margaret Beaufort: the bed was sprinkled with holy water, after which Catherine was led away from the wedding feast by her ladies-in-waiting. She was undressed, veiled and "reverently" laid in bed, while Arthur, "in his shirt, with a gown cast about him", was escorted by his gentlemen into the bedchamber, while viols and tabors played. The Bishop of London blessed the bed and prayed for the marriage to be fruitful, after which the couple were left alone. This is the only public bedding of a royal couple recorded in Britain in the 16th century.^[41]

Death

Prince Arthur, depicted on a stained glass window at Great Malvern.

After residing at Tickenhill Manor^[42] for a month, Arthur and Catherine headed for the marches in Wales, where they established their household at Ludlow Castle.^[43] Arthur had been growing weaker since his wedding,^[44] and although Catherine was reluctant to follow him, she was ordered by Henry VII to join her husband.^[45] Arthur found it easy to govern Wales, as the border had become quiet after many centuries of warfare. In March 1502, Arthur and Catherine were afflicted by an unknown illness, "a malign vapour which proceeded from the air".^{[46][note 1]} While Catherine recovered, Arthur died on 2 April 1502 at Ludlow, six months short of his sixteenth birthday.^[52]

News of Arthur's death reached Henry VII's court late on 4 April.^[4] The King was awoken from his sleep by his confessor, who quoted Job by asking Henry "If we receive good things at the hands of God, why may we not endure evil things?" He then told the king that "[his] dearest son hath departed to God", and Henry burst into tears.^[53] "Grief-stricken and emotional", he then had his wife brought into his chambers, so that they might "take the painful news together";^[54] Elizabeth reminded Henry that God had helped him become king and "had ever preserved him", adding that they had been left with "yet a fair Prince and two fair princesses and that God is where he was, and [they were] both young enough".^[55] Soon after leaving Henry's bedchamber, Elizabeth collapsed and began to cry, while the ladies sent for the King, who hurriedly came and "relieved her".^[56]

On 8 April, a general procession took place for the salvation of Arthur's soul. That night, a dirge was sung in St Paul's Cathedral and every parish church in London.^[57] On 23 April,^[3] Arthur's body, which had previously been embalmed,^[58] sprinkled with holy water and sheltered with a canopy, was carried out of Ludlow Castle and into the Parish Church of Ludlow by various noblemen and gentlemen.^[57] On 25 April, Arthur's body was taken to Worcester Cathedral via the River Severn, in a "special wagon upholstered in black and drawn by six horses, also caparisoned in black".^[59] As was customary, Catherine did not attend the funeral.^[58] The Earl of Surrey acted as chief mourner.^[60] At the end of the ceremony, Sir William Uvedale, Sir Richard Croft and Arthur's household ushers broke their staves of office and threw them into the Prince's grave.^[61] During the funeral, Arthur's own arms were shown alongside those of Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd and Brutus of Troy.^[4] Two years later, a chantry was erected over Arthur's grave.^[3]

Legacy

Arthur, as painted by George Perfect Harding, c. 1815

Shortly after Arthur's death, the idea of betrothing the now-widowed Catherine to the new heir, Henry, had arisen; both the King and Isabella were keen on moving forward with the betrothal,and the pope granted a dispensation towards that end.^[62] After originally rejecting the idea, Henry announced, after his succession on 22 April 1509, that he would marry Catherine.^[63] The wedding took place on 11 June.^[64] Catherine bore Henry six children: three sons died before reaching three months of age, a daughter was stillborn and another lived for only a week. The couple's only surviving child was Mary I (b. 1516).^[65]

In 1526, after eighteen years of marriage, Henry started to pursue the affections of Anne Boleyn, the sister of his former mistress, Mary Boleyn. At the same time, he became troubled by what became known as the King's "great matter", that is, finding an appropriate solution for his lack of male descendants. He found several possible options. He could have attempted to legitimise his illegitimate son Henry FitzRoy, but this would not be easy and would require the Pope's intervention. He could have married his daughter Mary off and hoped for a grandson; this was not seen as a real option, because Mary was a sickly child and was unlikely to conceive before Henry's death. Finally, he could somehow reject Catherine and marry a bride more likely to bear children. Probably seeing the possibility of marrying Anne, the third was ultimately the most viable option to Henry,^[66] and it soon became the King's wish to dissolve his marriage.^[67]

Henry believed that his marriage was cursed and found confirmation in the Bible, in Leviticus 20:21.^{[68][note 2]} Although in the morning following his wedding, Arthur had claimed that he was thirsty "for I have been in the midst of Spain last night" and that "having a wife is a good pastime", these claims are generally dismissed by modern historians as mere boasts of a boy who did not want others to know of his failure,^[4][69] and Catherine maintained the claim that she had married Henry while still a virgin until the day she died.^[48] After Henry's constant support of the claim that Catherine's first marriage had been consummated, an annulment was issued on 23 April 1533,^[70] while the King had already married Anne on 25 January.^[71] Anne was beheaded for high treason in 1536, after which Henry proceeded to marry four more times. At the time of his death in 1547, Henry only had three living children; his only son, Edward VI succeeded but died six years later. His successors were Henry's daughters by Catherine and Anne, Mary I and Elizabeth I. Upon Elizabeth's death in 1603, the male line of the House of Tudor came to an end.

In 2002, following the initiative of canon Ian MacKenzie, Arthur's funeral was reenacted with a requiem mass at Worcester Cathedral, on occasion of the quincentenary of his death. Despite his role in English history, Arthur has remained largely forgotten since his death.^[72]

Popular culture

Arthur has been featured in several historical fiction novels, such as The King's Pleasure, by Norah Lofts and Katherine, The Virgin Widow, by Jean Plaidy. In The Constant Princess, by Philippa Gregory, Catherine promises Arthur to marry his brother, thus fulfilling not only her own destiny of becoming Queen of England, but also the couple's plans for the future of the kingdom.^[73] The Alteration, by Kingsley Amis, is an alternate history novel centred on the "War of the English Succession", during which Henry VIII attempts to usurp the throne of his nephew, Stephen II, Arthur and Catherine's son.

The historical drama The Six Wives of Henry VIII was broadcast in 1970, with Martin Ratcliffe as "Prince Arthur".^[74] In 1972, BBC2 aired a historical miniseries titled The Shadow of the Tower, with "Lord Arthur, Prince of Wales" played by Jason Kemp.^[75]

Ancestors

Ancestors of Arthur, Prince of Wales

16. Maredudd ap Tudur               8. Owen Tudor                       17. Margaret ferch Dafydd               4. Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond                             18. Charles VI of France               9. Catherine of Valois                       19. Isabeau of Bavaria               2. Henry VII of England                                   20. John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset               10. John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset                       21. Margaret Holland               5. Lady Margaret Beaufort                             22. John Beauchamp of Bletso               11. Margaret Beauchamp of Bletso                       23. Edith Stourton               1. Arthur, Prince of Wales                                         24. Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge               12. Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York                       25. Anne de Mortimer               6. Edward IV of England                             26. Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland               13. Cecily Neville                       27. Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland               3. Elizabeth of York                                   28. Sir Richard Wydeville               14. Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers                       29. Elizabeth Bodulgate               7. Elizabeth Woodville                             30. Peter of Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol               15. Jacquetta of Luxembourg                       31. Margaret de Baux

References

Endnotes

1. It has been suggested that this illness was the mysterious English sweating sickness,^[47] tuberculosis ("consumption"),^[48] plague^[49] or influenza.^[50] In 2002, Arthur's tomb was opened, but experts could not determine the exact cause of death; a genetic ailment which also affected Arthur's nephew, Edward VI, was mentioned as a possible cause being investigated.^[51]
2. Although Henry would have read the verse in Latin, the translation provided by the 1604 King James Version states that "and if a man shall take his brother's wife, it is an unclean thing: he hath uncovered his brother's nakedness; they shall be childless."

Footnotes

1. Weir 2008b, pp. 4–5.
2. Wagner & Schmid 2011, p. 1104.
3. Wheeler, Kindrick & Salda 2000, p. 377.
4. Horrox, Rosemary (2004). "Arthur, prince of Wales (1486–1502)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/705. Retrieved 7 October 2013. (subscription required)
5. Gunn & Monckton 2009, p. 1.
6. Weir 2008a, p. 151.
7. Fuller 1840, p. 6.
8. Grose 1784, pp. 193–97.
9. Crofton 2006, p. 129.
10. Marshall 2003, p. 85.
11. Gunn & Monckton 2009, p. 10.
12. Allison & Riddell 1991, p. 605.
13. Gunn & Monckton 2009, pp. 2–3.
14. Gunn & Monckton 2009, p. 3.
15. Weir 2008b, p. 5.
16. Weir 2008b, p. 150.
17. Ives 2007, p. 2.
18. Scarisbrick 1968, p. 5.
19. Weir 2008b, p. 113.
20. Gunn & Monckton 2009, p. 9.
21. Mould 1995, p. 121.
22. Gunn & Monckton 2009, p. 39.
23. Jones 2009, p. 23.
24. Gunn & Monckton 2009, p. 46.
25. Weir 2007, p. 30.
26. Scarisbrick 1968, p. 13.
27. Gunn & Monckton 2009, p. 48.
28. Scarisbrick 1968, p. 6.
29. Gunn & Monckton 2009, p. 16.
30. Gunn & Monckton 2009, p. 15.
31. Gunn & Monckton 2009, p. 51.
32. Gunn & Monckton 2009, p. 94.
33. Kidner 2012, p. 380.
34. Weir 2007, p. 17.
35. Fraser 1992, p. 24.
36. Weir 2007, p. 23.
37. Sanders & Low 1910, p. 235.
38. Weir 2007, p. 27.
39. Fraser 1992, p. 25.
40. Weir 2007, p. 33.
41. Weir 2008b, p. 11.
42. Weir 2008b, p. 35.
43. O'Day 2012, p. 1554.
44. Weir 2007, p. 35.
45. Weir 2007, p. 36.
46. Weir 2007, p. 37.
47. Hibbert 2010, p. 4.
48. Whitelock 2010, p. 14.
49. Tatton-Brown & Mortimer 2003, p. 286.
50. Barber & Pykitt 1997, p. 269.
51. Derbyshire, David (20 May 2002). "Discovery of grave may solve mystery death of Henry VIII's brother at 15". The Telegraph. telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
52. Ives 2007, p. 1.
53. Weir 2007, pp. 37–38.
54. Richardson 1970, p. 19.
55. Crawford 2007, p. 166.
56. Crawford 2007, p. 167.
57. Gunn & Monckton 2009, p. 64.
58. Weir 2007, p. 38.
59. Gunn & Monckton 2009, p. 65.
60. Gunn & Monckton 2009, p. 71.
61. Hearne 1774, p. 381.
62. Loades 2009, p. 22.
63. Loades 2009, p. 24.
64. Wagner & Schmid 2011, p. 226.
65. Weir 2008a, p. 154.
66. Loades 2009, pp. 88–89.
67. Brigden 2000, p. 114.
68. MacCulloch 1995, p. 139.
69. Weir 2007, p. 34.
70. Weir 2008b.
71. Williams 1971, p. 124.
72. Gunn & Monckton 2009, p. 5.
73. Jackson, Melanie (9 May 2005). "The Constant Princess". Publishers Weekly. publishersweekly.com. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
74. The Six Wives of Henry VIII (1970) at the Internet Movie Database
75. The Shadow of the Tower (1972) at the Internet Movie Database

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External links

• "Intimate Strangers", a popular account of the sweating sickness theory.
• Portraits of Arthur, Prince of Wales at the National Portrait Gallery, London