Winchester

This article is about the English city. For other uses, see Winchester (disambiguation).
Winchester
The City of Kings and Priests

Winchester city centre and Cathedral from the North West

Coat of arms of Winchester
Winchester
 Winchester shown within Hampshire
Population 45,184 [1]
OS grid referenceSU485295
   – London  68 miles (109 km) 
DistrictWinchester
Shire countyHampshire
RegionSouth East
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post town WINCHESTER
Postcode district SO22, SO23
Dialling code 01962
Police Hampshire
Fire Hampshire
Ambulance South Central
EU Parliament South East England
UK ParliamentWinchester
List of places
UK
England
Hampshire

Coordinates: 51°03′48″N 1°18′29″W / 51.0632°N 1.308°W / 51.0632; -1.308

Winchester is a city and the county town of Hampshire. The city lies at the heart of the wider City of Winchester, a local government district, and is located at the western end of the South Downs National Park, along the course of the River Itchen.[2] It is situated 61 miles (98 km) south-west of London and 13.6 miles (21.9 km) from Southampton, its closest city. At the time of the 2011 Census, Winchester had a population of 45,184. The wider City of Winchester district which includes towns such as Alresford and Bishop's Waltham has a population of 116,800 [3]

Winchester developed from the Roman town of Venta Belgarum, which in turn developed from an Iron Age oppidum. Winchester's major landmark is Winchester Cathedral, one of the largest cathedrals in Europe, with the distinction of having the longest nave and overall length of all Gothic cathedrals in Europe. The city is home to the University of Winchester and Winchester College, the oldest public school in the United Kingdom still to be using its original buildings.

History

Prehistory

The area around Winchester has been inhabited since prehistoric times, with three Iron Age hillforts, Oram's Arbour, St. Catherine's Hill, and Worthy Down all in the nearby vicinity. In the Late Iron Age, a more urban settlement type developed, known as an oppidum, although the archaeology of this phase remains obscure. It was overrun by the confederation of Gaulish tribes known as the Belgae sometime during the first century BCE. It seems to have been known as Wentā or Venta, from the Brittonic for "town" or "meeting place".[4]

Roman period

Main article: Venta Belgarum

After the Roman conquest of Britain, the settlement served as the capital (Latin: civitas) of the Belgae and was distinguished as Venta Belgarum, "Venta of the Belgae". Although in the early years of the Roman province it was of subsidiary importance to Silchester and Chichester, Venta eclipsed them both by the latter half of the second century.[5] At the beginning of the third century, Winchester was given protective stone walls.[6] At around this time the city covered an area of 144 acres (58 ha), making it among the largest towns in Roman Britain by surface area.[7] There was a limited suburban area outside the walls.[8] Like many other Roman towns however, Winchester began to decline in the later fourth century.[7][9]

Hamo Thornycroft's statue of King Alfred the Great in Winchester.

Medieval period

Following the Roman withdrawal from Britain in 410, urban life seems to have continued at Venta Belgarum until around 450 AD, and a small administrative centre might have continued after that on the site of the later Anglo-Saxon palace. Ford identifies the community as the Cair Guinntguic[10] ("Fort Venta") listed by Nennius among the 28 cities of Britain in his History of the Britains.[11] Amid the Saxon invasions of Britain, cemeteries dating to the 6th and 7th centuries suggest a revival of settlement.

The city became known as Wintan-ceastre ("Fort Venta") in Old English.[12] In 648, King Cenwalh of Wessex erected the Church of SS Peter and Paul, later known as the Old Minster. This became a cathedral in the 660s when the West Saxon bishopric was transferred from Dorchester-on-Thames. The present form of the city dates to reconstruction in the late 9th century, when king Alfred the Great obliterated the Roman street plan in favour of a new grid in order to provide better defence against the Vikings. The city's first mint appears to date from this period.[13]

In the early tenth century there were two new ecclesiastical establishments, the convent of Nunnaminster, founded by Alfred's widow Ealhswith,[14] and the New Minster. Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester was a leading figure in the monastic reform movement of the later tenth century. He expelled the secular canons of both minsters and replaced them with monks. He created the drainage system, the 'Lockburn', which served as the town drain until 1875, and still survives. Also in the late tenth century, the Old Minster was enlarged as a centre of the cult of the ninth century Bishop of Winchester, Saint Swithun. The three minsters were the home of what architectural historian John Crook describes as "the supreme artistic achievements" of the Winchester School.[13]

The consensus among historians of Anglo-Saxon England is that the court was mobile in this period and there was no fixed capital,[15][16] but Winchester is described by the historian Catherine Cubittt as "the premier city of the West Saxon kingdom."[17]

The Winchester Buttercross (Sept. 2010).

A serious fire in the city in 1141, during the Rout of Winchester, accelerated its decline. However, William of Wykeham played an important role in the city's restoration. As Bishop of Winchester he was responsible for much of the current structure of the cathedral, and he founded the still extant public school Winchester College. During the Middle Ages, the city was an important centre of the wool trade, before going into a slow decline. The curfew bell in the bell tower (near the clock in the picture), still sounds at 8:00 pm each evening. The curfew was the time to extinguish all home fires until the morning.

Winchester High Street in the mid 19th century.

Modern period

The City Cross (also known as the Buttercross) has been dated to the 15th century, and features 12 statues of the Virgin Mary, saints and various historical figures. Several statues appear to have been added throughout the structure's history. In 1770, Thomas Dummer purchased the Buttercross from the Corporation of Winchester, intending to have it re-erected at Cranbury Park, near Otterbourne. When his workmen arrived to dismantle the cross, they were prevented from doing so by the people of the city, who "organised a small riot"[18] and they were forced to abandon their task. The agreement with the city was cancelled and Dummer erected a lath and plaster facsimile, which stood in the park for about sixty years before it was destroyed by the weather.[19] The Buttercross itself was restored by G. G. Scott in 1865, and still stands in the High Street. It is now a Scheduled Ancient Monument.

The novelist Jane Austen died in Winchester on 18 July 1817 and is buried in the cathedral.[20] While staying in Winchester from mid-August to October 1819, the Romantic poet John Keats wrote "Isabella", "St. Agnes' Eve", "To Autumn", "Lamia" and parts of "Hyperion" and the five-act poetic tragedy "Otho The Great".[21]

In 2013 businesses involved in the housing market were reported by a local paper as saying the city's architectural and historical interest, and its fast links to other towns and cities have led Winchester to become one of the most expensive and desirable areas of the country and ranked Winchester as one of the least deprived areas in England and Wales.[22]

Geography

Winchester is situated on a bed of cretaceous lower chalk with small areas of clayey and loamy soil, inset with combined clay and rich sources of Fuller's earth.

Climate

As with the rest of the UK, Winchester experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb). The nearest Met Office station is in Martyr Worthy, just outside the city.

Climate data for Martyr Worthy, Winchester (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 7.4
(45.3)		 7.8
(46)		 10.6
(51.1)		 13.6
(56.5)		 17.2
(63)		 20.1
(68.2)		 22.7
(72.9)		 22.5
(72.5)		 19.3
(66.7)		 14.9
(58.8)		 10.6
(51.1)		 7.8
(46)		 14.54
(58.18)
Average low °C (°F) 1.3
(34.3)		 1.0
(33.8)		 2.6
(36.7)		 3.7
(38.7)		 6.7
(44.1)		 9.4
(48.9)		 11.3
(52.3)		 11.4
(52.5)		 9.4
(48.9)		 7.1
(44.8)		 3.7
(38.7)		 1.7
(35.1)		 5.78
(42.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 77
(3.03)		 52
(2.05)		 57
(2.24)		 50
(1.97)		 52
(2.05)		 47
(1.85)		 48
(1.89)		 52
(2.05)		 56
(2.2)		 88
(3.46)		 89
(3.5)		 80
(3.15)		 748
(29.44)
Average rainy days 12 9 10 9 9 8 9 8 9 11 12 12 118
Mean monthly sunshine hours 58 81 108 165 195 190 199 191 142 110 71 53 1,563
Source: Met Office[23]

Governance

Winchester is currently represented in the House of Commons through the Winchester Parliamentary Constituency by Steve Brine of the Conservatives who in the General Election of 2010 beat Martin Tod, the Liberal Democrat candidate, by 3048 votes (a margin of 5.4%).[24] Mark Oaten had previously won the seat for the Liberal Democrats during the 1997 general election in which he defeated Gerry Malone, a Health Minister in John Major's Conservative Government who had held the seat since 1992.

Winchester local elections take place in three out of every four years, with one third of the councillors elected in each election. From the 2006 election until the 2010 election the council was led by Conservatives.[25] In 2010 briefly by the Liberal Democrats again and since 2011 by the Conservatives.

Landmarks

Cathedral

Main article: Winchester Cathedral
A view of Winchester Cathedral.

Winchester Cathedral was originally built in 1079 and remains the longest cathedral in Europe. It contains much fine architecture spanning the 11th to the 16th century and is the place of interment of numerous Bishops of Winchester (such as William of Wykeham), Anglo-Saxon monarchs (such as Egbert of Wessex) and later monarchs such as King Canute and William Rufus,[26] as well as Jane Austen. It was once an important pilgrimage centre and housed the shrine of Saint Swithun. The ancient Pilgrims' Way travelling to Canterbury begins at Winchester. The plan of the earlier Old Minster is laid out in the grass adjoining the cathedral. The New Minster (original burial place of Alfred the Great and Edward the Elder[26]) once stood beside it. It has a girls choir and a boys choir, which sing on a regular basis at the cathedral.

Winchester Cathedral Close contains a number of historic buildings from the time when the cathedral was also a priory. Of particular note is the Deanery, which dates back to the thirteenth century. It was originally the Prior's House, and was the birthplace of Arthur, Prince of Wales, in 1486. Not far away is Cheyney Court, a mid fifteenth-century timber-framed house incorporating the Porter's Lodge for the Priory Gate. It was the Bishop's court house.

The earliest hammer-beamed building still standing in England is situated in the Cathedral Close, next to the Dean's garden. It is known as the Pilgrims' Hall, as it was part of the hostelry used to accommodate the many pilgrims to Saint Swithun's shrine. Left-overs from the lavish banquets of the Dean would be given to the pilgrims who were welcome to spend the night in the hall. It is thought by Winchester City Council to have been built in 1308. Now part of The Pilgrims' School, the hall is used by the school for assemblies in the morning, drama lessons, plays, orchestral practices, Cathedral Waynflete rehearsals, the school's Senior Commoners' Choir rehearsals and so forth.

Entrance to the North garth of the cathedral, for pedestrians is via the Norman arches of Saint Maurices tower, in the High street.[27]

Wolvesey Castle and Palace

Main article: Wolvesey Castle

Wolvesey Castle was the Norman bishop's palace, dating from 1110, but standing on the site of an earlier Saxon structure. It was enhanced by Henry de Blois during the Anarchy of his brother King Stephen's reign. He was besieged there for some days. In the 16th century, Queen Mary Tudor and King Philip II of Spain were guests just prior to their wedding in the Cathedral. The building is now a ruin (maintained by English Heritage), but the chapel was incorporated into the new palace built in the 1680s, only one wing of which survives.

Castle

Main article: Winchester Castle
The "Winchester Round Table" in the Great Hall of Winchester Castle

Winchester is well known for the Great Hall of its castle, which was built in the 12th century. The Great Hall was rebuilt sometime between 1222 and 1235, and still exists in this form. It is famous for King Arthur's Round Table, which has hung in the hall from at least 1463. The table actually dates from the 13th century, and as such is not contemporary to Arthur. Despite this it is still of considerable historical interest and attracts many tourists. The table was originally unpainted, but was painted for King Henry VIII in 1522. The names of the legendary Knights of the Round Table are written around the edge of the table surmounted by King Arthur on his throne. Opposite the table are Prince Charles's 'Wedding Gates'. In the grounds of the Great Hall is a recreation of a medieval garden. Apart from the hall, only a few excavated remains of the stronghold survive among the modern Law Courts. The buildings were supplanted by the adjacent King's House, now incorporated into the Peninsula Barracks where there are five military museums.[28] (The training that used to be carried out at the barracks is now done by the Army Training Regiment Winchester, otherwise known as Sir John Moore Barracks, 2 miles (3 km) outside the city.)[29]

Hospital of St Cross

Main article: Hospital of St Cross
The Hospital of St Cross
The Hospital of St Cross

The almshouses and vast Norman chapel of Hospital of St Cross were founded just outside the city centre by Henry de Blois in the 1130s. Since at least the 14th century, and still available today, a 'wayfarer's dole' of ale and bread has been handed out there. It was supposedly instigated to aid pilgrims on their way to Canterbury.

Winchester Guildhall, built in 1871

City museum

The City Museum, located on the corner of Great Minster Street and The Square, contains much information on the history of Winchester. Early examples of Winchester measures of standard capacity are on display. The museum was one of the first purpose-built museums to be constructed outside London.[30] Local items featured include the Roman 'Venta' gallery, and some genuine period shop interiors taken from the nearby High Street. Other places of cultural interest include the Westgate Museum (which showcases various items of weaponry), and the Historic Resources Centre, which holds many records related to the history of the city. In 2014 ownership of the City museum was transferred to the Hampshire Cultural Trust as part of a larger transfer of museums from Hampshire County Council and Winchester City Council [31]

Other buildings

Other important historic buildings include the Guildhall dating from 1871 in the Gothic revival style,[32] the Royal Hampshire County Hospital designed by William Butterfield and Winchester City Mill, one of the city's several water mills driven by the River Itchen that run through the city centre. The mill has recently been restored, and is again milling corn by water power. It is owned by the National Trust.[32]

Painted bollards

The Square after snow
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Winchester painted bollards.

A series of 24 bollards on the corner of Great Minster Street and The Square were painted in the style of famous artists, or with topical scenes, by The Colour Factory between 2005-2012 at the behest of Winchester City Council.(51°03′43″N 1°18′55″W / 51.062°N 1.31525°W / 51.062; -1.31525 (The Square))

Education

State-funded schools

Primary schools

Winchester has a variety of Church of England primary schools, including both state and private provision schools. St. Peters Catholic Primary School had the highest SATS results, after achieving a perfect score of 300 in 2011.[33] Compton Primary School follows a close second and then Micheldever CofE, which is located just outside the city.[33]

Secondary schools

There are four state comprehensive secondary schools in Winchester; the Henry Beaufort School, Kings' School Winchester, The Westgate School are all situated in the city. A fourth specialist state school, the Osborne School is also located in Winchester.[34]

Independent schools

Winchester College War Cloister

Independent junior/preparatory schools are The Pilgrims' School Winchester, the Prince's Mead School and Twyford School, which is just outside the city and claims to be the oldest preparatory school in the United Kingdom.[35] There are two major independent senior schools in Winchester, St Swithun's (a day and boarding school for girls from nursery to sixth form) and Winchester College, a boys' public school.[36] It owns "The Water Meadows", through which the River Itchen runs.

Both schools often top the examination result tables for the city and county.[37]

Special schools

Osborne School is a state-funded special school for pupils aged 11 to 19 which is located in Winchester. Shepherds Down Special School is an independent special school for pupils aged 4 to 11, located in the Compton area of the city.

Tertiary, further and higher education

The University of Winchester (formerly King Alfred's College) is a public university based in Winchester and the surrounding area. It is ranked 10th for teaching excellence in The Times and The Sunday Times 2016 Good University Guide, with a 92% rating, and fourth for student satisfaction in England in the National Student Survey 2015.[38] The University origins go back as far as 1840—originally as a Diocesan teacher training centre. King Alfred's, the main campus, is located on a purpose built campus near the city centre. The newly completed West Downs is a short walk away, and houses student facilities and accommodation and the business school.[39]

The Winchester School of Art was founded in the 1860s as an independent institution and is now a school of the University of Southampton.

Peter Symonds College is a college that serves Winchester. It began as a Grammar School for boys in 1897, and became a co-educational Sixth-form college, now one of the largest in the country, in 1974. The foundation goes back to a charity established by the will of a local merchant in 1607.

Sport

Winchester has Winchester City F.C. who currently play in the Southern League and Winchester Castle F.C., who have played in the Hampshire League since 1971.

Winchester City Flyers are a girls and ladies football club established in 1996 with nearly 200 members, playing from U9 to ladies football.

Winchester has a rugby union team Winchester RFC and an athletics club Winchester and District AC. The city has a field hockey club, Winchester Hockey Club,[40] with ten men's and three ladies' teams catering to all ages and abilities.

Lawn bowls is played at several clubs. The oldest bowling green belongs to Friary Bowling Club (first used in 1820),[41] while the oldest bowls club is Hyde Abbey Bowling Club (established in 1812).[42] Riverside Indoor Bowling Club remains open during the winter months.

Winchester College invented and gave its name to Winchester College Football, played exclusively at the College and in some small African/South American communities.

Transport

Road

Winchester is located near the M3 motorway and at the meeting of the A34, A31, A3090 and A272 roads. Once a major traffic bottleneck, the city still suffers from congestion at peak times. It is just to the south of the A303 and A30.

Roman road

A Roman road originating in Salisbury called The Clarendon Way ends in Winchester.[43] The Clarendon Way is now a recreational footpath.

Bus services

Local, rural and Park and Ride bus services are provided by Stagecoach, who run to Andover, Alton, Basingstoke, Petersfield, Romsey and Fareham. Bluestar provide services to Eastleigh and Southampton. Many services are subsidised by Hampshire County Council and community transport schemes are available in areas without a regular bus service. National Express coaches provide services mainly to Bournemouth, Poole, Portsmouth and London.

Megabus also provide long-distance services.[44]

Rail

Winchester railway station is served by South West Trains trains from London Waterloo, Weymouth, Portsmouth and Southampton, as well as by CrossCountry between Bournemouth, and either Manchester or Newcastle via Birmingham. Historically it was also served by a line to London via Alton, which partially survives as the Watercress Line. There was a second station called Winchester Chesil served by the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway, this closed in the 1960s.[44]

Law courts

Winchester Combined Court Centre consists of a Crown Court and County Court. It is administered by Her Majesty's Courts Service, an Executive Agency of the Ministry of Justice. Winchester is a first-tier court centre and is visited by High Court judges for criminal and for civil cases (in the District Registry of the High Court). One of the most high-profile cases to be heard here was the Rose West murder trial in 1995.

Winchester has a separate District Probate registry, which is part of the High Court.[45] This Court is separate from the main Court establishment at the top of Winchester High Street and deals only with probate matters.

There is a heavily populated Victorian prison near the Hospital, on the B3040 heading up west from the town centre.[46]

Media and culture

Since 1974 Winchester has hosted the annual Hat Fair, a celebration of street theatre that includes performances, workshops, and gatherings at several venues around the city.

In 1974 a cycle of medieval mystery plays were staged in the grounds of Wolvesy Castle. The specially erected amphitheatre was then used as a location during the filming of the remake of Brief Encounter starring Richard Burton and Sophia Loren.

Winchester is the home of the award-winning Blue Apple Theatre, a company of actors.[47][48]

Winchester hosts one of the UK's larger farmers' markets, with about 100 stalls. It is certified by FARMA. The market takes place on the second and last Sunday of the month in the city centre.

Three newspapers are published for Winchester. The paid-for broadsheet Hampshire Chronicle, which started out in 1772 reporting national and international news, now concentrates on Winchester and the surrounding area. There are two free tabloid-sized papers for the city: the Winchester News Extra and the independent Mid-Hants Observer.

Winchester had its own radio station, Win FM, from October 1999 to October 2007.

In 2003 Winchester was ranked 5th in a league of 50 'crap towns' in the UK nominated by readers of The Idler magazine.[49] In the 2006, however, the Channel 4 television programme The Best And Worst Places To Live In The UK, broadcast on 26 October, the city was celebrated as the "Best Place in the UK to Live in: 2006".[22] In the 2007 edition of the same programme, Winchester had slipped to second place, behind Edinburgh.

A number of public figures and celebrities were students at Peter Symonds College in Winchester, including TV presenter and model Alexa Chung, singer-songwriter and drummer Andy Burrows, glamour model Lucy Pinder, comedian Jack Dee, singer/actress Gina Beck, and heavy metal drummer and teacher Joe Butterworth. Harlequins rugby & England rugby player Joe Marchant. Actor Colin Firth is from Winchester and was educated at Montgomery of Alamein School (now Kings' School). The singer-songwriter Frank Turner hails from Winchester, a fact that he often mentions at concerts as well as in his songs. . The band Polly and the Billets Doux formed in Winchester, and are still based in the city. 2011 saw Winchester's first ever Oxjam Takeover music festival, held on 22 October.[50]

In March 2016, Winchester was named as the best place to live in Britain. [51]

Winchester in fiction

Medieval

In the medieval narrative poem, Sir Orfeo, the main character Sir Orfeo is King of Winchester, which is said to be the modern name of Thrace. The final combat of the romance hero Guy of Warwick against the giant Colbrand takes place outside the walls of Winchester.

19th century

A scene in Henry Esmond (1852) by William Makepeace Thackeray is set in the choir of Winchester cathedral. Winchester is in part the model for Barchester in the Barsetshire novels of Anthony Trollope, who attended Winchester College; The Warden (1855) is said to be based on a scandal at the Hospital of St Cross. A fictionalised Winchester appears as Wintoncester in Hardy's Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891). Some of the action in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's The Adventure of the Copper Beeches (1892) takes place in the city—the Black Swan hotel mentioned in the story formerly stood at the end of Southgate St and is still acknowledged by a figure on the outside of the building.

In Charles Kingsley's romantic history Hereward the Wake (1866), Hereward smashes his ash lance against the doors of the Westgate, Winchester showing by the strength of his arm that it is he. William the Conqueror is so impressed that he pardons him.

20th century

A fictitious estate near Winchester is the scene of a crime in the Sherlock Holmes adventure, The Problem of Thor Bridge (1922).

In Gerry Anderson's 1967 and 1968 programme Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons, background material published by, or with the approval of, Anderson identifies Winchester as the birthplace of the main character, Captain Scarlet, real name Paul Metcalfe.[52]

Winchester is the main location of John Christopher's post-apocalyptic science fiction series, Sword of the Spirits. Winchester Cathedral is featured in James Herbert's horror novel The Fog. The Siege of Winchester in 1141, part of The Anarchy (a civil war) between King Stephen and the Empress Matilda, is an important plot element in the detective novel An Excellent Mystery, part of the Brother Cadfael chronicles by Edith Pargeter writing as Ellis Peters. In Philip Pullman's novel The Subtle Knife (part of the His Dark Materials trilogy) the main male protagonist, Will Parry, comes from Winchester. However, little of the book is set there.

In the movie Merlin, King Uther's first conquest of Britain begins with Winchester, which Merlin foresaw would fall.

In the novel The Pillars of the Earth, by Ken Follett, which traces English historical events from 1123 C.E. to 1174 C.E., Winchester and its cathedral figure prominently in several chapters. The fictional town of Kingsbridge in the novel is based on Winchester, as Follet explained in the first episode of his Channel 4 2013 documentary series Ken Follett's Journey into the Dark Ages.[53] Accounts of wool merchants and their trading with sheep farmers in Winchester are related to the reader. The reign of Stephen is described and his military actions are recounted, including first-person "reporting" of the Battle of Lincoln on 2 February 1141.

21st century

In the Japanese manga Death Note, The Wammy's House, an orphanage founded by Quillish Wammy, where the detective L's successors (Mello, Near, and Matt) are raised, is located in Winchester.

In the novel One Day by David Nicholls, the male protagonist Dexter Mayhew went to the public school Winchester College.[54] This is frequently referred to throughout the book, as well as mentioning St. Swithin's Day and the St. Swithin's weather myth.[54][55]

Patrick Gale's 2009 book The Whole Day Through is set in Winchester. In S. M. Stirling's 2007 novel, The Sunrise Lands, it is revealed that the British capital has been moved to Winchester. Winchester is an important setting in The Saxon Stories by Bernard Cornwell.

Frank Turner (singer/songwriter) who was born and raised in the nearby village of Meonstoke (part of the City of Winchester district), wrote and performs the song "Wessex Boy" describing Winchester, and how it remains his home. He names the Cathedral, the Buttercross & Jewry Street in his homage to the city.

International relations

Winchester is twinned with:[56]

The Winchester district is twinned with

Winchester, Virginia, is named after the English city, whose Mayor has a standing invitation to be a part of the American city's Shenandoah Apple Blossom Festival. Winchester also gave its name (Frenchified to Bicêtre) to a suburb of Paris, from a manor built there by John of Pontoise, Bishop of Winchester, at the end of the 13th century. It is now the commune of Le Kremlin-Bicêtre.

See also

Nearest Settlements
Littleton and Harestock Abbotts Barton
Headbourne Worthy
Kings Worthy		 Easton
Martyr Worthy
Sparsholt
Ashley
King's Somborne		 Chilcomb
   Winchester  
Olivers Battery
Pitt, Hursley		 Compton and Shawford Owslebury
Twyford

References

  1. ↑ "Winchester Key Facts". Hampshire County Council. Archived from the original on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  2. ↑ Landranger 185: Winchester & Basingstoke. Ordnance Survey. 2005. ISBN 978-0-319-22884-5.
  3. ↑ "2011 Census: KS101EW Usual resident population, local authorities in England and Wales". National Statistics. Retrieved 2015-01-05.
  4. ↑ Matasović, Ranko. "wentā" in the Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic at Indo-European Etymological Dictionaries Online. Brill Online, 2014. Accessed 24 July 2014.
  5. ↑ Cunliffe B. Wessex to AD 1000 1997
  6. ↑ "Winchester". Historic-uk.com. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  7. 1 2 "Major Roman Settlements". British towns. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  8. ↑ "PJO archaeology". Retrieved 2011-01-22.
  9. ↑ "A History of Winchester". Localhistories.org. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  10. ↑ Nennius (attrib.). Theodor Mommsen (ed.). Historia Brittonum, VI. Composed after AD 830. (Latin) Hosted at Latin Wikisource.
  11. ↑ Ford, David Nash. "The 28 Cities of Britain" at Britannia. 2000.
  12. ↑ "'Wintan-ceaster'". Anglo Saxon Dictionary. Bosworth-Toller. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  13. 1 2 Crook, John (2014). "Winchester". In Lapidge, Michael et al. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England (2nd ed.). Wiley Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1.
  14. ↑
  15. ↑ Stenton, Frank M. (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.). Clarendon Press. p. 539. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5.
  16. ↑ Foot, Sarah (2011). Æthelstan: the first king of England. Yale University Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-300-12535-1.
  17. ↑ Cubitt, Catherine (2009). "Pastoral Care and Religious Belief". In Stafford, Pauline. A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland c.500- c.1100. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 399. ISBN 978-1-118-42513-8.
  18. ↑ "The Buttercross, Winchester". City of Winchester. 1998. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
  19. ↑ Yonge, Charlotte M. (1898). "Chapter 8: Old Otterbourne". John Keble's Parishes. Online literature. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
  20. ↑ "Jane Austen 'died from arsenic poisoning'". The Guardian. 14 November 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  21. ↑ "John Keats – autumnal idealist or trenchant social commentator?". The Guardian. 23 March 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  22. 1 2 "Winchester hits top ten list of places to live in the UK". Hampshire Chronicle. 26 December 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  23. ↑ "Winchester, Hampshire climate tables". Met Office..
  24. ↑ Andrew Napier (May 2010). "Tories sweep in but lose control of city council". Hampshire Chronicle. Retrieved 2010-08-07.
  25. ↑ "Winchester". BBC News. 2008-04-19. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
  26. 1 2 Dodson, Aidan (2004). The Royal Tombs of Great Britain. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co.
  27. ↑ Hampshire Churches, Margaret Green,Winton Pubs.Ltd.1967. Page 90.
  28. ↑ "Winchester's Military Museums". Winchester's Military Museums. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
  29. ↑ "MOD Training and Education". MOD Training. Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  30. ↑ "The City Museum, Winchester". City of Winchester. 1998. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
  31. ↑ "Hampshire and Winchester museums and art leased to trust". BBC News. 1 November 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  32. 1 2 "History of Winchester Guildhall". Winchester Museum Collection. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  33. 1 2 "Primary Schools (KS1 and 2)". Hampshire Chronicle. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  34. ↑ http://www.osborne.hants.sch.uk/5950-index/5950-our-visions-values.htm
  35. ↑ http://www.twyfordschool.com/twyford-school
  36. ↑ "Winchester College Guise". Winchester College. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  37. ↑ "Winchester College grades". Winchester College. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  38. ↑ http://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/content.php?r=21659-University-of-Winchester
  39. ↑ "Our Campuses". Winchester.ac.uk. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  40. ↑ "Winchester Hockey Club". Winchesterhc.co.uk. 2011-04-14. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  41. ↑ Harold Thomas. The Friary Bowling Club 1820–1970.
  42. ↑ "Bowled over by support from mayors". Hampshire Chronicle. 2012-04-18. Retrieved 2013-08-13.
  43. ↑ "The Clarendon Way". Hampshire County Council. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  44. 1 2 "Winchester Bus & Train Travel Times". Hampshire County Council. 2011.
  45. ↑ "The Probate Service - Registries". Her Majesty's Courts Service. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
  46. ↑ "Under-fire jail criticised again". bbc.co.uk. 5 April 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-12.
  47. ↑ "Blue Apple Theatre Honored with Queen's Award for Voluntary Service 2012". Westend.broadwayworld.com. 2012-06-23. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  48. ↑ "Blue Apple Theatre to take Hamlet on the road (From Hampshire Chronicle)". Hampshirechronicle.co.uk. 2012-02-02. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  49. ↑ "UK's 'worst 50' cities revealed". BBC News. 2003-10-02. Retrieved 2003-10-02.
  50. ↑ "Oxjam in Winchester". Oxjam. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  51. ↑ "Winchester named best place to live in Britain".
  52. ↑ "Captain Scarlet bio". Aardman. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  53. ↑ "Ken Follett's Journey into the Dark Ages". Channel 4. 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
  54. 1 2 "David Nicholls One Day - overview". Writer.com. David Nicholls. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  55. ↑ "David Nicholls, the man who made a nation cry". The Guardian. 7 August 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  56. 1 2 3 "Twin Towns in Hampshire". Www3.hants.gov.uk. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
  57. ↑ "Home". Winchestertwinning.org.uk. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
  58. ↑ "British towns twinned with French towns". Archant Community Media Ltd. Retrieved 2013-07-11.
  59. ↑ "Gießen: Städtepartnerschaften" [Giessen: Twin towns] (in German). Stadt Gießen. Archived from the original on 2013-04-13. Retrieved 2013-08-01.

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