Gupta family

Gupta
Current region South Africa
Place of origin Uttar Pradesh, India
Estate Sahara Estate, Saxonwold, Johannesburg

The Gupta family is an Indian-South African business family whose most notable members are the brothers Ajay, Atul, Rajesh "Tony" Gupta as well as Atul Gupta's nephew Varun Gupta.[1] They are controversial for their close relationship with South African president Jacob Zuma.[2][3][4][5][6][7] The Gupta family owns a business empire spanning from computer equipment, media and mining.[8]

The family migrated from the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh to South Africa in 1993, shortly before the country's first democratic elections, to establish Sahara Computers. The family is based at the Sahara Estate in Saxonwold, Johannesburg, a compound comprising at least four mansions.[3]

Interests

The family owns a number of companies in a range of different industries ranging from energy to media publications. Their first venture into South Africa was the establishment of Sahara Computers and Sahara Systems (Pty) Ltd.[3][9]

In mining, their interests include Oakbay Resources and Energy: Uranium and gold mining and processing company,[10] the Shiva Uranium Mine,[11] Tegeta Exploration and Resources,[11] Westdawn Investments (Pty) Ltd t/a JIC Mining Services[12] and Black Edge Exploration.[13]

They have substantial media interests in South Africa through TNA Media (Pty) Ltd, including The New Age, a national newspaper, and ANN7 (African News Network), a 24-hour news channel.[14]

Other interests include VR Laser Services[13] steel fabrication for mining, engineering and armoured vehicle applications,[15] Islandsite Investment 180,[16] Confident Concepts,[13] and have links to the passenger airline Jet Airways.[17]

Relationship with Jacob Zuma

A reflection of the close relationship between the Gupta family and Jacob Zuma, particularly by both Zuma and the family's detractors, is the term "Zupta" to refer to this relationship. The portmanteau "Zupta," a combination of "Z" from "Zuma" and the "upta" from "Gupta," was first coined by the Economic Freedom Fighters at the 2016 South African presidential state of the nation address when they disrupted the event by repeatedly chanting "Zupta must fall" to express their dissatisfaction with this relationship.[18][19]

The Guptas and then vice-president Zuma first met at a function hosted by the Guptas at Sahara Estate in 2003. Since then the family have been involved in a number of events involving Zuma and his family. The family is known to have been a supporter of Zuma during his power struggle for leadership of the African National Congress (ANC) with then president Thabo Mbeki in 2005.[10]

The family is known to have employed Zuma's wife Bongi Ngema-Zuma. One of Zuma's sons, Duduzane Zuma is a director in a number of Gupta owned firms and one of his daughters, Duduzile Zuma, was made a director of the Gupta owned Sahara computers shortly after Zuma's election to the presidency in 2008. She has since resigned from that position.[3] Zuma's close relationship with the family is a source of tension within Zuma's own party the ANC.[20]

The Guptas' influence on the presidency has been described by the former General Secretary of the Congress of South African Trade Unions Zwelinzima Vavi as a "shadow government."[5] Donwald Pressly of the South African business publication Biznews has stated that comments made by Deputy President Cyril Ramaphosa about the state capture of public enterprises by people with political connections was referring to the close relationship between Zuma and the Gupta family.[21] One of South Africa's opposition parties, the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), have stated that the Gupta's “have de facto colonised South Africa, with Zuma being the chief colonial administrator”.[22] The Guptas have denied this allegation, saying they have never taken any benefit.[2]

Prior to its national executive committee over the weekend of the 18–20 March 2016, spokesperson Zizi Kodwa said the ANC was concerned about "state capture".[23]

Guptagate

Waterkloof Air Force Base where the Jet Airways plane landed in April 2013, sparking the Guptagate controversy.

In April 2013 a plane load of 217 guests from India were cleared to land at the South African Air Force base at Waterkloof for the marriage of Vega Gupta to Aakash Jahajgarhia. This event caused a significant controversy that led to the African National Congress (ANC) and other political parties as well as the South African National Defence Union to denounce this use of the air force base. The ANC issued a statement calling for "those responsible for giving the family permission to come into the country without going through the normal channels be 'brought to book'".[3][24]

In the aftermath of the event, India's High Commissioner Virendra Gupta (not related to the Gupta family) said publicly that the Indian High Commission was given permission to land the plane at Waterkloof Air Force Base.[25] He explained that the Commission communicated through its defence adviser with the chief of defence for foreign relations in the SA National Defence Force (SANDF).[25]

The landing was cleared by Bruce Koloane who was chief of state protocol at the department of international relations who insisted that the flight was a “sensitive” official visit. Koloane was demoted after an investigation concluded that he used Zuma's name to illegally authorise the landing. President Zuma was scheduled to attend the wedding but cancelled after the incident became public.[26] The family apologised for the incident stating that they applied for special permission to land as a number of the guests were Indian government ministers and that it was promoting tourism to South Africa. The incident prompted a significant outcry that it was dubbed "Guptagate" by the South African media.[5]

Influence over Cabinet appointments

In 2016 a series of allegations of the Guptas' influence over appointments to the South African Cabinet came to the fore. Former ANC MP Vytjie Mentor claimed that in 2010 the Guptas had offered her the position of Minister of Public Enterprises, provided that she arranged for South African Airlines to drop their India route, allowing a Gupta linked company (Jet Airways) to take on the route.[17][27] She said she declined the offer, which occurred at the Guptas' Saxonwold residence, while President Zuma was in another room. This came a few days before a cabinet reshuffle in which minister Barbara Hogan was dismissed by Zuma.

Deputy Finance Minister Mcebisi Jonas confirmed media reports that he had been offered the ministerial position by the Guptas shortly before the disastrous dismissal of Finance Minister Nhlanhla Nene in December 2015, but had rejected the offer out of hand as "it makes a mockery of our hard-earned democracy‚ the trust of our people and no one apart from the President of the Republic appoints ministers".[28]

The Sunday Times has reported that the Minister of Mineral Resources, Mosebenzi Zwane, and then Minister of Co-operative Governance and Traditional Affairs, David van Rooyen (who was controversially appointed by President Zuma as Minster of Finance in December 2015) met with members of the Gupta family in Dubai. Van Rooyen allegidly meeting with them only a few days after his unsuccessful appointment to be Minister of Finance on the 20 December 2015. Minister Zwane assisted in the sale of a large coal mine to a Gupta owned company.[29]

Ranjeni Munusamy of the Daily Maverick has stated the "Gupta family has effectively usurped the function of the ANC deployment committee"[30] thereby undermining the party's ability to independently and legitimately select senior ministers and executives in government and state owned companies.[22][30]

Mining interests

Oakbay Resources & Energy, is a mining and processing company, run by the Gupta family.[31] It supplies minerals and mineral products, such as gold, uranium, platinum, coal and diamonds and also conducts trackless/mechanised mining, track bound mining, breast mining, down-dip mining and open-pit gold operation.[31] Oakbay Resources & Energy began trading on the JSE on 28 November 2014.[32]

Iron ore dispute

In 2010 the Gupta owned firm, Imperial Crown Trading (ICT), along with Duduzane Zuma who was a part owner in ICT were involved in a dispute with ArcelorMittal and Anglo American plc over the rightful ownership of Kumba Iron Ore, which owns Sishen mine, one of Africa's largest iron mines. The Department of Mineral Resources granted the ICT 21.4% ownership in the mine when ArcelorMittal did not renew their mining licence in time. The case was taken to the Constitutional Court where, in 2013, it was ruled that the Gupta/Zuma consortium could not claim rightful ownership. Had they won the case ArcelorMittal would have had to pay them R800 million (US$80 million).[5][33]

Coal

The South African Sunday Times alleged that a Gupta owned company, Tegeta, benefited from official connections in the awarding of a R4 billion contract to supply coal to the state electrical utility company Eskom.[34] The Mines Minister Mosebenzi Zwane denied this allegation saying that he didn’t give Tegeta any preferential treatment and was only interested in preserving jobs following Tegeta’s purchase of a coal mine that supplies Eskom.[35] According to the business rescue practitioners Tegeta will also take on the R2.4 billion penalty imposed by Eskom on Optimum for delivering poor-quality coal.[36]

Uranium interests and Nhlanhla Nene

The family is alleged by the Rand Daily Mail to have worked closely with Zuma to secure interests in South Africa's nuclear energy sector.[10] In 2014 the South African government announced that a 9 600 MW nuclear procurement programme that entailed the construction of six to eight nuclear reactors at an estimated cost of between R800 billion to R1.6 trillion (US$50-billion to US$100 billion) was under consideration. This proposal was approved by the Zuma cabinet on the 9 December 2015. Zuma's controversial dismissal of then minister of finance Nhlanhla Nene on the 9 December 2015 is alleged to have been partially motivated by Nene's department's resistance to the nuclear agreement.[10] President Zuma stated that this move was motivated by Nene's nomination to head the African Regional Centre of the New Development Bank/Brics Bank.[37] Zuma's statement was met with skepticism by the media and opposition political parties, partly because Nene was unaware of his nomination to the post.[38][39][40][41][42]

Strong links between both of Van Rooyen's top two advisers and the Gupta family came to light a few months after Nene's dismissal.[43][44]

Armaments

VR Laser Services, in which the Guptas and Duduzane Zuma, President Zuma's son, own a 25% stake, entered into a partnership with the state owned aerospace and defence company Denel to establish Denel Asia, based in Hong Kong. The official opposition, Democratic Alliance have alleged that the establishment of the joint venture is illegal as certain provisions of the Public Finance Management Act have not been complied with. The Minister of Public Enterprises, Lynne Brown, confirmed that the Asian marketing arm of Denel was not in compliance with various legal provisions.[45][46]

Media

The international news broadcaster Al Jazeera English has alleged that Zuma's close relationship with the Guptas has "translated into friendly coverage in the outlets they own,"[47] specifically ANN7 and the New Age.

On the 4th of February 2016 the Julius Malema of the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) announced that members of the press from Gupta owned media companies, ANN7 and The New Age, would no longer be welcome at future EFF media announcements. The EFF alleged that this was because of their role as being part of a "propaganda machinery" of a "corrupt cartel". He stated that the EFF "cannot guarantee the safety of those who are working in those studios and printing factories of the New Age and ANN7."[48][49] The EFF criticised the "New Age Breakfasts", a series of breakfast events organised by The New Age with and often paid for by government departments, as well as accused the paper of receiving preferential treatment in receiving advertising contracts from government.[50] A spokesperson for the African National Congress defended the Gupta family, stressing their history of investment in South Africa.[51] A few days later the EFF released a list of 25 reasons why they are against the family, again accusing them of receiving preferential treatment in business dealings with government as well as government preference and collusion with Gupta owned media interests.[52]

The EFF's perceived threats towards ANN7 and New Age employees caused a number of other media commentators and publications to criticise Malema's remarks as threatening media independence and advocating violence towards the media and a particularly strong rebuke from the New Age and ANN7.[53][54] An anti-gag order disallowing the EFF from banning The New Age and ANN7 from EFF media briefings was issued by the High Court following Malema's remarks.[55]

The court also upheld the applicants’ rights and those of the Gupta family as South African citizens to remain in South Africa and carry out business operations.[56] The judge presiding over the case concluded that Malema’s statement was a “threat of violence” and said the Guptas and their employees “have a constitutionally protected right not to be threatened with violence”.[57]

Public relations efforts

"[T]he NEC expressed its utmost disgust at the arrogance, disrespect and reckless journalism displayed by the New Age Newspaper (18, 19 March 2016), ANN7 News Channel (16–18 March 2016) and representatives of the Gupta-family. They have characterized the ANC as a group of factions for and against President Zuma."

- Gwede Mantashe, ANC secretary general[58]

To deal with mounting public criticism the Gupta family hired the public relations firm Bell Pottinger.[59] In late February 2016 a number of internet based sources were altered in a way that was favourable to the Guptas. These included activities in chat rooms, blogs and on news articles related to the Gupta family as well as on Wikipedia.[60] It is thought by the Mail and Guardian that these favourable alterations were part of a sustained media campaign to improve the family's image.[60]

Gupta owned media outlets, ANN7 and The New Age, ran stories alleging an anti-Zuma plot by a faction within the ANC was one possible source of allegations against the Gupta family.[61][62] Following the ANC's national executive counile meeting in March 2016 the ANC's secretary general issued a statement criticising the coverage of the event by Gupta family owned media.[62] In response ANN7 and The New Age agreed to publish an official apology to the ANC.[63]

Public and corporate response

Notable ANC members Ahmed Kathrada and Derek Hanekom called on the ANC to address public concerns relating to Zuma's relationship with the Gupta family.[64] The trade union and ANC political ally COSATU called for president Zuma to distance himself from the Gupta family.[65]

Due to the controversial nature of the family's relationship with Jacob Zuma numerous South African and international banking and auditing firms decided to end their business dealings with Gupta owned firms in early Apri 2016. The auditing firm KPMG, the brokerage Sasfin Bank, and Barclays Africa’s Absa bank as well as First National Bank all announced that they would no longer be dealing with the Gupta owned Oakbay Investments, the holding company for the family's investments.[66][67][68] Johan van Dyk at the South African financial forensics firm Censeo stated that companies were disassociating with the family due to concerns that an association with the family could cost them customers.[66] In response the Gupta owned Oakbay alleged that this is “clear proof that the recent allegations against the company and the wider Gupta family are all part of a carefully orchestrated political campaign.”[66]

On the 8th April 2016 Duduzane Zuma, Atul Gupta, and Varun Gupta announced that they would be stepping down from their director positions at Oakbay Resources and Energy in response to mounting pressure.[69] Oakbay stated that it had become nearly impossible to conduct business due to the business community's decision to discontinue doing business with the controversial firm.[70][71]

References

  1. ↑ Prinsloo, Loni (6 September 2015). "Inside the Guptas' uranium mine empire". Sunday Times. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  2. 1 2 Govender, Prega (27 February 2016). "From Saharanpur to Saxonwold...". Times Live. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Who are the Guptas?". BBC. 14 May 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  4. ↑ Munusamy, Ranjeni (1 February 2016). "Keeping Up With The Guptas: What’s behind the anti-Saxonwold revolt". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Wild, Franz (17 December 2015). "Gupta family seen as symbol of Zuma’s failing rule". Sunday Times. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  6. ↑ "Are the Guptas the new Shaiks?". Mail and Guaridan. 9 July 2010. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  7. ↑ Craig Dodds, Candice Bailey and Loyiso Sidimba (7 May 2013). "Solving the ‘sordid Gupta saga’". IOL News. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  8. ↑ Van Vuuren, Andre Janse (15 February 2016). "Gupta-Zuma Company to Hold Three Eskom Coal-Supply Contracts". Bloomberg. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  9. ↑ "Oakbay Group company Sahara Systems pioneering 3D concepts in SA". The New Age. 10 September 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Gosam, Lily (3 February 2016). "Zuma, the Guptas and the Russians — the inside story". Rand Daily Mail. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  11. 1 2 Burkhardt, Paul; Wild, Franz (11 February 2016). "Green light for Gupta’s mine purchase". Independent Online. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  12. ↑ Mawere, Mutumwa (22 December 2015). "South Africa: SA Under Zuma - Are the Guptas in Charge?". All Africa. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  13. 1 2 3 "Oakbay Resources and Energy Integrated Annual Report 2015" (PDF). www.oakbay.co.za/. 2015.
  14. ↑ Poplak, Richard (4 February 2016). "Trainspotter: Malema's new war game – #PayBackThe Money meets #GuptasMustGo". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  15. ↑ http://www.vrlaser.co.za/profile.html
  16. ↑ Belby, Michael (4 March 2011). "THE GUPTA INTERVIEW: A peek behind the Sahara curtain into the 'Gupta desert'". Business Day Live. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  17. 1 2 "Vytjie Mentor: I can prove Zuma was with me in the Gupta house". Rand Daily Mail. 17 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  18. ↑ "'Zupta must fall' - and EFF walks out". News24. 11 February 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  19. ↑ Hartley, Wyndham & Marrian, Natasha (11 February 2016). "Chaos as EFF once again delays speech and then stages walkout". Business Day. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  20. ↑ "Zuma allies 'break ranks' with him over Guptas". Rand Daily Mail. 1 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  21. ↑ Pressly, Donwald (22 February 2016). "Previously silent Ramaphosa opens up on Zuptas, "state capture" strategy". Biznews. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
  22. 1 2 Malala, Justice (1 February 2016). "Who is running South Africa? Clue: It's not Jacob Zuma". Rand Daily Mail. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  23. ↑ Du Plessis, Carien (14 March 2016). "ANC to discuss Guptas, government interference". Mail and Guaridan. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  24. ↑ "Guptas use Waterkloof airforce base as private landing strip". eNCA. 30 April 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  25. 1 2 Areff, Ahmed (9 May 2013). "Gupta jet landing cleared: commissioner". Independent Online. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  26. ↑ Underhill, Glynnis (6 February 2016). "'Guptas? Never heard of them'". Mail and Guardian. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  27. ↑ "'Zuma said it's OK Ntombazana,' says former ANC MP Vytjie Mentor". Times Live. 18 March 2016.
  28. ↑ "Full statement by Deputy Finance Minister Mcebisi Jonas on Gupta job offer". The Sowetan. 16 March 2016.
  29. ↑ Jika, Thanduxolo & Hunter, Qaanitah (10 April 2016). "'Gupta ministers' in secret trips to Dubai". Sunday Times. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  30. 1 2 Munusamy, Ranjeni (17 March 2016). "Zupta chamber of secrets blown open: Tide turns in ANC". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  31. 1 2 "Oakbay Resources & Energy Ltd". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  32. ↑ Crowley, Kevin (1 December 2014). "Oakbay’s value close to top mining firm". Independent Online. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  33. ↑ Brigid Taylor & Alec Hogg (12 December 2013). ""Huge relief" as Constitutional Court rules for Kumba, sends Gupta-owned ICT packing – victory for SA’s independent judiciary". Biznews. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  34. ↑ Skiti, Sabelo (13 September 2015). "How Eskom bowed to Guptas". Sunday Times. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  35. ↑ Burkhardt, Paul; Wild, Franz; Cohen, Michael (12 February 2016). "Gupta-Zuma Coal Deal Cleared With Vow to Keep South African Jobs". Bloomberg. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  36. ↑ Comrie, Susan (13 December 2015). "Guptas’ R2.15bn deal for Eskom coal contracts". City Press. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  37. ↑ Singh, Kaveel (12 December 2015). "Zuma explains Nhlanhla Nene’s removal". Business Day Live. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  38. ↑ "Nene merely a nominee for Brics bank Africa position". Business Day. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
  39. ↑ Andrew England (14 December 2016). "South Africa’s Zuma counts cost of fiasco over finance minister". Financial Times. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
  40. ↑ Kaveel Singh (11 December 2015). "Maimane slams Zuma over Nene Brics move". News24. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
  41. ↑ Areff, Ahmed (10 December 2015). "Four possible reasons why Nene was fired". News24. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
  42. ↑ "Why Zuma sacked Nene according to the EFF and DA". Businesstech.co.za. 9 December 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  43. ↑ "Named: Van Rooyen’s two Gupta "advisors" who almost hijacked SA Treasury". Biznews. 15 February 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
  44. ↑ Shivambu, Floyd (21 December 2015). "Floyd Shivambu: Here’s why Zuma fired Nene, deployed backbencher Van Rooyen". Biznews. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
  45. ↑ "Denel Asia could be unlawful". defenceWeb. 2016-02-17. Retrieved 2016-03-03.
  46. ↑ Carol Paton (2016-02-16). "Denel and Gupta venture ‘illegal’ | National". BDlive. Retrieved 2016-03-03.
  47. ↑ Jacob Zuma's friends and foes in South Africa's media - The Listening Post (Feature) (Video). 0:40: Al Jazeera: English. 20 March 2016.
  48. ↑ Yadhana Jadoo, Steven Tau and Travis Carlyle (5 February 2016). "Juju outburst reviled". The Citizen. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  49. ↑ Quintal, Genevieve (4 February 2016). "Malema refuses 'crook' Zuma's offer, calls for Guptas to leave SA". Mail and Guardian. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  50. ↑ "EFF slams Zuma and Gupta "criminal enterprises"". Business Tech. 8 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  51. ↑ Jesse Duarte (10 February 2016). Jesse Duarte on President Zuma's relationship with the Guptas. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  52. ↑ Mbuyiseni Quintin Ndlozi (10 February 2016). "25 reasons why the Guptas must leave SA – EFF". Economic Freedom Fighters. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  53. ↑ "The New Age, ANN7 editor slams Malema's 'utterances and threats'". News24. 4 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  54. ↑ "Editorial: Nothing justifies threats against journalists". Daily Maverick. 4 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  55. ↑ Zelda Venter (13 February 2016). "Why judge granted Gupta gag order". Pretoria News. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  56. ↑ "Gupta family win court interdict against EFF‚ Julius Malema". Business Day Live. 9 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  57. ↑ "EFF's Gupta comments are actual threats - judge". Business Day Live. 9 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  58. ↑ Mantashe, Gwede (20 March 2016). "ANC statement following the National Executive Committee Meeting held 18-20 March 2016". African National Congress. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  59. ↑ Mkokeli, Sam (18 March 2016). "Guptas enlist top UK spin doctors". Business Day. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  60. 1 2 De Wet, Phillip (18 March 2016). "Gupta image gets cleaned up online". Mail and Guardian. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  61. ↑ Poplak, Richard (22 March 2016). "Trainspotter: How The New Age, ANN7 and the Guptas have spun state capture". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  62. 1 2 Quintal, Genevieve (20 March 2016). "Gupta-owned media coverage 'reckless journalism' - ANC". News24. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  63. ↑ "Gupta media to say sorry to ANC". Tech Central. 23 March 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  64. ↑ "Ahmed Kathrada Foundation asks ANC to address Gupta claims". eNCA. 22 March 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  65. ↑ "COSATU URGES ZUMA TO DISTANCE HIMSELF FROM GUPTA FAMILY". Eye Witness News. 6 April 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  66. 1 2 3 Franz Wild and Renee Bonorchis (7 April 2016). "Bankers, auditors drop Gupta-linked firms". IOL news. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  67. ↑ Cropley, Ed & Motsoeneng, Tisetso (4 April 2016). "KPMG, Sasfin cut links with Gupta firm". Sunday Times. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  68. ↑ Thamm, Marianne (7 April 2016). "State Capture: Banking and business screws on the Guptas tighten considerably". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  69. ↑ Laing, Robert (8 April 2016). "Gupta brothers and Zuma’s son resign as directors of Oakbay". Business Day. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  70. ↑ Dodds, Craig (9 April 2016). "Guptas can’t bank on SA". IOL news. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  71. ↑ "Watch: Gupta company CEO on CNN". Businesstech & CNN. 9 April 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
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