Auto-Tune

For correcting pitch in general, see Pitch correction. For automated optimization software, see Self-tuning.
Auto-Tune

Auto-Tune running on GarageBand
Original author(s) Andy Hildebrand (as an Exxon employee)[1]
Developer(s) Antares Audio Technologies,
Andy Hildebrand (Exxon)
Initial release Spring 1997[2][3]
Stable release 8[4]
Operating system Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux
Type Pitch correction
License Proprietary
Website www.antarestech.com/products/detail.php?product=Auto-Tune_8_66
External video
Oral History, Andy Hildebrand talks about the origin of Auto-Tune. Interview date January 18, 2012, NAMM (National Association of Music Merchants) Oral History Library
Antares Vocal Processor AVP-1 (mid)

Auto-Tune is an audio processor created by Antares Audio Technologies which uses a proprietary device to measure and alter pitch in vocal and instrumental music recording and performances.[5] It was originally intended to disguise or correct off-key inaccuracies, allowing vocal tracks to be perfectly tuned despite originally being slightly off-key.

The processor slightly shifts pitches to the nearest true semitone (to the exact pitch of the nearest tone in traditional equal temperament). Auto-Tune can also be used as an effect to distort the human voice when pitch is raised or lowered significantly,[6] such that the voice is heard to leap from note to note stepwise, like a synthesizer.[7]

Auto-Tune is available as a plug-in for professional audio multi-tracking suites used in a studio setting and as a stand-alone, rack-mounted unit for live performance processing.[8] Auto-Tune has become standard equipment in professional recording studios.[9] Instruments like the Peavey AT-200 guitar are seamlessly using the Auto Tune technology for real time pitch correction.[10]

Auto-Tune was initially created by Andy Hildebrand, an engineer working for Exxon. Hildebrand developed methods for interpreting seismic data and subsequently realized that the technology could be used to detect, analyze, and modify the pitch in audio files.[6]

In popular music

The earliest commercial use of Auto-Tune as a vocal effect in a popular song was Cher's "Believe" in 1998 and later on in Daft Punk's "One More Time". The effect is not to be confused with a vocoder or the talk box,[11] devices referenced by producers of these songs back when they were new to hide their use of Auto-Tune from music audiences. For example, in an early interview, the producers of "Believe" claimed they had used a DigiTech Talker FX pedal, in what Sound on Sound’s editors felt was an attempt to preserve a trade secret.[12] After the success of "Believe" the technique became known as the "Cher Effect".[13][14] Originally, Auto-Tune was designed to discreetly correct imprecise intonations, but Cher's producers used it to "exaggerate the artificiality of abrupt pitch correction." This technique soon became a widespread technique used in live performances and in pop recordings throughout the first ten years of the 21st century.[15]

While working with Cher on the song "Believe" in 1998, producers Mark Taylor and Brian Rawling discovered that if they set Auto-Tune on its most aggressive setting, so that it corrected the pitch at the exact moment it received the signal, the result was an unsettlingly robotic tone.
— Greg Milner (2009)[16]

According to Chris Lee of the Los Angeles Times, "Believe" is "widely credited with injecting Auto-Tune's mechanical modulations into pop consciousness."[17] In the year 2000, the single "Naive Song" performed by Mirwais Ahmadzai from his album Production (Mirwais LP) is the first ever track using Auto-Tune on the complete vocals.[18][19] The use of Auto-Tune as a vocal effect was bolstered in the late 2000s by hip hop/R&B singer T-Pain, who elaborated on the effect and made active use of Auto-Tune in his songs.[20] He cites new jack swing producer Teddy Riley and funk artist Roger Troutman's use of the Talk Box as inspirations for his own use of Auto-Tune.[17] T-Pain became so associated with Auto-Tune that he has an iPhone App named after him that simulates the effect, called "I Am T-Pain".[21] Auto-Tune has since been used in other hip hop/R&B artists' works, including Snoop Dogg's single "Sexual Eruption",[22] Lil Wayne's "Lollipop",[23] and Kanye West's album 808s & Heartbreak.[24]

The effect has also become popular in raï music and other genres from Northern Africa.[25]

According to the Boston Herald, country stars Faith Hill, Shania Twain, and Tim McGraw all use Auto-Tune in performance, calling it a safety net that guarantees a good performance.[26] However, other country music singers, such as Allison Moorer, Trisha Yearwood, Vince Gill, Garth Brooks and Martina McBride, have refused to use Auto-Tune.[27]

Reception

Negative
"Believe" (1998)
"Believe", by Cher, was one of the first mainstream songs to employ Auto-Tune software to jump directly from one pitch to another one, without using a more natural curve for the transition, producing a "robot-like voice". Even today, the vocal effect is called the "Cher effect".[13]
"We R Who We R" (2010)
"We R Who We R" is an electropop song by Kesha that employs heavily pitch-corrected vocals.[28] Into the 2010s, popular music used Auto-Tune more dramatically and pervasively.[29]
Problems playing these files? See media help.

At the 51st Grammy Awards in early 2009, the band Death Cab for Cutie made an appearance wearing blue ribbons to protest the use of Auto-Tune in the music industry.[30] Later that spring, Jay-Z titled the lead single of his album The Blueprint 3 as "D.O.A. (Death of Auto-Tune)". Jay-Z elaborated that he wrote the song under the personal belief that far too many people had jumped on the Auto-Tune bandwagon, and that the trend had become a gimmick.[31][32] Christina Aguilera appeared in public in Los Angeles on August 10, 2009 wearing a T-shirt that read "Auto Tune is for Pussies". When later interviewed by Sirius/XM, however, she said that Auto-Tune wasn't bad if used "in a creative way" and noted her song "Elastic Love" from Bionic uses it.[33]

Opponents of the plug-in have argued that Auto-Tune has a negative effect on society's perception and consumption of music. In 2004, UK's The Daily Telegraph music critic Neil McCormick called Auto-Tune a "particularly sinister invention that has been putting extra shine on pop vocals since the 1990s" by taking "a poorly sung note and transpos[ing] it, placing it dead centre of where it was meant to be".[34]

In 2009, Time magazine quoted an unnamed Grammy-winning recording engineer as saying, "Let's just say I've had Auto-Tune save vocals on everything from Britney Spears to Bollywood cast albums. And every singer now presumes that you'll just run their voice through the box." The same article expressed "hope that pop's fetish for uniform perfect pitch will fade", speculating that pop-music songs have become harder to differentiate from one another, as "track after track has perfect pitch."[35] According to Tom Lord-Alge the device is used on nearly every record these days.[16]

In 2010, the British television reality TV show The X Factor admitted to using Auto-Tune to improve the voices of contestants.[36][37] Simon Cowell, one of the show's bosses, ordered a ban on Auto-Tune for future episodes.[38] Also in 2010, Time magazine included Auto-Tune in their list of "The 50 Worst Inventions".[39]

Neko Case in a 2006 interview with Pitchfork Media gave an example of how prevalent pitch correction is in the industry:

I'm not a perfect note hitter either but I'm not going to cover it up with Auto-Tune. Everybody uses it, too. I once asked a studio guy in Toronto, 'How many people don't use Auto-Tune?' and he said, 'You and Nelly Furtado are the only two people who've never used it in here.' Even though I'm not into Nelly Furtado, it kind of made me respect her. It's cool that she has some integrity.[40]

Used by stars from Snoop Dogg and Lil Wayne to Britney Spears and Rihanna, the use of Auto-Tune has been widely criticized as indicative of an inability to sing on key.[14][41][42][43][44] Trey Parker used Auto-Tune on the South Park song "Gay Fish", and found that he had to sing off-key in order to sound distorted; he claimed, "You had to be a bad singer in order for that thing to actually sound the way it does. If you use it and you sing into it correctly, it doesn't do anything to your voice."[45] Electropop recording artist Kesha has been widely recognized as using excessive Auto-Tune in her songs, putting her vocal talent under scrutiny.[28][41][46][47][48][49] Music producer Rick Rubin wrote that "Right now, if you listen to pop, everything is in perfect pitch, perfect time and perfect tune. That's how ubiquitous Auto-Tune is."[29] Time journalist Josh Tyrangiel called Auto-Tune "Photoshop for the human voice."[29]

Big band singer Michael Bublé criticized Auto-Tune as making everyone sound the same – "like robots" – but admits he uses it when he records pop-oriented music.[50]

Positive

Despite its negative reputation, some critics have argued that Auto-Tune opens up new possibilities in pop music, especially in hip-hop and R&B. Instead of using it as a crutch for poor vocals—its originally designed purpose—some musicians intentionally use the technology to mediate and augment their artistic expression. "It’s neither a fight with technology nor love of it; it’s more like glossy coexistence, a strange new dance of give-and-take," writes Jayce Clayton. "The plug-in creates a different relation of voice to machine than ever before. Rather than novelty or some warped mimetic response to computers, Auto-Tune is a contemporary strategy for intimacy with the digital. As such, it becomes quite humanizing. Auto-Tune operates as a duet between the electronics and the personal. A reconciliation with technology."[51] When French house duo Daft Punk was questioned about their use of auto-tune in their single "One More Time", Thomas Bangalter replied by saying, "A lot of people complain about musicians using Auto-Tune. It reminds me of the late '70s when musicians in France tried to ban the synthesizer... What they didn't see was that you could use those tools in a new way instead of just for replacing the instruments that came before."[52]

Although Auto-Tune is used by a variety of artists, Bradley Regina states it can be particularly useful for black artists to have more control of their voice's sound and change it to fit the mood of the song. This is seen in two notable examples, in the works of Kanye West and T-Pain.[53]

T-Pain, the R&B singer and rapper who reintroduced the use of Auto-Tune as a vocal effect in pop music with his album Rappa Ternt Sanga in 2005, says "My dad always told me that anyone's voice is just another instrument added to the music. There was a time when people had seven-minute songs and five minutes of them were just straight instrumental. ... I got a lot of influence from [the '60s era] and I thought I might as well just turn my voice into a saxophone."[54] Following in T-Pain's footsteps, Lil Wayne experimented with Auto-Tune between his albums Tha Carter II and Tha Carter III. At the time, he was heavily addicted to promethazine codeine, and some critics see Auto-Tune as a musical expression of Wayne's loneliness and depression.[55] Mark Anthony Neal writes that Lil Wayne’s vocal uniqueness, his "slurs, blurs, bleeps and blushes of his vocals, index some variety of trauma."[56] And Kevin Driscoll asks, "Is Auto-Tune not the wah pedal of today's black pop? Before he transformed himself into T-Wayne on "Lollipop", Wayne's pop presence was limited to guest verses and unauthorized freestyles. In the same way that Miles equipped Hendrix to stay pop-relevant, Wayne's flirtation with the VST plugin du jour brought him updial from JAMN 94.5 to KISS 108.”[57]

Kanye West's 808s & Heartbreak was generally well received by critics, and it similarly used Auto-Tune to represent a fragmented soul, following his mother's death.[58] The album marks a departure from his previous album Graduation. Describing the album as a breakup album, Rolling Stone music critic Jody Rosen writes, "Kanye can't really sing in the classic sense, but he's not trying to. T-Pain taught the world that Auto-Tune doesn't just sharpen flat notes: It's a painterly device for enhancing vocal expressiveness, and upping the pathos... Kanye's digitized vocals are the sound of a man so stupefied by grief, he's become less than human."[59]

Satire and parody

The US TV comedy series Saturday Night Live parodied Auto-Tune using the fictional white rapper Blizzard Man, who sang in a sketch: "Robot voice, robot voice! All the kids love the robot voice!"[60][61]

Satirist Weird Al Yankovic poked fun at the over-use of Auto-Tune, while commenting that it seemed here to stay, in a YouTube video commented on by various publications such as Wired.[62]

Songify the News

Starting in 2009, the use of Auto-Tune to create melodies from the audio in video newscasts was popularized by Brooklyn musician Michael Gregory, and later by the band The Gregory Brothers in their series Songify the News. The Gregory Brothers digitally manipulated recorded voices of politicians, news anchors, and political pundits to conform to a melody, making the figures appear to sing.[63][64] The group achieved mainstream success with their "Bed Intruder Song" video, which became the most-watched YouTube video of 2010.[65]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Crockett, Zachary The Inventor of Auto-Tune Pricenomics. December 14, 2015
  2. ↑ "Antares News" at the Wayback Machine (archived August 19, 2000), AntaresTech.com
  3. ↑ Preve, Francis. "Antares Kantos 1.0 Audio Synthesizer (PC/Mac)." Keyboard 28, no. 10 (10, 2002): 92-95, 97.
  4. ↑ Auto-Tune 8
  5. ↑ US patent 5973252, Harold A. Hildebrand, "Pitch detection and intonation correction apparatus and method", published 1999-10-26, issued 1999-10-26, assigned to Auburn Audio Technologies, Inc.
  6. 1 2 Frere Jones, Sasha. "The Gerbil's Revenge", The New Yorker, June 9, 2008
  7. ↑ ANTARES KANTOS 1.0." Electronic Musician 18, no. 7 (June 2002): 26. Music Index, EBSCOhost (accessed February 21, 2015).
  8. ↑ Antares product page
  9. ↑ Everett-Green, Robert. "Ruled by Frankenmusic," The Globe and Mail, October 14, 2007, p. R1.
  10. ↑ Robair, Gino. "Waves of Innovation" Mix. Jun 2013.Music Index, EBSCOhost (accessed February 21, 2015)
  11. ↑ Frazier-Neely, Cathryn. "The Independent Teacher--Live Vs. Recorded: Comparing Apples to Oranges to Get Fruit Salad." Journal of Singing - The Official Journal of the National Association of Teachers of Singing 69.5 (2013): 593-6. ProQuest. Web. 16 June 2014.
  12. ↑ "Recording Cher's 'Believe'"
  13. 1 2 Frere-Jones, Sasha (June 9, 2008). "The Gerbil's Revenge". The New Yorker (Condé Nast). Retrieved 30 May 2012. In the manual accompanying Auto-Tune's fifth-release version, the zero speed setting is described as 'the Cher Effect.'
  14. 1 2 "Auto-Tune or How Anyone Can Sing". Up Venue. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  15. ↑ Warwick, Jacqueline. [<http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com.ezproxy2.library.arizona.edu/subscriber/article/grove/music/A2259112> "Pop"] Check |url= value (help). Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  16. 1 2 Milner, Greg (2009). Perfecting Sound Forever, p. 343. Faber and Faber. Cited in Hodgson (2010), p. 232.
  17. 1 2 Lee, Chris (November 15, 2008). "The (retro) future is his". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  18. ↑ http://www.geocities.ws/madonnamax/interviews/mirwais.html
  19. ↑ http://next.liberation.fr/musique/2011/09/03/comment-auto-tune-a-tue-les-fausses-notes_757750
  20. ↑ Farber, Jim (2007). "Singers do better with T-Pain relief", New York DailyNews.
  21. ↑ I Am T-Pain at Smule.com
  22. ↑ "The 50 Greatest Vocoder Songs - #50 Snoop Dogg - Sexual Eruption". Complex. Complex Media. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  23. ↑ Noz, Andrew. "The 100 Greatest Lil Wayne Songs - #3. Lil Wayne f/ Static Major "Lollipop"". Complex. Complex Media. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  24. ↑ Shaheem, Reid (2008-10-15). "Kanye West's 808s & Heartbreak Album Preview: More Drums, More Singing, 'No Typical Hip-Hop Beats'". MTV. Archived from the original on 2008-10-20. Retrieved 2 November 2008.
  25. ↑ Clayton, Jace (May 2009). "Pitch Perfect". Frieze. Retrieved 2014-09-16.
  26. ↑ Treacy, Christopher John. "Pitch-adjusting software brings studio tricks," The Boston Herald, February 19, 2007, Monday, "The Edge" p. 32.
  27. ↑ McCall, Michael. Pro Tools: A number of leading country artists sing off key. But a magical piece of software-Pro Tools-makes them sound as good as gold."
  28. 1 2 Brockington, Ryan (2010-11-12). "Kesha 'Blows'". New York Post (NYP Holdings, Inc). Archived from the original on November 22, 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
  29. 1 2 3 Tyrangiel, Josh (5 February 2009). "Auto-Tune: Why Pop Music Sounds Perfect". Time (Time Inc). Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  30. ↑ "Death Cab for Cutie protests Auto-Tune". Idiomag.com. 2009-02-12. Retrieved 12 February 2009.
  31. ↑ Reid, Shaheem (2009-06-06). "Jay-Z Premiers New Song, 'D.O.A.': 'Death Of Auto-Tune'". MTV. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
  32. ↑ Reid, Shaheem (2009-06-10). "Jay-Z Blames Wendy's Commercial—Partially—For His 'Death Of Auto-Tune'". MTV. MTV Networks. Archived from the original on 13 June 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  33. ↑ Google Book
  34. ↑ McCormick, Neil (2004-10-13). "The truth about lip-synching". The Age (Melbourne). Retrieved 25 April 2010.
  35. ↑ Tyrangiel, Josh, "Singer's Little Helper," Time, 5 February 2009.
  36. ↑ X Factor admits tweaking vocals
  37. ↑ "X Factor 2010: Outraged viewers take to Twitter to complain 'auto-tune' technology was used on first episode". Daily Mail (London). 2010-08-22.
  38. ↑ Sam-Daliri, Nadia (2010-08-26). "Angry Simon Cowell bans Auto-tuning". The Sun (London).
  39. ↑ Auto-Tune: The 50 Worst Inventions.
  40. ↑ Ryan Dombal (2006-04-10). "Interview: Neko Case". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 15 September 2008.
  41. 1 2 Anderson, Vicki. "Those who can't sing use auto-tune". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  42. ↑ Williams, Andrew. "Danny O'Donoghue: I hate Auto-Tune, it's for people who can't sing". Metro. Associated Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  43. ↑ "Britney unplugged: Can Spears (actually) sing without 'Auto-Tune'?". MSN. Microsoft. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  44. ↑ "Auto-Tune (Documentary)". NOVA. PBS. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  45. ↑ "Trey Parker on Auto-Tuning". Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  46. ↑ Reed, James. "The pop star we love to hate". Boston Globe. NY Times Co. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  47. ↑ Adickman, Erika Brooke. "OMG! Ke$ha Admits To Using Auto-Tune". Idolator. Buzz Media. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  48. ↑ "I can sing without Auto-Tune- Kesha". BigPond. Telstra. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  49. ↑ Bosker, Bianca (10 May 2010). "Ke$ha Claims Not To Use Autotune (VIDEO): Does She Or Doesn't She?". The Huffington Post (AOL). Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  50. ↑ "Buble: Auto-Tune is 'overused'". 3 News NZ. April 2, 2013.
  51. ↑ "Pitch Perfect". Frieze.com. May 2009. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
  52. ↑ Gill, Chris (2001-05-01). "ROBOPOP". Remix (magazine). Archived from the original on 2007-02-09. Retrieved 2014-10-06.
  53. ↑ http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy1.library.arizona.edu/docview/1528432317/C80EA983A32E4325PQ/10?accountid=8360
  54. ↑ Zachary Sniderman (2011-12-06). "T-Pain Talks Autotune, Apps and the Future of Music". Mashable.com. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
  55. ↑ "Twitter / noz: @YoPendleton @newbornrodeo". Twitter.com. February 22, 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
  56. ↑ "A Love Supreme?". Seeingblack.com. October 8, 2008. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
  57. ↑ "todo mundo » Blog Archive » Is that Lil Twane on the keytar?". Kevindriscoll.info. 2008-08-07. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
  58. ↑ "808s & Heartbreak Reviews". Metacritic. November 25, 2008. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
  59. ↑ Rosen, Joden. "808s & Heartbreak". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
  60. ↑ https://screen.yahoo.com/blizzard-man-2-000000059.html
  61. ↑ http://snltranscripts.jt.org/08/08iblizzard.phtml
  62. ↑ Thill, Scott (16 November 2009). "Will Auto-Tune Die? Ask Know Your Meme and ‘Weird Al'". Wired.
  63. ↑ "Band's Parody Helps Keep Auto-Tune Alive", John D. Sutter, Time Magazine, Sep 2009
  64. ↑ "Auto-Tune the News", Claire Suddath, Time Magazine, Apr 2009
  65. ↑ "Double rainbows, annoying oranges, and bed intruders: the year on YouTube" YouTube Blog, Dec 2010

External links

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