Auxonne

Auxonne

The ramparts on the banks of the Saône

Coat of arms
Auxonne

Coordinates: 47°11′41″N 5°23′19″E / 47.1947°N 5.3886°E / 47.1947; 5.3886Coordinates: 47°11′41″N 5°23′19″E / 47.1947°N 5.3886°E / 47.1947; 5.3886
Country France
Region Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Department Côte-d'Or
Arrondissement Dijon
Canton Auxonne
Intercommunality Auxonne Val de Saône
Government
 • Mayor (2008–2020) Raoul Langlois
Area1 40.65 km2 (15.70 sq mi)
Population (2010)2 7,741
 • Density 190/km2 (490/sq mi)
INSEE/Postal code 21038 / 21130
Elevation 181–211 m (594–692 ft)
(avg. 184 m or 604 ft)

1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.

Auxonne is a French commune in the Côte-d'Or department in the Burgundy region of eastern France. The inhabitants of the commune are known as Auxonnais or Auxonnaises.[1]

Auxonne is one of the sites of the defensive structures of Vauban, clearly seen from the train bridge as it enters the Auxonne SNCF train station on the Dijon - Besançon train line. It also was home to the Artillery School where Napoleon received his first training.

The commune has been awarded one flower by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.[2]

Pronunciation

Due to an exception in the French language, the name is pronounced [osɔn][3] (In Aussonne the "x" is pronounced "ss"). The current spelling of the name comes from a habit of copyists of the Middle Ages who replaced the double "s" by a cross which does not change the pronunciation. This cross, equated with "x" in ancient Greek, was pronounced "ks" in French only from the 18th century but this modification does not change the usage.[4] In practice, however, the pronunciation of Auxonne is debatable, the inhabitants themselves being divided between a pronunciation of "ks" and "ss": local elected officials as well as SNCF announcements retain the pronunciation "ks".[5] This pronunciation has the merit of avoiding a homophone with the Upper Garonne commune of Aussonne.

Geography

The city of Auxonne is located at the edge of Côte-d'Or department along the boundary between Burgundy and Franche-Comté some 30 km south-east of Dijon and 45 km west by south-west of Besancon. Access to the commune is by road D905 from Genlis in the north-west which passes through the town and continues south-east to Sampans. The D24 road goes south from the town to Labergement-lès-Auxonne, the D110A goes south-east to Rainans, the D208 goes east to Peintre, and the D20 goes north-east to Flammerans. There are very large forests along the western side of the commune and Auxonne town has a large urban area with the rest of the commune farmland.[6]

The western border of the commune is the Saône river as it flows south to eventually join the Rhône at Lyon. The commune is at an altitude ranging between 181 m and 211 m[7] which makes it virtually immune to floods that envelop the region during major floods.

Geology

Auxonne belongs to a region called the plain of Saône. The plain, with Bresse, is a geo-morphological unit of the Bressan depression: an extensive collapsed formation dating from the Miocene extending from the Upper Rhine Plain and the Rhone basin. The plain of Saône is limited in the north by the Upper Saône plateau, to the west by the Burgundian limestone ridge, to the east by the plateaux of the Jura then by the Bresse, and finally to the south by the Beaujolais vineyards. The plain of Saône drops from 250 m altitude in the north to 175 m in the south-east is traversed by the river from north to south for over 150 km.

The city of Auxonne is specifically in the alluvial ribbon called the Val de Saône - a band a few kilometres wide that follows the river. Its immediate limit in the Auxonne area is ten kilometres to the east where there is a rise of the Massif de la Serre to an altitude of about 400 metres.

Climate

The climate of the Val de Saône has several conflicting influences but is still a dominant continental climate. It is marked, however, by an oceanic influence that is strongly attenuated by the hills of Morvan which acts as a barrier. There is also a meridional influence in summer which allows the Saône valley, an extension of the Rhone valley, to enjoy good sunshine which is which is also seen in late spring and early autumn thereby lengthening the summer. Finally there is the continental influence on the Saône valley climate with cold winters and sometimes late frosts. Fog is common from October to March (65 to 70 days per year). The summers are hot enough. Rainfall is well distributed throughout the year with summer and winter relatively less than autumn and spring.

Neighbouring communes and villages

 Villers-les-Pots Athée Flammerans
Champdôtre Peintre
   Auxonne  
Tillenay Labergement-lès-Auxonne Biarne

History

Water sports on the Saône

Origins

Modern historians agree on doubting the veracity of the assertions contained in the Chronicle of Bèze (the name of the monastery founded by Amalgaire who is referred to as Amauger in the History of Burgundy[8]) in the first half of the 7th century concerning the term Assona to refer to Auxonne in the first half of the 7th century.

The first three authentic instruments where the name Auxonne appears date from 1172, 1173 and 1178.

The first two are associated with Count Stephen II of Auxonne (died 1173) and the third is in a bull of Pope Alexander III. The act of 1173 was a donation made by the Count to the monastery of Saint-Vivant de Vergy. The pontifical act of 1178 was a confirmation of all the possessions of the priory of Saint-Vivant which included the town of Auxonne.

Religious rights of Auxonne date back to around 870, the date of establishment of their monastery in the pagus (County) of Amous (or Amaous) in the Jura of Burgundy (later called the County of Burgundy then Franche-Comté), six miles from the Saône on land belonging to Agilmar, bishop of Clermont. The place took the name which it still has today: Saint-Vivant-en-Amous (between Auxonne and Dole). The monks remained in Amous for more than twenty years; the Normans from Hastings destroyed the monastery when they invaded Burgundy. Count Manassès built them a new monastery (circa 895-896) in Frankish Burgundy in the County of Beaune on the slopes of Mount Vergy. While they were in Amous they cleared the area and installed fishermen's huts along the Saône. According to a hypothesis by some historians, these huts became the germ of the future town of Auxonne. Installed in their remote region of Vergy, far from their difficult to defend lands, the monks of Saint-Vivant felt the need to subordinate (undoubtedly to William IV, Count of Vienne and Mâcon (died 1155)) their lands in Amous to remove the covetousness and retain their rights and properties. According to a second hypothesis, the feudal lord established a new town along Saône which took the name of Auxonne. Auxonne therefore was in the pagus of Amous.

The division of the Treaty of Verdun of 843 placed Amous in the prize of Lothair I and, despite the complicated divisions that followed, this county was Holy Roman Empire land and fell within the sphere of influence of the Count of Burgundy - i.e. the future Franche-Comté.

The attachment to the Duchy of Burgundy

The 1826 Ramparts on the south side
The 1826 Ramparts on the south side

In 1172 the city had grown in importance: Count Stephen I of Auxonne, the younger branch of Burgundy County and son of William (died 1157), had settled there. His successor Stephen II, Count of Auxonne (died 1241) and son of the previous head of the younger branch of Burgundy County, was master of rich domains, ambitious, powerful, and supported by the premier families of the country, nourished some pretensions to supplant the elder branch. He worked conspicuously. In 1197, taking advantage of unrest in Germany, Stephen III, renounced loyalty to Otto I (died 14 January 1201), and took the Auxonne tribute to the Duke of Burgundy, Odo III, while guaranteeing the rights of Saint-Vivant de Vergy. In return, Odo III promised to help him in his fight against the Palatinate. Auxonne escaped the county movement.

In 1237 the head of the County was Otto III (died 19 June 1248), son and successor of Otto I, Duke of Merania (died 6 May 1234). On June 15 of that year, under an exchange agreement concluded at Saint-Jean-de-Losne between John, Count of Chalon (1190-30 September 1267) (the main character of the agreement and son of Stephen III, long associated with his father's business and heir of Beatrice de Chalon (1170-7 April 1227) his mother and Stephen III himself) and Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy, the town of Auxonne and all the possessions of Stephen III in the basin of the Saône were transferred to the Duke of Burgundy in exchange for the Barony of Salins and ten strategic positions of the first importance in the County. In coming under the rule of the Dukes of Burgundy, Auxonne became a bridgehead of the duchy on the eastern bank of the Saône, on Holy Roman Empire soil, and escaped the Germanic influence.

The attachment of Auxonne to the Duchy of Burgundy gave it the status as of a border town between the Duchy of Burgundy and the County of Burgundy, between French and Germanic influence that would determine the fate of the town in the following centuries.

Auxonne under the Dukes of Valois

Sheltered behind its ramparts that it continued to fortify, the fortress was a major base for launching military operations: it was from Auxonne that Odo IV in 1336 dismissed the threat of dissenting county barons entering as he was their lawful sovereign since his marriage with Jeanne de France (1308-1349), heir to the County. Between 1364 and 1369 there was fighting at the castle of Philip the Bold from Auxonne against the county barons and free companies. At the beginning of the 15th century, with the civil war that ravaged France, war was constant around the walls which forced the city to remain constantly alert. Between 1434 and 1444 there was a new threat: bands of idle soldiers called Écorcheurs because they took all. The people of Auxonne kept watch on the ramparts while the formidable soldiery ravaged the countryside. As if their misfortune were not enough there were two fires five years apart on 7 March 1419 and 15 September 1424 which devastated the city.

It was not until 1444 that there was a period of peace that lasted until the advent of Charles the Bold in 1467.

In 1468, following the Treaty of Peronne, tension revived between the king of France and the Duke of Burgundy - Charles the Bold. The town soon looked to put its defences in order. In 1471 it made a contribution to the fight against the army of the Dauphiné which was sent by Louis XI and which penetrated the duchy. The adventurous policy of the fiery Duke finally led his dynasty to ruin. On the death of the Duke on 5 January 1477 Louis XI seized the duchy without delay with virtually no resistance. The royal army returned to Dijon on 1 February 1477.

The attachment to the kingdom of France

The special status of Outer Saône lands, which were not a domain of the crown given prerogatives, did not stop Louis XI from his conquest. But the Comtois people revolted followed by those from Auxonne. After two years of resistance to the invader and after the carnage of Dole at the Chateau of Dole on 25 May 1479 they were left without support by Mary of Burgundy. Auxonne held out for 12 days in the siege by the royal army commanded by Charles d'Amboise before opening its doors on 4 June 1477 to the French invader. The town, attached to the crown of France, would share the fate of the monarchy.

The Duchy of Burgundy and the County of Burgundy were always united but this time under the crown of France had changed masters and for another 14 years had a common destiny.

For political ends Louis XI, while he solemnly confirmed the maintenance of all the privileges of the town to ensure the loyalty of his new subjects, hastened to build a mighty fortress, the Chateau d'Auxonne, at Auxonne at the province's expense, which still dominates Iliote square, to guard against any attempt of rebellion.

Charles VIII challenged Louis XI as, while he was engaged to Marguerite, daughter of Mary of Burgundy and Maximilian I of Habsburg, heiress of the Duchy of Burgundy, and after the dowry of his future wife arrived in the County, he preferred to marry Anne, heiress of Brittany, and thus took the important Duchy of Brittany from the kingdom of France.

Auxonne becomes a border town

The Treaty of Senlis (23 May 1493), signed between Charles VIII and Maximilian again separated the two Burgundies. Auxonne again became a French bridgehead on the Imperial Bank and its walls had to protect the kingdom of France against attempts by Habsburg to resolve by force the "question of Burgundy" and the Habsburg claims on Burgundy.

There were soon tensions on the Empire side. From 1494 the Italian wars were rekindled. Again the walls were consolidated and the County door was built in 1503.

Auxonne repulses the Imperials

On 14 January 1526 the Treaty of Madrid was signed, after the Battle of Pavia, between François I and Charles V. The King of France was forced to abandon Burgundy and the County of Auxonne, among other territories. The States of Burgundy combined on 8 June 1526 and refused to separate from the crown of France. In response the Emperor tried to conquer the County of Auxonne. In front of the walls of the city Lannoy, commander of the imperial armies, found such strong resistance on the part of all the people he had to give up.

Henri III declares the Auxonne people guilty of lèse-majesté

In 1574 Charles of Lorraine, the younger brother of Henri I of Guise and Charles, Duke of Mayenne, whom history remembers simply under the name Mayenne, became Duke and governor of Burgundy. A champion of the Catholic cause, he extended the religious wars to political wars. He worked to establish his own government and attached the neighbouring land of Lorraine under the Guise government to the Burgundian province. The death of the Duke of Anjou, brother of Henry III, in 1584 made Henry of Navarre, a Protestant, the presumptive heir to the crown gave the Catholic League a new activity. Civil war began again. Mayenne sought to retain the strongholds of Burgundy for his County. On 2 April 1585 the people of Auxonne received a letter from King Henry III recommending them to ensure the safety of their town and especially "in not receiving the Duke of Mayenne".

The people of Auxonne, loyal to the king, hastened to execute orders. Jean de Saulx-Tavannes, governor of the city and the Chateau of Auxonne at first took the measures imposed then secretly strengthened the garrison of the castle as he suspected that the inhabitants of conspiring with Mayenne to deliver it to him instead. Counselled by Joachim de Rochefort, Baron of Pluvault, the magistrates decided to seize the governor. They arrested him on Saints' Day in 1585 when it was making his devotions in the church. The Count of Charny, a close relative of Jean de Saulx,[9] Lieutenant General in Burgundy, approved this act of loyalty to the Crown by the people of Auxonne. When the King was informed he praised the people for their loyalty but concessions to Leaguers which were formalised by the signing of the Treaty of Nemours on 7 July 1585 forced Henry III to equivocate. He asked the people to deliver Tavannes into the hands of Charny and named Claude de Bauffremont, Baron of Sennecey known for his Mayenne sympathies, as governor of the town and Chateau of Auxonne.

In complete defiance and sniffing betrayal, the people of Auxonne handed Tavannes to the County of Charny who shut him up in his castle at Pagny, refused Sennecey as governor, and continued to claim in his place the Baron of Pluvault. In January 1586 new orders from the king expressed his dissatisfaction with these repeated refusals. The situation was difficult for the people but they received encouragement in their resistance from the future Henri IV who was at Montauban and sent them a letter of encouragement on 25 January 1586. Meanwhile, Tavannes had escaped from his prison at Pagny. The first use he made of his new-found freedom was an attempt to retake Auxonne by surprise. On 10 February 1586 he appeared before the walls with two hundred men at arms. His attempt was unsuccessful.

Statue of Lieutenant Bonaparte by François Jouffroy

Despite orders and injunctions that the people receive Sennecey as governor, they still held to Pluvault. His patience tired, Henry III, by letters patent of 1 May 1586, declared the Auxonne people guilty of Lèse-majesté and ordered action by force so arrangements were made accordingly. The Auxonne people were obstinate in their refusal, but loyal to the crown, and were ready for a showdown. They refused to open the gates of the city to the Count of Charny who was obliged to find housing in Tillenay. They did consent to open the gate for President Jeannin who came to mediate with the Squire of Pluvault to save Auxonne from ruin. Jean Delacroix (or John of the Cross), a countryman of Auxonnais and private secretary to Catherine de Medici[10] arrived with his deputation to the king with Letters of credence for Sir Charny giving him full powers to deal with the people .

The negotiations resulted in an accord reached and signed on 15 August 1586 at Tillenay. The Treaty revoked letters that declared the people of Auxonne guilty of lese majeste, exempted them from contribution for nine years, and granted a gratuity of 90,000 francs to the Baron of Pluvault. This treaty was approved by letters patent of 19 August 1586 and on the 25th of the same month the Baron of Sennecey was received and installed as governor of the town and Chateau of Auxonne. Received by the people with the greatest distrust, Sennecey showed himself as the man for the job.[11]

The Treaty of Nijmegen

The town finally lost its designation as a border town with the conquest of the County by Louis XIV but it still remained an important place as indicated by the stationing there of the 511th logistics regiment.

The city of Auxonne remained famous because of two visits that were made by a young second lieutenant in the regiment of La Fere named Napoleon Bonaparte who was later to make his name known across Europe. The Bonaparte district preserves the room he occupied during one of his stays. There is also a small museum in a tower of the Chateau of Auxonne, his set square, his fencing foil, and objects he offered during his stay, as well as one of his hats.

Contemporary era

During the Second World War Auxonne was liberated on 10 September 1944 by troops who landed in Provence.[12]

Heraldry

 Blazon:

Party per pale, at 1 party per fesse, Azure, Semé-de-lis of Or bordure compony of Argent and Gules first and bendy of Or and Azure bordure of Giules second; at 2 Azure a demi-cross moline Argent sinister mouvant per pale.

The earlier arms of Auxonne were blazoned:

Azure, a cross moline of Argent

Administration

List of Successive Mayors[13]

Mayors from 1935
From To Name Party Position
1935 1944 L. C. Personne
1944 1960 Jean Guichard
1960 1965 Pierre Moreau
1965 1989 Jean Huggon
1989 2001 Camille Deschamps
2001 2008 Antoine Sanz
2008 2020 Raoul Langlois

(Not all data is known)

The Canton of Auxonne and its 16 communes

Auxonne is the capital of its canton and is the commune with the highest population in the canton.

Twinning

Auxonne has twinning associations with:[14]

Demography

In 2010 the commune had 7,741 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger communes that have a sample survey every year.[Note 1]

Population Change (See database)
1793 1800 1806 1821 1831 1836 1841 1846 1851
4,689 5,282 4,839 5,043 5,287 5,150 4,979 4,598 6,265
1856 1861 1866 1872 1876 1881 1886 1891 1896
6,960 7,103 5,911 5,555 6,532 6,849 7,164 6,695 6,697
1901 1906 1911 1921 1926 1931 1936 1946 1954
6,135 6,307 6,303 4,304 5,343 4,988 5,442 5,164 6,757
1962 1968 1975 1982 1990 1999 2006 2010 -
5,704 5,803 6,485 7,121 6,781 7,154 - 7,741 -

Sources : Ldh/EHESS/Cassini until 1962, INSEE database from 1968 (population without double counting and municipal population from 2006)

Economy

The town has a branch of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Dijon.

Culture and heritage

The Town Hall

Civil heritage

The commune has a number of buildings and structures that are registered as historical monuments:

Other sites of interest

Religious heritage

The Church of Notre-Dame

The commune has one religious building that is registered as an historical monument:

The Church of Notre-Dame (13th century).[27] The construction of the main part lasted all through the 13th century, first the nave in 1200, then the choir, apse, and the chapels between 1200 and 1250. The construction of the door started in the 14th century. The side chapels were raised in the 14th and 15th centuries. In 1516, under the direction of Master Loys - the architect of the church of Saint-Michel de Dijon - the construction of the portal surmounted by two towers of unequal heights began. In 1525 the Jacquemart (now disappeared) was installed in the tower. In 1858 a campaign of rehabilitation was organized under the auspices of the municipality and executed by Phal Blando, an architect in the town. This campaign included two side portals, implementation of a slender, octagonal, pyramidal, and slightly twisted tower called a Crooked spire. Its spire. which is made from slate, rises 33 metres above its platform - 11 metres higher than the previous one. The church is also noteworthy for the gargoyles and statues (including prophets) that adorn the outside. The Church contains many items that are registered as historical objects:

  • A Platform Organ (17th century)[28]
  • The instrumental part of the Organ (1789)[29]
  • The sideboard of the Organ (1614)[30]
  • A Collection Plate (16th century)[31]
  • A Painting: the Crucifixion (17th century)[32]
  • A Painting: Virgin and Child (15th century)[33]
  • A Statue: Unidentified Saint (16th century)[34]
  • A Tombstone for Pierre Morel (15th century)[35]
  • A Tombstone for Hugues Morel (15th century)[36]
  • A Statue: Saint Antoine (16th century)[37]
  • A Statue: Christ of Pity (16th century)[38]
  • A Statue: Virgin and Child (15th century)[39]
  • A Pulpit (1556)[40]
  • A Lectern (1562)[41]
  • Stalls (17th century)[42]

The 'Church of the Nativity contains many items that are registered as historical objects:

Military heritage

The Notre-Dame Tower at the Château of Auxonne

There are several military structures that are registered as historical monuments:

The Porte de Comté.
The Arsenal
Other military sites of interest

Notable people linked to the commune

Governors of the Town and the Château of Auxonne

Other people

The Bonaparte barracks
Aerial view of the barracks

Military Life

Military units that have been garrisoned at Auxonne:

See also

Bibliography

Notes

  1. ↑ At the beginning of the 21st century, the methods of identification have been modified by Law No. 2002-276 of 27 February 2002, the so-called "law of local democracy" and in particular Title V "census operations" allows, after a transitional period running from 2004 to 2008, the annual publication of the legal population of the different French administrative districts. For communes with a population greater than 10,000 inhabitants, a sample survey is conducted annually, the entire territory of these communes is taken into account at the end of the period of five years. The first "legal population" after 1999 under this new law came into force on 1 January 2009 and was based on the census of 2006.

References

  1. ↑ Inhabitants of Côte-d'Or (French)
  2. ↑ Auxonne in the Competition for Towns and Villages in Bloom (French)
  3. ↑ Jean-Marie Pierret, Historical phonetics of French and general phonetics, Louvain-la-Neuve, Peeters, 1994, p. 104. (French)
  4. ↑ According to Jean d'Osta, Historic Dictionary of the suburbs of Brussels, Bruxelles, Le Livre, 1996, ISBN 2-930135-10-7 (French).
  5. ↑ Announcements aboard trains
  6. ↑ Google Maps
  7. ↑ IGN data
  8. ↑ In Jean Richard, History of Burgundy, édition Privat, 1978, p. 119. (French)
  9. ↑ His elder brother, William of Saulx and Count of Tavannes, had married Catherine Chabot, daughter of Leonor Chabot, Count of Charny. He himself had first married Catherine Chabot, daughter of François Chabot and Marquis de Miribel, with whom he had three children. For his second wife he married Gabrielle Desprez who gave him eight children. In Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Sens, Vol. VIII, 1863, p. 240 and 246 (French)
  10. ↑ Pierre Camp, Illustrated Guide to Auxonne, p. 21. and Henri Drouot, Mayenne and Burgundy, study on the League, 1587-1597, Picard, 1937, p. 403. (French)
  11. ↑ Pierre Camp, Illustrated Guide to Auxonne, p. 21. (French)
  12. ↑ Stéphane Simonnet, Atlas of the Liberation of France, éd. Autrement, Paris, 1994, reprint 2004 (ISBN 2-7467-0495-1), p 35 (French)
  13. ↑ List of Mayors of France (French)
  14. ↑ National Commission for Decentralised cooperation (French)
  15. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Mérimée PA00112086 House in parts of wood and brick (French)
  16. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Mérimée PA00112087 House at 6 Rue du Bourg (French)
  17. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Mérimée PA00112085 Hotel Jean de la Croix (French)
  18. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Mérimée IA21004498 Civil and Military Hospital (French)
  19. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Mérimée IA21003386 Hospice Saint-Anne (French)
  20. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Mérimée PA00112084 Covered Market (French)
  21. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM21000148 Group Sculpture: Virgin of Pity (French)
  22. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM21002623 Platform Railway Wagon (French)
  23. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM21000147 Statue: Christ on the Cross (French)
  24. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM21000146 Bas-relief with the Arms of the Bossuet family (French)
  25. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM21000145 2 Columns (French)
  26. ↑ VNF Information plaque for the inauguration of the new Barrage dam at Auxonne (French)
  27. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Mérimée PA00112083 Church of Notre-Dame (French)
  28. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM21003094 Platform Organ (French)
  29. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM21000136 Instrumental part of the Organ (French)
  30. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM21000126 Sideboard of the Organ (French)
  31. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM21000150 Collection Plate (French)
  32. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM21000149 Painting: The Crucifixion (French)
  33. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM21000135 Painting: Virgin and Child (French)
  34. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM21000134 Statue: Unidentified Saint (French)
  35. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM21000133 Tombstone: Pierre Morel (French)
  36. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM21000132 Tombstone: Hugues Morel (French)
  37. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM21000131 Statue: Saint Antoine (French)
  38. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM21000130 Statue: Christ of Pity (French)
  39. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM21000129 Statue: Virgin and Child (French)
  40. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM21000128 Pulpit (French)
  41. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM21000127 Lectern (French)
  42. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM21000125 Stalls (French)
  43. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy IM21005897 Monumental Painting: Christ in Glory (French)
  44. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy IM21005896 Monumental Painting: The Crucifixion (French)
  45. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy IM21005895 Monumental Painting: Arms and Funeral Inscriptions (French)
  46. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy IM21005894 Monumental Painting: Saint Eveque (French)
  47. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy IM21005893 Monumental Painting: A Scene (French)
  48. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy IM21005892 Monumental Painting: The hunt of Saint Herbert (French)
  49. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy IM21005891 Furniture in the Church (French)
  50. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy IM21000979 Furniture in the Church (French)
  51. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy IM21005890 Monumental Painting: Fleur-de-lis and false apparatus (French)
  52. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy IM21005889 Mural Painting: Saint Eveque (1) (French)
  53. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Mérimée PA00112082 Chateau (French)
  54. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM21000144 Chimney (French)
  55. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Mérimée PA00112089 Port Royale (French)
  56. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Mérimée PA00112088 Port Comté (French)
  57. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Mérimée PA00112081 Arsenal (French)
  58. ↑ Taken from: Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of, Vol. VIII, 1863, pp. 238-247 (French)
  59. ↑ Pierre Camp, Illustrated Guide to Auxonne, p. 95. (French)
  60. ↑ Horric de Beaucaire, Memoirs of Du Plessis-Besançon, p. 26. (French)
  61. ↑ Pierre Camp, Illustrated Guide to Auxonne, p. 97. and Bernard Alis, The Thiards, warriors and good spirits. Claude and Henri-Charles de Thiard de Bissy, and their family, L’Harmattan, Paris, 1997. p. 295. (French)
  62. ↑ See: Memoirs of Captain Landolphe, containing the history of his voyages in 36 years on the coasts of Africa and the two Americas, drafted from his manuscript by J.-S. Quesné, Paris, 1823 (French)

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