Benjamin Netanyahu
| Benjamin Netanyahu | |
|---|---|
 Netanyahu in 2012 | |
| 9th Prime Minister of Israel | |
|
Assumed office 31 March 2009 | |
| President | |
| Preceded by | Ehud Olmert |
|
In office 18 June 1996 – 6 July 1999 | |
| President | Ezer Weizman |
| Preceded by | Shimon Peres |
| Succeeded by | Ehud Barak |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | |
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Assumed office 18 December 2012 | |
| Preceded by | Avigdor Lieberman |
| Succeeded by | Avigdor Lieberman |
|
In office 6 November 2002 – 28 February 2003 | |
| Prime Minister | Ariel Sharon |
| Preceded by | Shimon Peres |
| Succeeded by | Silvan Shalom |
| Leader of the Opposition | |
|
In office 28 March 2006 – 31 March 2009 | |
| Prime Minister | Ehud Olmert |
| Preceded by | Amir Peretz |
| Succeeded by | Tzipi Livni |
| Minister of Finance | |
|
In office 28 February 2003 – 9 August 2005 | |
| Prime Minister | Ariel Sharon |
| Preceded by | Silvan Shalom |
| Succeeded by | Ehud Olmert |
| Personal details | |
| Born |
21 October 1949 Tel Aviv, Israel |
| Nationality | Israeli |
| Political party | Likud |
| Other political affiliations | Likud Beiteinu (2012–14) |
| Spouse(s) |
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| Children |
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| Parents |
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| Alma mater | |
| Profession |
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| Religion | Judaism |
| Signature |
 |
| Website |
netanyahu |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |
 Israel |
| Service/branch |
 Israeli Defense Forces |
| Years of service | 1967–73 |
| Rank |
 Seren (Captain) |
| Unit | Sayeret Matkal |
| Battles/wars | |
Benjamin "Bibi" Netanyahu (Hebrew: 
בִּנְיָמִין "בִּיבִּי" נְתַנְיָהוּ ; born 21 October 1949) is the current Prime Minister of Israel. Netanyahu also currently serves as a member of the Knesset and Chairman of the Likud party.
Born in Tel Aviv, Israel, to secular Jewish parents,[1][2] Netanyahu is the first Israeli prime minister born in Israel after the establishment of the state.
Netanyahu joined the Israel Defense Forces shortly after the Six-Day War in 1967, and became a team leader in the Sayeret Matkal special forces unit. Netanyahu took part in many missions, including Operation Inferno (1968), Operation Gift (1968) and Operation Isotope (1972), during which he was shot in the shoulder. Netanyahu fought on the front lines in the War of Attrition and the Yom Kippur War in 1973, taking part in special forces raids along the Suez Canal, and then leading a commando assault deep into Syrian territory.[3][4] Netanyahu achieved the rank of captain before being discharged.
After graduating from MIT with SB and SM degrees, Netanyahu was recruited as an economic consultant for the Boston Consulting Group. Netanyahu returned to Israel in 1978 to found the Yonatan Netanyahu Anti-Terror Institute, named after his brother Yonatan Netanyahu, who died leading Operation Entebbe. Netanyahu served as the Israeli ambassador to the United Nations from 1984 to 1988.
Netanyahu became the leader of Likud in 1993. Netanyahu won the 1996 elections, becoming Israel's youngest ever Prime Minister, serving his first term from June 1996 to July 1999. Netanyahu moved from the political arena to the private sector after being defeated in the 1999 election for prime minister by Ehud Barak. Netanyahu returned to politics in 2002 as Foreign Affairs Minister (2002–03) and Finance Minister (2003–05) in Ariel Sharon's governments, but he departed the government over disagreements regarding the Gaza disengagement plan. As Minister of Finance, Netanyahu engaged in a major reform of the Israeli economy, which was credited by commentators as having significantly improved Israel's subsequent economic performance.[5] Netanyahu retook the Likud leadership in December 2005, after Sharon left to form a new party, Kadima.[6]
In December 2006, Netanyahu became the official Leader of the Opposition in the Knesset and Chairman of Likud. Following the 2009 parliamentary election, in which Likud placed second and right-wing parties won a majority,[7] Netanyahu formed a coalition government.[8][9] After the victory in the 2013 elections, he became the second person to be elected to the position of Prime Minister for a third term, after Israel's founder David Ben-Gurion. In March 2015, Netanyahu was elected to his fourth term as prime minister.
Netanyahu has been elected Prime Minister of Israel four times, matching David Ben-Gurion's record. Netanyahu is the only prime minister in Israel's history to have been elected three times in a row.[10] Netanyahu is currently the second longest-serving Prime Minister in Israel's history after David Ben-Gurion,[11] and upon the completion of his current term he will become the longest-serving Prime Minister in the history of Israel.[12]
Biography
Early life and career
Netanyahu was born in 1949 in Tel Aviv, Israel, to Tzila Segal (28 August 1912 – 31 January 2000) and Warsaw-born Prof. Benzion Netanyahu (1910–2012), the middle of three children. He was initially raised and educated in Jerusalem, where he attended Henrietta Szold Elementary School. A copy of his evaluation from his 6th grade teacher Ruth Rubenstein indicated that Netanyahu was courteous, polite, and helpful; that his work was "responsible and punctual"; and that Netanyahu was friendly, disciplined, cheerful, brave, active and obedient.[13] Between 1956 and 1958, and again from 1963 to 1967,[14] his family lived in the United States in Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Philadelphia, where he attended and graduated from Cheltenham High School and was active in a debate club. To this day, he speaks fluent English, with a noticeable Philadelphia accent.[15]
After graduating from high school in 1967, Netanyahu returned to Israel to enlist in the Israel Defense Forces. He trained as a combat soldier and served for five years in an elite special forces unit of the IDF, Sayeret Matkal. He took part in numerous cross-border assault raids during the 1967–70 War of Attrition, rising to become a team-leader in the unit. He was wounded in combat on multiple occasions.[4] He was involved in many other missions, including Operation Inferno (1968), and the rescue of the hijacked Sabena Flight 571 in May 1972 in which he was shot in the shoulder.[16]
After completing his army service in 1972, Netanyahu returned to the United States in late 1972 to study architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He returned to Israel in October 1973 to serve in the Yom Kippur War in the Sayeret Matkal commando unit.[3][17] While there, he fought in special forces raids along the Suez Canal against the Egyptian forces, before leading a commando attack deep inside Syrian territory, whose mission remains classified today.[18]
"I have great respect for the unit. This is a unit that changes the reality of our lives even though its actions are a secret. Although it is a small unit, it influences all branches of the military... My service in the unit strengthened my understanding of the risks involved behind approving operations and the risks that fighters are taking on. It is tangible and not theoretical for me."
Benjamin Netanyahu, on Sayeret Matkal, (Maariv 2007)[3]
He then returned to the United States and completed an SB degree[19] in architecture[20] in February 1975 and earned an SM[19] degree from the MIT Sloan School of Management in 1977. Concurrently, he was studying towards a doctorate[17] in political science at Harvard University,[21][22] until his studies were broken off by the death of his brother in Operation Entebbe.[17]
At MIT, Netanyahu studied a double-load, completing an SM (that would normally take four years) in only two and a half years, despite taking a break to fight in the Yom Kippur War, and while simultaneously completing a thesis in a graduate course at Harvard.[17] Professor Groisser at MIT recalled: "He did superbly. He was very bright. Organized. Strong. Powerful. He knew what he wanted to do and how to get it done."[17] It was reported that Netanyahu has an IQ of 180.[23]
At that time he changed his name to Benjamin Ben Nitai (Nitai, a reference to both Mount Nitai and to the eponymous Jewish sage Nittai of Arbela, was a pen name often used by his father for articles).[15][24] Years later, in an interview with the media, Netanyahu clarified that he decided to do so to make it easier for Americans to pronounce his name. This fact has been used by his political rivals to accuse him indirectly of a lack of Israeli national identity and loyalty.[25]
In 1976 Netanyahu's older brother Yonatan Netanyahu was killed. Yonatan was serving as the commander of Benjamin's former unit, the Sayeret Matkal, and died during the counter-terrorism hostage-rescue mission Operation Entebbe in which his unit rescued more than 100 mostly Israeli hostages hijacked by terrorists and flown to the Entebbe Airport in Uganda.
In 1976 Netanyahu graduated near the top of his class at the MIT Sloan School of Management,[26] and was headhunted to be an economic consultant[27] for the Boston Consulting Group in Boston, Massachusetts, working at the company between 1976 and 1978. At the Boston Consulting Group, he was a colleague of Mitt Romney, with whom he formed a lasting friendship. Romney remembers that Netanyahu at the time was: "[A] strong personality with a distinct point of view", and says "[w]e can almost speak in shorthand... [w]e share common experiences and have a perspective and underpinning which is similar."[26] Netanyahu said that their "easy communication" was a result of "B.C.G.'s intellectually rigorous boot camp."[26]
In 1978, Netanyahu appeared on Boston local television, under the name of 'Ben Nitai', where he argued: "The real core of the conflict is the unfortunate Arab refusal to accept the State of Israel ... For 20 years the Arabs had both the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, and if self-determination, as they now say, is the core of the conflict, they could have easily established a Palestinian state."[28]
In 1978, Netanyahu returned to Israel. Between 1978 and 1980 he ran the Jonathan Netanyahu Anti-Terror Institute,[14] a non-governmental organization devoted to the study of terrorism; the Institute held a number of international conferences focused on the discussion of international terrorism. From 1980 to 1982 he was director of marketing for Rim Industries in Jerusalem.[29] During this period Netanyahu made his first connections with several Israeli politicians, including Minister Moshe Arens, who appointed him as his Deputy Chief of Mission at the Israeli Embassy in Washington, D.C., a position he held from 1982 until 1984.[30] Between 1984 and 1988 Netanyahu served as the Israeli ambassador to the United Nations.[30] Netanyahu was influenced by Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson, with whom he formed a relationship during the 1980s. He referred to Schneerson as "the most influential man of our time."[31][32][33]
Early political career, 1988–96
| Benjamin Netanyahu | |
|---|---|
| Knessets | 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 |
| Ministerial roles | |
| 1996–1997 | Minister of Science and Technology |
| 1996–1999 | Minister of Housing and Construction |
| 2002–2003 | Minister of Foreign Affairs |
| 2003–2005 | Minister of Finance |
| 2009–2013 | Minister of Economic Strategy |
| 2009–2013 | Minister of Pensioner Affairs |
| 2009–2013 | Minister of Health |
| 2012–2013 | Minister of Foreign Affairs |
| 2013 | Minister of Public Diplomacy and Diaspora Affairs |
| 2013 | Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Public Diplomacy and Diaspora Affairs |
| 2014– | Minister of Communications |
| 2015 | Minister of Pensioner Affairs |
| 2015– | Minister of Economy, Foreign Affairs, Minister of Health and Minister of Regional Cooperation |
_-_Benjamin_Netanyahu_and_Sorin_Hershko.jpg)
Prior to the 1988 Israeli legislative election Netanyahu returned to Israel and joined the Likud party. In the Likud's internal elections, Netanyahu was placed fifth on the party list. Later on he was elected as a Knesset member of the 12th Knesset, and was appointed as a deputy of the foreign minister Moshe Arens, and later on David Levy. Netanyahu and Levy did not cooperate and the rivalry between the two only intensified afterwards. During the Gulf War in early 1991, the English-fluent Netanyahu emerged as the principal spokesman for Israel in media interviews on CNN and other news outlets. During the Madrid Conference of 1991 Netanyahu was among members the Israeli delegation headed by Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir. After the Madrid Conference Netanyahu was appointed as Deputy Minister in the Israeli Prime Minister's Office.[30]
Following the defeat of the Likud party in the 1992 Israeli legislative elections the Likud party held a primary election in 1993 to select its leader, and Netanyahu was victorious, defeating Benny Begin, son of the late Prime Minister Menachem Begin, and veteran politician David Levy[34] (Sharon initially sought Likud party leadership as well, but quickly withdrew when it was evident that he was attracting minimal support). Shamir retired from politics shortly after the Likud's defeat in the 1992 elections.[35]
Following the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin, his temporary successor Shimon Peres decided to call early elections in order to give the government a mandate to advance the peace process.[36] Netanyahu was the Likud's candidate for Prime Minister in the 1996 Israeli legislative election which took place on 26 May 1996 and were the first Israeli elections in which Israelis elected their Prime Minister directly. Netanyahu hired American Republican political operative Arthur Finkelstein to run his campaign, and although the American style of sound bites and sharp attacks elicited harsh criticism from inside Israel, it proved effective (the method was later copied by Ehud Barak during the 1999 election campaign in which Barak beat Netanyahu). When Netanyahu won the 1996 election, he became the youngest person in the history of the position and the first Israeli Prime Minister to be born in the State of Israel (Yitzhak Rabin was born in Jerusalem, under the British Mandate of Palestine, prior to the 1948 founding of the Israeli state).
Netanyahu's victory over the pre-election favorite Shimon Peres surprised many. The main catalyst in the downfall of the latter was a wave of suicide bombings shortly before the elections; on 3 and 4 March 1996, Palestinians carried out two suicide bombings, killing 32 Israelis, with Peres seemingly unable to stop the attacks. Unlike Peres, Netanyahu did not trust Yasser Arafat and conditioned any progress at the peace process on the Palestinian National Authority fulfilling its obligations – mainly fighting terrorism, and ran with the campaign slogan "Netanyahu – making a safe peace". However, although Netanyahu won the election for Prime Minister, Labor won the Knesset elections, beating the Likud–Gesher–Tzomet alliance, meaning Netanyahu had to rely on a coalition with the ultra-Orthodox parties, Shas and UTJ (whose social welfare policies flew in the face of his capitalistic outlook) in order to govern.
First premiership (1996–99)
_-_P.M._BENJAMIN_NETANYAHU_SHAKING_HANDS_WITH_PALESTINIAN_AUTHORITY_CHAIRMAN_YASSER_ARAFAT.jpg)
A spate of suicide bombings reinforced the Likud position for security. Hamas claimed responsibility for most of the bombings. As Prime Minister Netanyahu raised many questions about many central premises of the Oslo peace process. One of his main points was disagreement with the Oslo premise that the negotiations should proceed in stages, meaning that concessions should be made to Palestinians before any resolution was reached on major issues, such as the status of Jerusalem, and the amending of the Palestinian National Charter. Oslo supporters had claimed that the multi-stage approach would build goodwill among Palestinians and would propel them to seek reconciliation when these major issues were raised in later stages. Netanyahu said that these concessions only gave encouragement to extremist elements, without receiving any tangible gestures in return. He called for tangible gestures of Palestinian goodwill in return for Israeli concessions. Despite his stated differences with the Oslo Accords, Prime Minister Netanyahu continued their implementation, but his Premiership saw a marked slow-down in the Peace Process.
In 1996, Netanyahu and Jerusalem's mayor Ehud Olmert decided to open an exit in the Arab Quarter for the Western Wall Tunnel, which prior Prime Minister Shimon Peres had instructed to be put on hold for the sake of peace.[37] This sparked three days of rioting by Palestinians, resulting in both Israelis and Palestinians being killed.[38] In January 1997 Netanyahu signed the Hebron Protocol with the Palestinian Authority which resulted in the redeployment of Israeli forces in Hebron and the turnover of civilian authority in much of the area to the Palestinian Authority.
Eventually, the lack of progress of the peace process led to new negotiations which produced the Wye River Memorandum in 1998 which detailed the steps to be taken by the Israeli government and Palestinian Authority to implement the earlier Interim Agreement of 1995. It was signed by Netanyahu and PLO chairman Yasser Arafat, and on 17 November 1998, Israel's 120 member parliament, the Knesset, approved the Wye River Memorandum by a vote of 75–19. As Prime Minister Netanyahu emphasized a policy of "three no(s)": no withdrawal from the Golan Heights, no discussion of the case of Jerusalem, no negotiations under any preconditions.[39]
_-_P.M._Benjamin_Netanyahu_and_his_wife%2C_Sara%2C_sip_coffee_in_a_Beduin_tent_during_their_visit_to_Petra%2C_Jordan.jpg)
During his term, Netanyahu also began a process of economic liberalization, taking steps towards a free-market economy. Under his watch, the government began selling its shares in banks and major state-run companies. Netanyahu also greatly eased Israel's strict foreign exchange controls, enabling Israelis to take an unrestricted amount of money out of the country, open foreign bank accounts, hold foreign currency, and invest freely in other countries.[40][41]
Throughout his term, Netanyahu was opposed by the political left wing in Israel and lost support from the right because of his concessions to the Palestinians in Hebron and elsewhere, and due to his negotiations with Arafat generally. Netanyahu lost favor with the Israeli public after a long chain of scandals involving his marriage and corruption charges. In 1997, police recommended that Netanyahu be indicted on corruption charges for influence-peddling. He was accused of appointing an attorney general who would reduce the charges and prosecutors ruled that there was insufficient evidence to go to trial.[42] In 1999, Netanyahu faced another scandal when the Israel Police recommended that he be tried for corruption for $100,000 in free services from a government contractor; Israel's attorney general did not prosecute, citing difficulties with evidence.[43]
After being defeated by Ehud Barak in the 1999 election for Prime Minister, Netanyahu temporarily retired from politics.[44] He subsequently served as a senior consultant with Israeli communications equipment developer BATM for two years.[45][46]
Political downturn and recovery, 2000–03
With the fall of the Barak government in late 2000, Netanyahu expressed his desire to return to politics. By law, Barak's resignation was supposed to lead to elections for the prime minister position only. Netanyahu insisted that general elections should be held, claiming that otherwise it would be impossible to have a stable government. Netanyahu decided eventually not to run for the prime minister position, a move which facilitated the surprising rise to power of Ariel Sharon, who at the time was considered less popular than Netanyahu. In 2002, after the Israeli Labor Party left the coalition and vacated the position of foreign minister, Prime Minister Ariel Sharon appointed Netanyahu as Foreign Minister.[30] Netanyahu challenged Sharon for the leadership of the Likud party, but failed to oust Sharon.[47]
On 9 September 2002, a scheduled speech by Netanyahu at Concordia University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada was canceled after hundreds of pro-Palestinian protesters overwhelmed security and smashed through a glass window. Netanyahu was not present at the protest, having remained at Montreal's Ritz-Carlton Hotel throughout the duration. He later accused the activists of supporting terrorism and "mad zealotry."[48] Weeks later on 1 October 2002 around 200 protesters met Netanyahu outside his Heinz Hall appearance in Pittsburgh although Pittsburgh Police, Israeli security and a Pittsburgh SWAT unit allowed his speeches to continue downtown at the hall and the Duquesne Club as well as suburban Robert Morris University.[49]
On 12 September 2002, Netanyahu testified (under oath as a private citizen) before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Oversight and Government Reform regarding the nuclear threat posed by the Iraqi régime: "There is no question whatsoever that Saddam is seeking and is working and is advancing towards the development of nuclear weapons – no question whatsoever," he said. "And there is no question that once he acquires it, history shifts immediately."[50] Netanyahu and other high rank officials from different countries had suspected that Iraq could develop a nuclear capability, as the country began building a nuclear power plant program in 1959 with the USSR, but Israeli airstrikes had destroyed Iraq's nuclear reactor in 1981 (see Operation Opera).[51]
Finance Minister (2003–05)
After the 2003 Israeli legislative election, in what many observers regarded as a surprise move, Sharon offered the Foreign Ministry to Silvan Shalom and offered Netanyahu the Finance Ministry. Some pundits speculated that Sharon made the move because he deemed Netanyahu a political threat given his demonstrated effectiveness as Foreign Minister, and that by placing him in the Finance Ministry during a time of economic uncertainty, he could diminish Netanyahu's popularity. Netanyahu accepted the new appointment. Sharon and Netanyahu came to an agreement that Netanyahu would have complete freedom as Finance Minister and have Sharon back all of his reforms, in exchange for Netanyahu's silence over Sharon's management of Israel's military and foreign affairs.[52]
As Finance Minister, Netanyahu undertook an economic plan in order to restore Israel's economy from its low point during the Second Intifada. Netanyahu claimed that a bloated public sector and excessive regulations were largely responsible for stifling economic growth. His plan involved a move toward more liberalized markets, although it was not without its critics. He instituted a program to end welfare dependency by requiring people to apply for jobs or training, reduced the size of the public sector, froze government spending for three years, and capped the budget deficit at 1%. The taxation system was streamlined and taxes were cut, with the top individual tax rate reduced from 64% to 44% and the corporate tax rate from 36% to 18%. A host of state assets worth billions of dollars were privatized, including banks, oil refineries, the El Al national airline, and Zim Integrated Shipping Services. The retirement ages for both men and women were raised, and currency exchange laws were further liberalized. Commercial banks were forced to spin off their long-term savings. In addition, Netanyahu attacked monopolies and cartels to increase competition. As the Israeli economy started booming and unemployment fell significantly, Netanyahu was widely credited by commentators as having performed an 'economic miracle' by the end of his tenure.[52][53][54]
However, opponents in the Labor party (and even a few within his own Likud) viewed Netanyahu's policies as "Thatcherite" attacks on the venerated Israeli social safety net.[55] Ultimately, unemployment declined while economic growth soared, the debt-to-GDP ration dropped to one of the lowest in the world, and foreign investment reached record highs.[52]
Netanyahu threatened to resign from office in 2004 unless the Gaza pullout plan was put to a referendum. He later modified the ultimatum and voted for the program in the Knesset, indicating immediately thereafter that he would resign unless a referendum was held within 14 days.[56] He submitted his resignation letter on 7 August 2005, shortly before the Israeli cabinet voted 17 to 5 to approve the initial phase of withdrawal from Gaza.[57]
Likud leader and opposition leader (2005–09)
Following the withdrawal of Sharon from the Likud, Netanyahu was one of several candidates who vied for the Likud leadership. His most recent attempt prior to this was in September 2005 when he had tried to hold early primaries for the position of the head of the Likud party, while the party held the office of Prime Minister – thus effectively pushing Ariel Sharon out of office. The party rejected this initiative. Netanyahu retook the leadership on 20 December 2005, with 47% of the primary vote, to 32% for Silvan Shalom and 15% for Moshe Feiglin.[6] In the March 2006 Knesset elections, Likud took the third place behind Kadima and Labor and Netanyahu served as Leader of the Opposition.[58] On 14 August 2007, Netanyahu was reelected as chairman of the Likud and its candidate for the post of Prime Minister with 73% of the vote, against far-right candidate Moshe Feiglin and World Likud chairman Danny Danon.[59] He opposed the 2008 Israel–Hamas ceasefire, like others in the Knesset opposition. Specifically, Netanyahu said, "This is not a relaxation, it's an Israeli agreement to the rearming of Hamas ... What are we getting for this?"[60]
In the first half of 2008, doctors removed a small colon polyp that proved to be benign.[61]
Following Tzipi Livni's election to head Kadima and Olmert's resignation from the post of Prime Minister, Netanyahu declined to join the coalition Livni was trying to form and supported new elections, which were held in February 2009.[62][63] Netanyahu was the Likud's candidate for Prime Minister in the 2009 Israeli legislative election which took place on 10 February 2009, as Livni, the previous Designated Acting Prime Minister under the Olmert government, had been unable to form a viable governing coalition. Opinion polls showed Likud in the lead, but with as many as a third of Israeli voters undecided.[64]
In the election itself, Likud won the second highest number of seats, Livni's party having outnumbered the Likud by one seat. A possible explanation for Likud's relatively poor showing is that some Likud supporters defected to Avigdor Lieberman's Yisrael Beiteinu party. Netanyahu, however, claimed victory on the basis that right wing parties won the majority of the vote, and on 20 February 2009, Netanyahu was designated by Israeli President Shimon Peres to succeed Ehud Olmert as prime minister, and began his negotiations to form a coalition government.
Despite right wing parties winning a majority of 65 seats in the Knesset, Netanyahu preferred a broader centrist coalition and turned to his Kadima rivals, chaired by Tzipi Livni, to join his government. This time it was Livni's turn to decline to join, with a difference of opinion on how to pursue the peace process being the stumbling block. Netanyahu did manage to entice a smaller rival, the Labour party, chaired by Ehud Barak, to join his government, giving him a certain amount of centrist tone. Netanyahu presented his cabinet for a Knesset "Vote of Confidence" on 31 March 2009. The 32nd Government was approved that day by a majority of 69 lawmakers to 45 (with five abstaining) and the members were sworn in.[8][9]
Second premiership, 2009–13
In 2009, US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton voiced support for the establishment of a Palestinian state—a solution not endorsed by prime minister-designate Benjamin Netanyahu,[65] with whom she had earlier pledged the United States' cooperation.[66] Upon the arrival of President Obama administration's special envoy, George Mitchell, Netanyahu said that any furtherance of negotiations with the Palestinians would be conditioned on the Palestinians recognizing Israel as a Jewish state.[67]
During President Obama's Cairo speech on 4 June 2009 in which Obama addressed the Muslim world, Obama stated, among other things, that "The United States does not accept the legitimacy of continued Israeli settlements." Following Obama's Cairo speech Netanyahu immediately called a special government meeting. On 14 June, ten days after Obama's Cairo speech, Netanyahu gave a speech at Bar-Ilan University in which he endorsed a "Demilitarized Palestinian State", though said that Jerusalem must remain the unified capital of Israel.[68] Netanyahu stated that he would accept a Palestinian state if Jerusalem were to remain the united capital of Israel, the Palestinians would have no army, and the Palestinians would give up their demand for a right of return. He also argued the right for a "natural growth" in the existing Jewish settlements in the West Bank while their permanent status is up to further negotiation. Senior Palestinian official, Sereb Ereket, said that the speech had "closed the door to permanent status negotiations" due to Netanyahu's declarations on Jerusalem, refugees and settlements.[69]
Three months after starting his term, Netanyahu remarked that his cabinet already had achieved several notable successes, such as the establishment of a working national unity government, and a broad consensus for a "two-state solution".[70] A July 2009 survey by Ha'aretz found that most Israelis support the Netanyahu government, giving him a personal approval rating of about 49 percent.[71] Netanyahu has lifted checkpoints in the West Bank in order to allow freedom of movement and a flow of imports; a step that resulted in an economic boost in the West Bank.[72][73][74] In 2009, Netanyahu welcomed the Arab Peace initiative (also known as the "Saudi Peace Initiative") and lauded a call by Bahrain's Crown Prince Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa to normalize relations with Israel.[75][76]
In August 2009, Abbas declared that he would be willing to meet with Prime Minister Netanyahu at the UN General Assembly, where Netanyahu had accepted president Obama's invitation for a "triple summit," although he said it would not necessarily lead to negotiations.[77] Netanyahu was reported to be in a pivotal moment over these understandings, that were reported to include a compromise over permission on continuing the already approved construction in the West Bank in exchange for freezing all settlements thereafter, as well as continuing building in East Jerusalem, and at the same time stopping the demolition of houses of Arab inhabitants there.[78] On 4 September 2009, it was reported that Netanyahu was to agree to settlers' political demands to approve more settlement constructions before a temporary settlement freeze agreement took place.[79] White House spokesman Robert Gibbs expressed "regret" over the move;[80] however, one U.S. official said the move will not "derail [the] train".[81]
On 7 September 2009, Netanyahu left his office without reporting where he was headed. The prime minister's military secretary, Maj. Gen. Meir Kalifi, later reported Netanyahu had visited a security facility in Israel.[82] Several different news agencies reported several different stories about where he was.[83] On 9 September 2009, Yedioth Ahronoth reported that the Israeli leader had made a secret flight to Moscow to try to persuade Russian officials not to sell S-300 anti-aircraft missile systems to Iran.[82][84][85] Headlines branded Netanyahu a "liar" and dubbed the affair a "fiasco."[86][87] It was later reported that the PM's military secretary will be dismissed due to the affair.[88] The Sunday Times reported that the trip was made to share the names of Russian scientists that Israel believes are abetting the alleged Iranian nuclear weapons program.[89]
On 24 September 2009, in an address to the United Nations General Assembly in New York, Netanyahu said Iran poses a threat to the peace of the world and that it is incumbent on the world body to prevent the Islamic Republic from obtaining nuclear weapons.[90][91] Waving the blueprints for Auschwitz and invoking the memory of his own family members murdered by the Nazis, Netanyahu delivered a passionate and public riposte to Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's questioning of the Holocaust, asking: "Have you no shame?"[92]
In response to pressure from the Obama administration urging the sides to resume peace talks, on 25 November 2009 Netanyahu announced a partial 10-month settlement construction freeze plan. The announced partial freeze had no significant effect on actual settlement construction, according to an analysis by the major Israeli daily Haaretz.[93] U.S. special envoy George Mitchell said, "while the United States shares Arab concerns about the limitations of Israel's gesture, it is more than any Israeli government has ever done".[94] In his announcement Netanyahu called the move "a painful step that will encourage the peace process" and urged the Palestinians to respond.[95] The Palestinians rejected the call, stating the gesture was "insignificant" in that thousands of recently approved settlement buildings in the West Bank would continue to be built and there would be no freeze of settlement activity in East Jerusalem.[96]
In March 2010, Israel's government approved construction of an additional 1,600 apartments in a large Jewish housing development in northern East Jerusalem called Ramat Shlomo[97] despite the position of the current U.S. Government that acts such as this thwart the peace talks between Israel and the Palestinians. The Israeli government's announcement occurred during a visit by U.S. Vice-President Joe Biden and the U.S. government subsequently issued a strongly worded condemnation of the plan.[98] Netanyahu subsequently issued a statement that all previous Israeli governments had continuously permitted construction in the neighborhood, and that certain neighborhoods such as Ramat Shlomo and Gilo have always been included as part of Israel in any final agreement plan that has been proposed by either side to date.[97] Netanyahu regretted the timing of the announcement but asserted that "our policy on Jerusalem is the same policy followed by all Israeli governments for the 42 years, and it has not changed."[99]
In September 2010, Netanyahu agreed to enter direct talks, mediated by the Obama administration, with the Palestinians for the first time in a long while.[100] The ultimate aim of these direct talks is to forge the framework of an official "final status settlement" to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict by forming a two-state solution for the Jewish people and the Palestinian people. On 27 September, the 10-month settlement freeze ended, and the Israeli government approved new construction in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem.[101] On retiring from office in July 2011, former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates had said that Netanyahu was ungrateful to the United States and endangering Israel. Responding, the Likud party defended Netanyahu by saying that most Israelis supported the Prime Minister and that he had broad support in the United States.[102][103]
In 2011, social justice protests broke out across Israel. Hundreds of thousands of people protested Israel's high cost of living throughout the country. In response, Netanyahu appointed the Trajtenberg Committee, headed by professor Manuel Trajtenberg, to examine the problems and propose solutions. The committee submitted recommendations to lower the high cost of living in September 2011.[104] Although Netanyahu promised to push the proposed reforms through the cabinet in one piece, differences inside his coalition resulted in the reforms being gradually adopted.[105][106]
Netanyahu's cabinet also approved a plan to build a fiber-optic cable network across the country to bring cheap, high-speed fiber-optic Internet access to every home.[107][108]
In 2012, Netanyahu initially planned to call early elections, but subsequently oversaw the creation of a controversial government of national unity to see Israel through until the national elections of 2013.[109] In May 2012, Netanyahu officially recognized for the first time the right for Palestinians to have their own state, though as before[68] he declared it would have to be demilitarized.[110] On 25 October 2012, Netanyahu and Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman announced that their respective political parties, Likud and Yisrael Beiteinu, had merged and would run together on a single ballot in Israel's 22 January 2013 general elections.[111]
Third premiership, 2013–15
The 2013 election returned Netanyahu's Likud Beiteinu coalition with 11 fewer seats than the combined Likud and Yisrael Beiteinu parties had going into the vote. Nevertheless, as leader of what remained the largest faction in the Knesset, Israeli president Shimon Peres charged Netanyahu with the task of forming the Thirty-third government of Israel. The new coalition included the Yesh Atid, The Jewish Home and Hatnuah parties and excludes the ultra-Orthodox parties at the insistence of Yesh Atid and the Jewish Home.
During Netanyahu's third term, he continued his policy of economic liberalization. In December 2013, the Knesset approved the Business Concentration Law, which intended to open Israel's highly concentrated economy to competition to lower consumer prices, reduce income inequality, and increase economic growth. Netanyahu had formed the Concentration Committee in 2010, and the bill, which was pushed forward by his government, implemented its recommendations. The new law banned multi-tiered corporate holding structures, in which a CEO's family members or other affiliated individuals held public companies which in turn owned other public companies, and who were thus able to engage in price gouging. Under the law, corporations were banned from owning more than two tiers of publicly listed companies and from holding both financial and non-financial enterprises. All conglomerates were given four to six years to sell excess holdings.[112][113] Netanyahu also began a campaign of port privatization to break what he viewed as the monopoly held by workers of the Israel Port Authority, so as to lower consumer prices and increase exports. In July 2013, he issued tenders for the construction of private ports in Haifa and Ashdod.[114] Netanyahu has also pledged to curb excess bureaucracy and regulations to ease the burden on industry.[115]
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In April 2014, and again in June, Netanyahu spoke of his deep concerns when Hamas and the Palestinian Authority agreed and then formed a unity government, and was severely critical of both the United States and European governments' decision to work with the Palestinian coalition government.[116] He blamed Hamas for the kidnapping and murder of three Israeli teenagers in June 2014,[117] and launched a massive search and arrest operation on the West Bank, targeting members of Hamas in particular, and over the following weeks hit 60 targets in Gaza.[118] Missile and rocket exchanges between Gaza militants and the IDF escalated after the bodies of the teenagers, who had been killed almost immediately as the government had good reasons to suspect, were discovered on 30 June 2014.[119] After several Hamas operatives were killed, either in an explosion or from an Israeli bombing, Hamas officially declared it would launch rockets from Gaza into Israel,[118][120] and Israel started Operation Protective Edge in the Gaza Strip, formally ending the November 2012 ceasefire agreement.[121] The prime minister did a round of television shows in the United States and described Hamas as "genocidal terrorists" in an interview on CNN.[122] When asked if Gazan casualties from the operation might spark "a third intifada", Netanyahu replied that Hamas was working towards that goal.[123]
In October 2014, Netanyahu's government approved a privatization plan to reduce corruption and politicization in government companies, and strengthen Israel's capital market. Under the plan, minority stakes of up to 49% in state-owned companies, including arms manufacturers, energy, postal, water, and railway companies, as well as the ports of Haifa and Ashdod.[124] That same month, Netanyahu called restrictions on settlements "against the American values,"[125] a remark that earned him a sharp rebuke from the White House Press Secretary Josh Earnest, who noted that American values had resulted in Israel receiving not only consistent funding but protective technology such as Iron Dome.[126] Not long thereafter, Jeffrey Goldberg of The Atlantic reported that the relationship between Netanyahu and the White House had reached a new low, with the U.S. administration angry over Israel's settlement policies, and Netanyahu expressing contempt for the American administration's grasp of the Middle East.[127] Netanyahu explained that he does not accept restrictions on where Jews could live, and said that Jerusalem's Arabs and Jews should be able to buy homes wherever they want. He said he was "baffled" by the American condemnation. "It's against the American values. And it doesn't bode well for peace. The idea that we'd have this ethnic purification as a condition for peace, I think it's anti-peace."[125]
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On 2 December 2014, Netanyahu fired two of his ministers, Finance Minister Yair Lapid, who heads the centrist Yesh Atid party and Justice Minister Tzipi Livni, who heads Hatnua. The changes led to the dissolution of the government, with new elections expected on 17 March 2015.[128]
In January 2015, Netanyahu was invited to address the US Congress. This speech marked Netanyahu's third speech to a joint session of Congress.[129] The day before announcing he would address Congress, Time reported that he tried to derail a meeting between U.S. lawmakers and the head of Mossad, Tamir Pardo, who intended warning them against imposing further sanctions against Iran, a move that might derail nuclear talks.[130][131] Leading up to the speech, on 3 March 2015, Israeli consuls general in the United States "expect[ed] fierce negative reaction from U.S. Jewish communities and Israel's allies." Objections included the arrangement of the speech without the support and engagement of the Obama administration and the timing of the speech before Israel's 17 March 2015 election. Seven American Jewish lawmakers met with Ron Dermer, Israel's ambassador to the U.S. and recommended that Netanyahu instead meet with lawmakers privately to discuss Iran.[132] In making the speech, Netanyahu claimed to speak for all Jews worldwide, a claim disputed by others in the Jewish community.[133][134][135][136] Rebecca Vilkomerson, executive director of Jewish Voice for Peace, stated that "American Jews are largely appalled by the notion that Netanyahu, or any other Israeli politician – one that we did not elect and do not choose to be represented by – claims to speak for us."[137]
As election day approached in what was perceived to be a close race in the 2015 Israeli elections, Netanyahu answered 'indeed' when asked whether a Palestinian state would not be established in his term. He said that support of a Palestinian state is tantamount to yielding territory for radical Islamic terrorists to attack Israel.[138] However, Netanyahu reiterated "I don't want a one-state solution. I want a peaceful, sustainable two-state solution. I have not changed my policy."[139]
Fourth premiership, 2015–present
In the 2015 election, Netanyahu returned with his party Likud leading the elections with 30 mandates, making it the single highest number of seats for the Knesset. President Rivlin granted Netanyahu an extension until 6 May 2015 to build a coalition when one had not been finalized in the first four weeks of negotiations.[140] He formed a coalition government within two hours of the midnight 6 May deadline.[141] His Likud party formed the coalition with Jewish Home, United Torah Judaism, Kulanu, and Shas.[141][142]
On 28 May 2015, Netanyahu announced that he would be running for an unprecedented fifth term a Prime Minister in the next general election and that he supports Likud's current process of picking MK candidates.[143]
In August 2015, Netanyahu's government approved a two-year budget that would see agricultural reforms and lowering of import duties to reduce food prices, deregulation of the approval process in construction to lower housing costs and speed up infrastructure building, and reforms in the financial sector to boost competition and lower fees for financial services.[144][145] In the end, the government was forced to compromise by removing some key agricultural reforms.[146]
In October 2015, Netanyahu drew widespread criticism for claiming that the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Husseini, gave Adolf Hitler the idea for the Holocaust in the preceding months to the Second World War, convincing the Nazi leader to exterminate Jews rather than just expel them from Europe.[147][148] This idea is dismissed by mainstream historians,[149] who note that al-Husseini's meeting with Hitler took place approximately five months after the mass murder of Jews began.[150] Chancellor Angela Merkel said she did not accept Netanyahu's claims, and reiterated an acceptance of her country's crimes during the Nazi era.[151] Netanyahu later explained that his "aim was not to absolve Hitler from the responsibility he bears, but to show that the father of the Palestinian nation at the time, without a state and before the 'occupation,' without the territories and with the settlements, even then aspired with systemic incitement for the destruction of the Jews."[152] Some of the strongest criticism came from Israeli academics: Yehuda Bauer said Netanyahu's claim was "completely idiotic",[150] while Moshe Zimmermann stated that "any attempt to deflect the burden from Hitler to others is a form of Holocaust denial."[153]
In March 2016 Netanyahu's coalition faced a potential crisis as ultra-Orthodox members threatened to withdraw over the government's proposed steps to create non-Orthodox prayer space at the Western Wall. They have stated they will leave the coalition if the government offers any further official state recognition of Conservative and Reform Judaism.[154]
Political positions
Economic views
"You want to have a meritocracy. You want to have initiative, risk, talent, the ability to create new products, new services to be rewarded... It's always been about competition. That's what human progress is about. You want to siphon it into productive ways."
Benjamin Netanyahu, The Marker, 2014[155]
Netanyahu has been described as 'the advocate of the free-market'.[156] As Prime Minister in his first term, he significantly reformed the banking sector, removing barriers to investment abroad, mandatory purchases of government securities and direct credit. As Minister of Finance (2003–2005), Netanyahu introduced a major overhaul of the Israeli economy. He introduced a welfare to work program, he led a program of privatization, reduced the size of the public sector, reformed and streamlined the taxation system and passed laws against monopolies and cartels with the aim of increasing competition.[53] Netanyahu extended capital gains taxes from companies to individuals, which allowed him to enlarge the tax base while reducing taxes on incomes.[157] As the Israeli economy started booming and unemployment fell significantly, Netanyahu was widely credited by commentators as having performed an 'economic miracle' by the end of his tenure.[53] Direct investment in the Israeli economy had increased by an annualized 380%.[158] On the other hand, his critics have labelled his economic views as Margaret Thatcher-inspired "popular capitalism".[159]
Netanyahu defines capitalism as "the ability to have individual initiative and competition to produce goods and services with profit, but not to shut out somebody else from trying to do the same."[155] He says that his views developed while he was working as an economic consult for Boston Consulting Group: "It was the first time that the Boston Consulting Group looked at governments and worked for governments. They wanted to do a strategic plan for the government of Sweden. I was on that case and looked at other governments. So I went around to other governments in Europe in 1976 and I was looking at Britain. I was looking at France. I was looking at other countries, and I could see that they were stymied by concentrations of power that prevented competition. And I thought, hmm, as bad as they are, ours was worse because we had very little room for private sector competition to the extent that we had government-controlled or union-controlled companies, and so you really didn't get the competition or the growth... And I said, well, if I ever have a chance, I'll change that."[155]
Views on counter-terrorism
"[T]he essence of democratic societies, and that which distinguishes them from dictatorships, is the commitment to resolve conflict in a nonviolent fashion by settling issues through argument and debate... The salient point that has to be underlined again and again is that nothing justifies terrorism, that it is evil per se – that the various real or imagined reasons proffered by the terrorists to justify their actions are meaningless."
– Benjamin Netanyahu, 1995[160]
In addition to having taken part in counter-terrorist operations during his service in the military, Netanyahu has published three books on the subject of fighting terrorism. Netanyahu identifies terrorism as a form of totalitarianism, writing: "The more far removed the target of the attack from any connection to the grievance enunciated by the terrorists, the greater the terror... Yet for terrorism to have any impact, it is precisely the lack of connection, the lack of any possible involvement or "complicity" of the chosen victims in the cause the terrorists seek to attack, that produces the desired fear. For terrorism's underlying message is that every member of society is "guilty", that anyone can be a victim, and that therefore no one is safe... In fact, the methods reveal the totalitarian strain that runs through all terrorist groups... It is not only that the ends of the terrorists do no succeed in justifying the means they choose; their choice of means indicate what their true ends are. Far from being fighters for freedom, terrorists are the forerunners of tyranny. Terrorists use the techniques of violent coercion in order to achieve a regime of violent coercion."[161]
Netanyahu cautions that "[t]he trouble with active anti-terror activities... is that they do constitute a substantial intrusion on the lives of those being monitored." He believes there is a balance between civil liberties and security, which should depend on the level of sustained terrorist attacks in a country. During periods of sustained attack, there should be shift towards security, due to "the monstrous violation of personal rights which is the lot of the victims of terror and their famlies".[162] But this should be regularly reviewed, with an emphasis on guarding civil liberties and individual privacy wherever and whenever security considerations allow:[162] "The concern of civil libertarians over possible infringements of the rights of innocent citizens is well placed, and all additional powers granted the security services should require annual renewal by the legislature, this in addition to judicial oversight of actions as they are taken in the field."[163]
He advises tighter immigration laws as an essential tool to preemptively combat terrorism: "This era of immigration free-for-all should be brought to an end. An important aspect of taking control of the immigration situation is stricter background checks of potential immigrants, coupled with the real possibility of deportation."[163]
He also cautions that it is essential that governments do not conflate terrorists with those legitimate political groups that may or may not hold extremist views, but which advance their positions by means of debate and argument: "Democracies have their share of anti-immigrant or anti-establishment parties, as well as advocates of extreme nationalism or internationalism... [T]hey are often genuinely convinced participants in democracy, accepting its basic ground rules and defending its central tenets. These can and must be distinguished from the tiny splinters at the absolute fringes of democratic society, which may endorse many similar ideas, but use them as a pretext to step outside the rubric of the democratic system".[160]
In particular, Ronald Reagan was an admirer of Netanyahu's work on counter-terrorism, and Reagan recommended Netanyahu's book Terrorism: How the West Can Win to all senior figures in his administration.[164]
LGBT rights
Netanyahu supports equal rights before the law for LGBT citizens, stating: "The struggle for every person to be recognized as equal before the law is a long struggle, and there is still a long way to go.... I am proud that Israel is among the most open countries in the world in relation to the LGBT community discourse."[165][166] During an event held for the annual gay community rights day at the Knesset, Netanyahu proclaimed: ”I asked to come here in the middle of my busy schedule to say one thing to the male and female members of the LGBT community: We must be guided by the conviction that every person is created in the image of God."[167]
Ethiopian Jewish integration
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In 2015, after Ethiopian Jewish protests against police brutality, Netanyahu said: "We will bring a comprehensive plan to the government to assist you in every way. There is no room for racism and discrimination in our society, none... We will turn racism into something contemptible and despicable."[168]
African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem
Netanyahu supports the integration of the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem into Israeli society, and takes part in celebrations in honor of this community's 'exodus' from America to Israel, which occurred in 1967. In 2012, Netanyahu expressed appreciation towards "the cooperative society that is working towards the inclusion of the Hebrew Israelite community in Israeli society at large," and declared that the experience of the community in the land of Israel is "an integral part of the Israeli experience."[169]
Oslo Accords
Netanyahu opposed the Oslo accords from their inception. In 1993, he dedicated a chapter, entitled "Trojan Horse", of his book A Place Among the Nations to argue against the Oslo Peace Process. He asserted that Amin al-Husseini had been one of the masterminds of the Holocaust, and that Yasser Arafat was heir to the former's 'alleged exterminationist Nazism.' [170] During his term as prime minister in the late 1990s, Netanyahu consistently reneged on commitments made by previous Israeli governments as part of the Oslo peace process, leading American peace envoy Dennis Ross to note that "neither President Clinton nor Secretary [of State Madeleine] Albright believed that Bibi had any real interest in pursuing peace."[171] In a 2001 video, Netanyahu, reportedly unaware he was being recorded, said: "They asked me before the election if I'd honor [the Oslo Accords]," "I said I would, but ... I'm going to interpret the accords in such a way that would allow me to put an end to this galloping forward to the '67 borders. How did we do it? Nobody said what defined military zones were. Defined military zones are security zones; as far as I'm concerned, the entire Jordan Valley is a defined military zone. Go argue."[172]
Prior to second term as prime minister
Netanyahu had previously called U.S.-backed peace talks a waste of time,[173] while at the same time refusing to commit to the same two-state solution as had other Israeli leaders,[174] until a speech in June 2009. He repeatedly made public statements which advocated an "economic peace" approach, meaning an approach based on economic cooperation and joint effort rather than continuous contention over political and diplomatic issues. This is in line with many significant ideas from the Peace Valley plan.[175] He raised these ideas during discussions with former U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice.[176] Netanyahu continued to advocate these ideas as the Israeli elections approached.[177] Netanyahu has said:
Right now, the peace talks are based on only one thing, only on peace talks. It makes no sense at this point to talk about the most contractible issue. It's Jerusalem or bust, or right of return or bust. That has led to failure and is likely to lead to failure again ... We must weave an economic peace alongside a political process. That means that we have to strengthen the moderate parts of the Palestinian economy by handing rapid growth in those areas, rapid economic growth that gives a stake for peace for the ordinary Palestinians."[175]
In January 2009, prior to the February 2009 Israeli elections Netanyahu informed Middle East envoy Tony Blair that he would continue the policy of the Israeli governments of Ariel Sharon and Ehud Olmert by expanding settlements in the West Bank, in contravention of the Road Map, but not building new ones.[178]
Bar-Ilan speech
On 14 June 2009, Netanyahu delivered a seminal address[179] at Bar-Ilan University (also known as the "Bar-Ilan speech"), at Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, that was broadcast live in Israel and across parts of the Arab world, on the topic of the Middle East peace process. He endorsed for the first time the notion of a Palestinian state alongside Israel.[180] Netanyahu's speech could be viewed in part as a response to Obama's 4 June speech at Cairo. Yedioth Ahronoth claimed that Obama's words had "resonated through Jerusalem's corridors".[181]
As part of his proposal, Netanyahu demanded the full demilitarization of the proposed state, with no army, rockets, missiles, or control of its airspace, and said that Jerusalem would be undivided Israeli territory. He stated that the Palestinians should recognize Israel as the Jewish national state with an undivided Jerusalem. He rejected a right of return for Palestinian refugees, saying, "any demand for resettling Palestinian refugees within Israel undermines Israel's continued existence as the state of the Jewish people." He also stated that a complete stop to settlement building in the West Bank, as required by the 2003 Road Map peace proposal, was not possible and the expansions will be limited based on the "natural growth" of the population, including immigration, with no new territories taken in. Nevertheless, Netanyahu affirmed that he accepted the Road Map proposal.[182] He did not discuss whether or not the settlements should be part of Israel after peace negotiations, simply stating that the "question will be discussed".[180]
In a response to U.S. President Barack Obama's statements in his Cairo speech, Netanyahu remarked, "there are those who say that if the Holocaust had not occurred, the State of Israel would never have been established. But I say that if the State of Israel would have been established earlier, the Holocaust would not have occurred." He also said, "this is the homeland of the Jewish people, this is where our identity was forged." He stated that he would be willing to meet with any "Arab leader" for negotiations without preconditions, specifically mentioning Syria, Saudi Arabia, and Lebanon.[180] In general, the address represented a new position for Netanyahu's government on the peace process.[69]
Some right-wing members of Netanyahu's governing coalition criticized his remarks for the creation of a Palestinian State; believing that all of the land should become under Israeli sovereignty. Likud MK Danny Danon said that Netanyahu went "against the Likud platform",[183] while MK Uri Orbach of Habayit Hayehudi said that it had "dangerous implications".[184] Opposition party Kadima leader Tzipi Livni remarked after the address that she thinks Netanyahu does not really believe in the two-state solution at all; she thought that he only said what he did as a feigned response to international pressure.[185] Peace Now criticized the speech, highlighting that, in the group's opinion, it did not address the Palestinians as equal partners in the peace process. The Secretary General of Peace Now, Yariv Oppenheimer, said, "It's a rerun of Netanyahu from his first term".[186]
On 9 August 2009, speaking at the opening of government meeting Netanyahu repeated his claims from the Palestinians: "We want an agreement with two factors, the first of which is the recognition of Israel as the national state of the Jewish people and (the second of which is) a security settlement".[187]
Arab reaction
Netanyahu's "Bar-Ilan speech" provoked mixed reaction from the international community.[188] The Palestinian National Authority rejected the conditions on a Palestinian State given by Netanyahu. Senior official Saeb Erekat said, "Netanyahu's speech closed the door to permanent status negotiations". Hamas spokesman Fawzi Barhoum said it reflected a "racist and extremist ideology"[189] and called on Arab nations to "form stronger opposition".[69] Palestinian Islamic Jihad labeled it "misleading" and, like Hamas, demanded stronger opposition to Israel from Arab nations.[190] According to The Jerusalem Post, some leaders advocated a third intifada in response to the speech.[180] The Arab League dismissed the address, declaring in a statement that "Arabs would not make concessions regarding issues of Jerusalem and refugees" and that "we know his history and style of evasion", adding that the Arab League would not recognize Israel as a Jewish state.[190] Referring to Netanyahu's demand that Palestinians recognize Israel as the state of the Jewish people, Egypt's president Hosni Mubarak remarked, "You won't find anyone to answer that call in Egypt, or in any other place." Issuing a less blunt response, the Egyptian Foreign Ministry said that the speech was "not complete" and that it hoped for another, "different Israeli proposal which is built on the commitment to the two-state solution".[191][192] Syrian state media condemned the speech and wrote that "Netanyahu has confirmed that he rejects the Arab peace initiative for peace along with all the initiatives and resolutions of the Security Council to relative peace."[188][193] Lebanese President Michel Suleiman called for unity among Arab leaders, saying that "Arab leaders should be more united and preserve the spirit of resistance to face the Israeli stands regarding the peace process and the Palestinian refugee issue." He called on the international community to exert more pressure on the Israeli government to accept the Arab Peace Initiative, as he said Israel still has a will of military confrontation which can be proved in its offensives on Lebanon and the Gaza Strip.[190] Jordanian Minister of State for Media affairs and Communications, and Government spokesperson Nabil Sharif issued a statement saying "The ideas presented by Netanyahu do not live up to what was agreed on by the international community as a starting point for achieving a just and comprehensive peace in the region."[190]
Iranian reaction
Former Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad referred to the speech as "bad news".[188]
Western reaction
The Czech Republic, which held the presidency of the European Union, praised Netanyahu's address. "In my view, this is a step in the right direction. The acceptance of a Palestinian state was present there," said Czech Foreign Minister Jan Kohout, whose country held the EU's six-month presidency at the time of the speech.[194] President Barack Obama's press secretary, Robert Gibbs, said that the speech was an "important step forward".[190][195] President Obama stated that "this solution can and must ensure both Israel's security and the Palestinians' legitimate aspirations for a viable state".[188] Swedish Foreign Minister Carl Bildt stated that "the fact that he uttered the word state is a small step forward". He added that "whether what he mentioned can be defined as a state is a subject of some debate".[188][194] France praised the speech but called on Israel to cease building settlements in the West Bank. French Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner stated that "I can only welcome the prospect of a Palestinian state outlined by the Israeli Prime Minister."[188][194] The Foreign Ministry of Russia called the speech "a sign of readiness for dialogue" but said that "it does not open up the road to resolving the Israeli-Palestinian problem. The conditions on the Palestinians would be unacceptable."[188]
Stalled peace talks
In 2013, Netanyahu denied reports that his government would agree to peace talks on the basis of the green line.[196] In 2014 he agreed to the American framework based on the green line and said that Jewish settlers must be allowed the option of staying in their settlements under Palestinian rule.[197][198]
Palestinian negotiator, Saeb Erekat criticized Netanyahu, calling him "ideology corrupt" and a war criminal.[199]
Unilateral withdrawals
On 9 August 2009, speaking at the opening of his weekly cabinet meeting, Netanyahu promised not to repeat the "mistake" of the Gaza unilateral pullout, saying, "We will not repeat this mistake. We will not create new evacuees", and adding that "the unilateral evacuation brought neither peace nor security. On the contrary", and that "We want an agreement with two factors, the first of which is the recognition of Israel as the national state of the Jewish people and [the second is] a security settlement. In the case of Gaza, both of these factors were lacking". He also said, "Should we achieve a turn toward peace with the more moderate partners, we will insist on the recognition of the State of Israel and the demilitarization of the future Palestinian state".[187][200] In October 2014, Netanyahu said "We don't just hand over territory, close our eyes and hope for the best. We did that in Lebanon and we got thousands of rockets. We did that in Gaza, we got Hamas and 15,000 rockets. So we're not gonna just replicate that. We want to see genuine recognition of the Jewish state and rock solid security arrangements on the ground. That's the position I've held, and it's only become firmer."[201]
Iran
In an 8 March 2007 interview with CNN, opposition leader Netanyahu asserted that there is only one difference between Nazi Germany and the Islamic Republic of Iran, namely that the first entered a worldwide conflict and then sought atomic weapons, while the latter is first seeking atomic weapons and, once it has them, will then start a world war. Netanyahu repeated these remarks at a news conference in April 2008.[202] This was similar to earlier remarks that "... it's 1938, and Iran is Germany, and Iran is racing to arm itself with atomic bombs".[203]
On 20 February 2009, after being asked to be the prime minister of Israel, Netanyahu described Iran as the greatest threat that Israel has ever faced: "Iran is seeking to obtain a nuclear weapon and constitutes the gravest threat to our existence since the war of independence."[204] Speaking before the UN General Assembly in New York on 24 September 2009, Netanyahu expressed a different opinion than Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's speech at the forum, saying those who believe Tehran is a threat only to Israel are wrong. "The Iranian regime", he said, "is motivated by fanaticism ... They want to see us go back to medieval times. The struggle against Iran pits civilization against barbarism. This Iranian regime is fueled by extreme fundamentalism."[90][91] "By focusing solely on Iran," columnist Yossi Melman speculated that Netanyahu's foreign policy, "... took the Palestinian issue off the world agenda." After four days of shelling from the Iranian-funded Palestinian Islamic Jihad, Melman asked, "Is it worth initiating a crisis with Iran? Will the Israeli public be able to cope with Iran's response?"[205] According to Uzi Eilam, a retired brigadier general and the ex-director of Israel's Atomic Energy Commission, Benjamin Netanyahu is using the threat of atomic Iran as a means of reaching his own goals. Directly blaming Netanyahu, he said: "Netanyahu is using the Iranian threat to achieve a variety of political objectives." He also said: "These declarations are unnecessarily scaring Israel's citizens, given Israel is not party to the negotiations to determine whether Iran will or will not dismantle its nuclear program."[206]
By 2012, Netanyahu is reported to have formed a close, confidential relationship with Defense Minister Ehud Barak as the two men consider possible Israeli military action against Iran's nuclear facilities,[207][208] following Israel's established Begin Doctrine. The pair were accused of acting on "messianic" impulses by Yuval Diskin, former head of the Shin Bet, who added that their warmongering rhetoric appealed to "the idiots within the Israeli public".[209] Diskin's remarks were supported by former Mossad chief Meir Dagan,[210] who himself had previously said that an attack on Iran was "the stupidest thing I have ever heard".[211] A few weeks later, the RAND Corporation (a leading American think-tank that advises the Pentagon) also openly disagreed with Netanyahu's belligerent stance: "In doing so, and without naming names, RAND sided with former Mossad chief Meir Dagan and former head of the Shin Bet Yuval Diskin."[212]
Early in 2012, he used the opening ceremony for Israel's Holocaust Remembrance Day to warn against the dangers of an Iranian nuclear bomb, saying he was following the example of Jewish leaders during World War II who struggled to raise the alarm about the Nazis' genocidal intentions.[213] Israeli academic Avner Cohen accused Netanyahu of showing "contempt" for the Holocaust by putting it to "political use",[214] and former Israeli foreign minister Shlomo Ben-Ami similarly condemned Netanyahu's "vulgar manipulation of the memory of the Holocaust".[215] Immediately after the 2012 Burgas bus bombing, Netanyahu confirmed that the attack had been undertaken in coordination with Iran.[216]
Netanyahu stated during a 29 July meeting that, in his opinion, "all the sanctions and diplomacy so far have not set back the Iranian programme by one iota."[217] And in August he stated that the United States only might respond to a massive attack against Israel.[218] On 28 September 2012, Netanyahu gave a speech to the UN General Assembly in which he set forward a "red line" of 90% uranium enrichment, stating that if Iran were to reach this level, it would become an intolerable risk for Israel.[219] Netanyahu used a cartoon graphic of a bomb to illustrate his point, indicating three stages of uranium enrichment, noting that Iran had already completed the first stage, and stating that "By next spring, at most by next summer at current enrichment rates, [Iran] will have finished the medium enrichment and move on to the final stage. From there, it's only a few months, possibly a few weeks before they get enough enriched uranium for the first bomb." Netanyahu delivered his speech the day after Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad spoke on the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur, a presentation that the American, Canadian, and Israeli delegations had deliberately not attended.[220] At the time, according to cables leaked in 2015, Mossad's assessment was that Iran did not appear ready to enrich uranium to levels required for a nuclear bomb.[221]
In an October 2013 interview with BBC Persian Service, Netanyahu praised the history of Persia and said: "if the Iranian regime has nuclear weapons, the Iranian people will never be free of dictatorship and will live in eternal servitude."[222]
Jonathan Pollard
Netanyahu repeatedly and unsuccessfully called for the early release of Jonathan Pollard, an American serving a life sentence for passing secret U.S. documents to Israel in 1987.[223] He raised the issue at the Wye River Summit in 1998, where he claimed that U.S. President Bill Clinton had privately agreed to release Pollard; Clinton denied the assertion.[224][225] In 2002, Netanyahu visited Pollard at his North Carolina prison.[226][227] The Israeli Prime Minister maintained contact with Pollard's wife, and was active in pressing the Obama administration to release Pollard.[228][229]
In July 2015, the U.S. Parole Commission issued a Notice of Action granting parole to Pollard. Pollard, who was branded as a traitor in the U.S. but considered a hero in Israel, was released in November 2015, almost thirty years from the day when he was arrested.[230] Netanyahu reportedly insisted his cabinet avoid talking publicly about Pollard to avoid annoying President Obama while Pollard seeks permission to emigrate to Israel.[231]
Bank of China terror financing case
In 2013, Netanyahu found himself caught between conflicting commitments made to the family of American terror victim Daniel Wultz and the Government of China. Although Netanyahu was reported to have previously promised U.S. Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen that Israel would fully cooperate in the terror-financing case against Bank of China in U.S. District Court, the prime minister reportedly made a conflicting promise to the Government of China prior to a state visit to China in May 2013.[232] Attorney David Boies, lead counsel for the Wultz family, told the Wall Street Journal, "While we are respectful of China's interests, and of the diplomatic pressure to which Israel has been subjected, those interests and that pressure cannot be permitted to obstruct the ability of American courts to hear critical evidence."[233][234]
In August 2013, Ros-Lehtinen, chair of the House Middle East and South Asia subcommittee, told the Miami Herald she raised the issue while leading a congressional delegation to Israel, stressing to Israeli officials the importance of them providing the Wultz family what they need for their lawsuit.[235] "I am hopeful that we can bring this case to a conclusion that is satisfactory to the family, but we need community support to not waver at this critical time," Ros-Lehtinen said.[235]
U.S. Representative Debbie Wasserman Schultz, chair of the Democratic National Committee, also spoke out on the issue with the Miami Herald: "In South Florida, we all know too well of the tragic circumstances surrounding the cowardly terrorist attack that took Daniel Wultz's innocent life. I have been working, hand in hand with the Wultz family and the state of Israel to ensure any and all of those involved in this terrorist activity, including the Bank of China, pay for their crimes so that justice can be served."[235]
Defense and security
In 2011, Netanyahu arranged for 1000 Hamas and Fatah prisoners to be swapped for Gilad Shalit, including terrorists with "blood on their hands."[236] Israeli officials estimate that 60% of those who are released "resume terrorism attacks".[237]
In 2011, Israeli General Staff concluded that the armed forces cannot maintain their battle readiness under Netanyahu's proposed cuts.[238] However Netanyahu decided to cut social programs instead, and promised to increase the defense budget by about six percent.[239][240] In spite of this, the Israeli military still fell NIS 3.7 million short from its projected budget, which could damage their war capabilities.[241] According to a U.S. State Department representative in November 2011, under the leadership of Netanyahu and Obama, Israel and the United States have enjoyed unprecedented security cooperation.[242]
Under Netanyahu's leadership, the Israeli National Security Council has seen an expanded role in foreign policy planning and decision-making.[243]
Illegal immigration
In 2012 the Netanyahu government passed the "Prevention of Infiltration Law", which mandated automatic detention of all people, including asylum-seekers, who enter Israel without permission. Amnesty International called it "an affront to international law."[244][245] Between 2009 and 2013, approximately 60,000 people crossed into Israel from various African countries.[246] Netanyahu said that, "this phenomenon is very grave and threatens the social fabric of society, our national security and our national identity."[247] Many of these migrants are held in detention camps in the Negev desert.[248] When the Supreme Court of Israel declared the "Prevention of Infiltration Law" illegal for permitting immediate and indefinite detention of asylum seekers from Africa, Netanyahu requested new legislation to work around the Supreme Court ruling.[249]
Personal life
Family
| Nathan Mileikowsky (1879–1935) Writer, Zionist activist | Sarah Lurie | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tzila Segal (1912–2000) | Benzion Netanyahu (1910–2012) Historian | Elisha Netanyahu (1912–1986) Mathematician | Shoshana Shenburg (1923–) Supreme Court justice | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yonatan Netanyahu (1946–1976) Military Commander | Benjamin Netanyahu (1949–) Prime Minister of Israel | Iddo Netanyahu (1952–) Physician, playwright | Nathan Netanyahu (1951–) Computer scientist | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Netanyahu comes from a highly accomplished family. Related to Rabbi Eliyahu of Vilna (the Vilna Gaon) on his paternal side,[250] Netanyahu was born in Tel Aviv,[251] to Prof. Benzion Netanyahu (original name Mileikowsky) and Tzila (Cela; née Segal). His mother was born in 1912 in Petah Tikva, part of the future British Mandate of Palestine that eventually became Israel. Though all his grandparents were born in the Russian Empire (now Belarus, Lithuania and Poland), his mother's parents emigrated to Minneapolis in the United States.[252]
_-_P.M._BENJAMIN_NETANYAHU_LIGHTING_HANUKA_CANDLES_WITH_HIS_WIFE_AND_SONS.jpg)
Netanyahu's father, Benzion, was a professor of Jewish history at Cornell University,[253] editor of the Encyclopaedia Hebraica, and a senior aide to Ze'ev Jabotinsky, who remained active in research and writing into his nineties. Regarding the Palestinian people, he stated: "That they won't be able to face [anymore] the war with us, which will include withholding food from Arab cities, preventing education, terminating electrical power and more. They won't be able to exist, and they will run away from here. But it all depends on the war, and whether we will win the battles with them."[254] Netanyahu has dismissed those who note similarities between his relentlessly hawkish views and those of his late father as "psychobabble". For example, David Remnick has written: "To understand Bibi, you have to understand the father."[255]
Netanyahu's paternal grandfather was Nathan Mileikowsky, a leading Zionist rabbi and JNF fundraiser.[256] Netanyahu's older brother, Yonatan, was killed in Uganda during Operation Entebbe in 1976. His younger brother, Iddo, is a radiologist and writer. All three brothers served in the Sayeret Matkal reconnaissance unit of the Israel Defense Forces.
Marriages and relationships
Netanyahu has been married three times. Netanyahu's first marriage was to Miriam Weizmann, whom he met in Israel. Weizmann lived near Yonatan Netanyahu's apartment in Jerusalem, where Netanyahu was based during his military service. By the time Netanyahu's service was finished, Weizmann had completed her own military service and a degree in chemistry from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 1972, they both left to study in the United States, where she enrolled in Brandeis University, while Netanyahu studied at MIT. They married soon afterward. The couple had one daughter, Noa (born 29 April 1978).
In 1978, while Weizmann was pregnant, Netanyahu met a non-Jewish[257] British student named Fleur Cates at the university library, and began an affair. His marriage ended in divorce soon afterward, when his wife Miriam discovered the affair.[257] In 1981, Netanyahu married Cates, and she converted to Judaism.[258] The couple divorced in 1984.[259]
Netanyahu met his third wife, Sara Ben-Artzi, while she was working as a flight attendant on an El Al flight from New York to Israel.[44][257] Sara was working as a flight attendant while she was completing a master's degree in psychology.[260] The couple married in 1991 and has two sons: Yair, a former soldier in the IDF Spokesperson's Unit,[261] and Avner, a national Bible champion and winner of the National Bible Quiz for Youth in Kiryat Shmona.[262]
In 1993, Netanyahu confessed on live television to having had an affair with Ruth Bar, his public relations adviser, claiming that a political rival had planted a secret video camera that had recorded him in a sexually compromising position with Bar, and that he had been threatened with the release of the tape to the press unless he quit the Likud leadership race. Benjamin and Sara repaired their marriage, and Netanyahu was elected to the leadership of Likud. In 1996, there were media reports of his 20-year friendship with Katherine Price-Mondadori, an Italian-American woman.[257][263] During the 1990s, Netanyahu criticized this media intrusion into his private life, claiming that political rivals including David Levy had hired spies on him in order to try to gather evidence of alleged affairs, although it was noted that the Israeli public are generally not interested in their politician's private lives and would prefer they remained private.[264]
Netanyahu became a grandfather on 1 October 2009, when his daughter Noa Netanyahu-Roth (married to Daniel Roth) gave birth to a boy, Shmuel.[265][266] In 2011, Noa and her husband Daniel had a second son named David,[267] and in 2016 had a daughter. Noa is a baalat teshuva (someone born to a secular family that became a returnee to Orthodox Judaism) and lives in Mea Shearim with her family.[268]
Relations with foreign leaders
During the 2011 G-20 Cannes summit, Former French president Nicolas Sarkozy was overheard saying to U.S. President Barack Obama, "I cannot bear Netanyahu, he's a liar". To this Obama reportedly responded, "You're fed up with him, but I have to deal with him every day." According to a reporter who was present, all of the journalists covering the event agreed among themselves not to publish details of the incident.[269][270]
Netanyahu has been noted for his close and friendly relationship with then Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi.[271] Netanyahu has said of Berlusconi: "We are lucky that there is a leader such as yourself."[272] Netanyahu has described Berlusconi as "one of the greatest friends".[273][274]
Apart from his lukewarm relationship with the Obama administration, Netanyahu has close ties with the U.S. Republican Party and its leadership in the House of Representatives.[275] Netanyahu and 2012 Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney have a close relationship that dates back to their work together at the Boston Consulting Group in the mid-1970s.[276] U.S. Vice President Joe Biden, a Democrat, has been friendly with Netanyahu for many years. In November 2011[277] and in the 2012 U.S. vice presidential debate,[278] Biden stated that the relationship has lasted for 39 years. Netanyahu remarked in March 2010 during a joint statement with Biden during his visit of Israel[279] that their friendship had started almost three decades prior.
In October 2014, a senior official of the Obama administration called Netanyahu a "chickenshit" for his stance on Iran.[280] Secretary of State John Kerry phoned Netanyahu to clarify that "such statements are disgraceful, unacceptable and damaging" and "do not reflect the position of the United States."[281] Netanyahu responded by saying "I'm being attacked because of my determination to defend Israel's interests. The safety of Israel is not important to those who attack me anonymously and personally."[282] Because of visible rifts between Netanyahu and members of the Obama administration, observers have characterized the relationship as having reached a crisis level by October 2014.[283][284] The relationship between Netanyahu and the Obama administration had become problematic enough that Jeffrey Goldberg reported in November 2014 that his conversations with Netanyahu and other Israeli officials indicated Israel would wait until a new U.S. president is elected before attempting to repair the relationship with the White House.[285] An opinion poll taken in cooperation with the Jerusalem Post Diplomatic Conference showed that the "overwhelming majority" of Israelis believe their country's relationship with the U.S. has been hurt as a result of the poor relationship between Obama and Netanyahu.[286]
Authored books
- International Terrorism: Challenge and Response. Transaction Publishers. 1981. ISBN 978-0878558940.
- Terrorism: How the West Can Win. Avon. 1987. ISBN 978-0380703210.
- Fighting Terrorism: How Democracies Can Defeat Domestic and International Terrorism. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 1995. ISBN 978-0374154929.
- A Durable Peace: Israel and Its Place Among the Nations. Grand Central Publishing. 1999 [1993]. ISBN 978-0446523066.
See also
References
- ↑ The Enduring Influence of Benjamin Netanyahu's Father Judy Dempsey, 3 May 2012, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
- ↑ David Remnick (23 January 2013). "Bibi's Blues". The New Yorker.
- 1 2 3 Amir Buhbut, "Sayeret Matkal is 50 years old"
- 1 2 Saving Sergeant Netanyahu By Mitch Ginsburg, 25 October 2012, Times of Israel
- ↑ Likud Leaders, by Thomas G. Mitchell, (McFarland 2015), Chapter 10
- 1 2 "Netanyahu elected as Likud party chairman". Xinhua News Agency. 20 December 2005. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
- ↑ Hoffman, Gil (10 February 2009). "Kadima wins, but rightist bloc biggest". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
- 1 2 "Netanyahu sworn in as Israel's prime minister". Haaretz. 31 March 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
- 1 2 Heller, Jeffrey (31 March 2009). "Netanyahu sworn in as Israeli prime minister". Reuters. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
- ↑ “Is This Ship Sinking?” Inside the Collapse of the Campaign Against Netanyahu BY AMIR TIBON AND BEN BIRNBAUM, 20 March 2015, New Yorker
- ↑ Can Binyamin Netanyahu win again? 14 March 2015 | JERUSALEM, The Economist
- ↑ BY STOYAN ZAIMOV , CHRISTIAN POST REPORTER 18 March 2015
- ↑ Lidman, Melanie (28 August 2012). "PM was 'responsible' sixth-grader, evaluation shows". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
- 1 2 "Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu". Ynetnews. 10 February 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- 1 2 Gresh, Alain; Vidal, Dominique (2004). The New A-Z of the Middle East (2nd ed.). I.B. Tauris. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-86064-326-2.
- ↑ Melman, Yossi (18 November 2010). "More than six decades on, Israel memorializes late commander of British Army's Jewish Unit". Haaretz. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Ball, Charles H. (5 June 1996). "Professor recalls Netanyahu's intense studies in three fields". MIT Tech Talk. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
- ↑ 40 שנה לאחור: היכן היו אז, המנהיגים של היום? Walla, מערכת וואלה! חדשות יום שישי, 13 בספטמבר 2013
- 1 2 3 "Enrollment Statistics: MIT Office of the Registrar". Web.mit.edu. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
- ↑ "The MIT 150: 150 Ideas, Inventions, and Innovators that Helped Shape Our World". The Boston Globe. 15 May 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- ↑ Survey of Arab-Israeli Relations, By Cathy Hartley, David Lea, Paul Cossali, Annamarie Rowe, (Taylor & Francis, 2004), page 522
- ↑ "Profile: Benjamin Netanyahu". BBC News Online. 20 February 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ↑ "The 18 Smartest People in the World". Business Insider. 6 April 2011.
- ↑ "Young Netanyahu Debates". liveleak.com. 6 April 2013.
- ↑ Ariel, Mira (2008). Pragmatics and Grammar. Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-55018-5.
- 1 2 3 Barbaro, Michael (7 April 2012). "A Friendship Dating From 1976 Resonates in 2012". New York Times. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
- ↑ Netanyahu's rhetoric brings same old message Mazal Mualem, 30 September 2014
- ↑ Video Benjamin Netanyahu 1978 on YouTube(English);Who is Ben Nitay, and why does he look so much like Binyamin Netanyahu? Jerusalem Post
- ↑ The Clinton Years, (Infobase Publishing, 2009), By Shirley Anne Warshaw, page 240
- 1 2 3 4 "Benjamin Netanyahu". Netanyahu.org. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
- ↑ David Singer, American Jewish Year, Book 1998. AJC, 1998. pp. 133–34
- ↑ Netanyahu, Benjamin (24 September 2009). "Truth vs. Darkness in the United Nations". Chabad.org. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
- ↑ Netanyahu, Benjamin (2011). The Light of Truth at the UN (Speech). New York City: Chabad.org. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
- ↑ "Netanyahu wins battle for leadership of Likud". The Independent (London). 26 March 1993. Retrieved 11 August 2009.
- ↑ Brinkley, Joel (30 June 2012). "Yitzhak Shamir, Former Israeli Prime Minister, Dies at 96". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
- ↑ Kessel, Jerrold (11 February 1996). "Israeli elections will test support for peace". CNN. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
- ↑ Morris, Nomi; Silver, Eric (7 October 1996). "Israel Opens Disputed Tunnel". Maclean's. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ↑ Wyler, Grace (31 January 2013). "Step Inside The Hidden Tunnels Under Jerusalem's Sacred Western Wall". Business Insider. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
- ↑ Hawas, Akram T. The new alliance: Turkey and Israel. The fourth Nordic conference on Middle Eastern Studies: The Middle East in globalizing world. Oslo, 13–16 August 1998.
- ↑ "Israel Reforms Economy on Eve of Independence Day". Jewish Telegraphic Agency.
- ↑ Schmemann, Serge (26 July 1997). "In Fight Over Privatization, Netanyahu Wins a Round". nytimes.com.
- ↑ Wilkinson, Tracy (29 March 2000). "Israeli Police Want Netanyahu, Wife Indicted Over Handling of State Gifts". LA Times. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
- ↑ "Netanyahu Corruption Charges Dropped". CBS. 11 February 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
- 1 2 "Benjamin Netanyahu, Likud". Ynetnews. 28 March 2005. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
- ↑ "Netanyahu Now High-Tech Consultant". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. 3 August 1999. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ Freund, Oren (19 September 2012). חברת העבר של בנימין נתניהו נרשמה למסחר בבורסה בת"א. TheMarker (in Hebrew). Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ↑ "Sharon Beats Netanyahu in Likud Primary". Fox News Channel. 28 November 2002. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
- ↑ "Concordia University Imposes Ban on Middle East Events". Canadian Association of University Teachers. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
- ↑ Levin, Steve; Roddy, Dennis; Schackner, Bill; Guidry, Nate (2 October 2002). "Netanyahu says U.S. should topple Saddam". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
- ↑ "Iraq 2002, Iran 2012: Compare and contrast Netanyahu's speeches". Haaretz. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
- ↑ Keeley, James F (2009). "A list of bilateral civilian nuclear co-operation agreements" (PDF) 5. University of Calgary, Canada. p. 595. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
Source: UNTS 10362.
- 1 2 3 3 economic lessons from Ariel Sharon
- 1 2 3 Likud Leaders, Thomas G. Mitchell, McFarland, (March 2015), Chapter 10
- ↑ http://www.forbes.com/sites/taxanalysts/2015/11/13/netanyahus-economic-reforms-and-the-laffer-curve/
- ↑ Hoffman, Gil (21 November 2005). "Netanyahu: Sharon is a dictator". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
- ↑ Alon, Gideon; Mualem, Mazal; Shragai, Nadav (26 October 2004). "Knesset approves PM Sharon's disengagement plan". Haaretz. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
- ↑ Farrell, Stephen (8 August 2005). "Netanyahu resigns from Cabinet over Gaza withdrawal". The Times (London). Retrieved 29 July 2009.
- ↑ Marciano, Ilan (28 March 2006). "Likud stunned by collapse". Ynetnews. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
- ↑ "Netanyahu wins Likud leadership". BBC News. 15 August 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2009.
- ↑ Mitnick, Joshua (20 June 2008). "Olmert: Truce with Hamas 'fragile'". The Washington Times. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
- ↑ "Netanyahu Undergoes Medical Examination". Arutz Sheva. 4 October 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
- ↑ Tran, Mark (31 July 2008). "Netanyahu calls for new Israeli elections". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 29 July 2009.
- ↑ Mualem, Mazal (24 September 2008). "Netanyahu rejects Livni's call for unity government". Haaretz. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
- ↑ Colvin, Marie (8 February 2009). "Netanyahu stokes fears to take poll lead". The Sunday Times (London). Retrieved 8 February 2009.
- ↑ "Clinton pledges to press for Palestinian state". The Daily Times. 4 March 2009.
- ↑ "In Israel, Clinton pledges to work with new government". The New York Times. 3 March 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ↑ Rabinovitch, Ari (16 April 2009). "Israel demands Palestinians recognize Jewish state". International Business Times. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- 1 2 "Netanyahu backs demilitarized Palestinian state". Haaretz. 14 June 2009. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
- 1 2 3 Federman, Josef (14 June 2009). "Netanyahu Peace Speech: Israeli Prime Minister Appeals To Arab Leaders For Peace". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 14 June 2009.
- ↑ Ravid, Barak (5 July 2009). "Netanyahu: We have consensus on two-state solution". Haaretz. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ↑ Berger, Robert (3 July 2009). "Poll Gives Netanyahu Positive Marks Despite Rift with US". Voice of America. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
- ↑ Baldwin, Leigh (11 August 2009). "Nablus booms as barriers fall in occupied West Bank". The Daily Star (Lebanon). Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ↑ Thomas Friedman (9 August 2009). "Green Shoots in Palestine II". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
- ↑ Abu Toameh, Khaled (17 July 2009). "West Bank boom". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
- ↑ "Netanyahu supports Arab peace initiative". United Press International. 24 July 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
- ↑ Ravid, Barak (23 July 2009). "Netanyahu to Arabs: Saudi plan can help bring peace". Haaretz. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ↑ Waked, Ali (26 September 2009). "Palestinians: Abbas open to meeting with Netanyahu". Ynetnews. Retrieved 4 September 2009.
- ↑ Bengal, Mia (2 September 2009). התוכנית האמריקאית: פסגה צנועה והצהרת עקרונות (in Hebrew). Maariv. Retrieved 4 September 2009.
- ↑ Berger, Robert (4 September 2009). "Israel to Approve More Settlement Construction Before Freeze". Voice of America. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
- ↑ Benhorin, Yitzhak (4 September 2009). "US, EU slam Netanyahu's approval of construction". Ynetnews. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ↑ Smith, Ben (4 September 2009). "U.S official.: Settlement move won't 'derail train'". Politico. Retrieved 4 September 2009.
- 1 2 "Report: PM held secret talks in Russia". Ynetnews. 10 September 2009. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
- ↑ "Palestinian paper: Netanyahu visited Arab state". Ynetnews. 8 September 2009. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
- ↑ Ferris-Rotman, Amie; Heller, Jeffrey; Fletcher, Philippa (9 September 2009). "Netanyahu secretly visited Russia: reports". Reuters. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ↑ Bekker, Vita; Clover, Charles; Wagstyl, Stefan (11 September 2009). "Netanyahu absence sparks rumours of Russia visit". Financial Times. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
- ↑ Heller, Jeffrey (10 September 2009). "Netanyahu draws fire in Israel over secret trip". Reuters. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ↑ "Israeli PM's secret trip irks media". Al Jazeera English. 11 September 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ↑ Harel, Amos (11 September 2009). "Netanyahu aide likely to pay price for 'secret' Russia trip". Haaretz. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
- ↑ Mahnaimi, Uzi; Franchetti, Mark; Swain, Jon (4 October 2009). "Israel names Russians helping Iran build nuclear bomb". The Sunday Times (London). Retrieved 4 October 2009.
- 1 2 "Netanyahu speech / PM slams Gaza probe, challenges UN to confront Iran". Haaretz. 24 September 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- 1 2 "PM to UN: Iran fueled by fundamentalism". Ynetnews. 24 September 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
- ↑ "Israel's Netanyahu hits back at Iran's Holocaust claims". 3 News. 25 September 2009. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
- ↑ "Analysis: Settlers Have Been Working for Months to Undermine Construction Freeze, Situation on the Ground Suggests that There Will Be Nearly No Change in Settlement Construction". Haaretz. 27 November 2009.
- ↑ Gollust, David (25 November 2009). "US Welcomes Israeli Settlement Move, Urges Palestinians to Enter Negotiations". Voice of America. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ↑ Sofer, Roni (25 November 2009). "Cabinet votes on 10-month building freeze". Ynetnews. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ↑ "Palestinians reject Netanyahu's offer of partial settlement freeze". France 24. 26 November 2009. Archived from the original on 28 November 2009. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
- 1 2 "'We'll prevent future embarrassments'". The Jerusalem Post. 14 March 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
- ↑ Frenkel, Sheera (16 March 2010). "Anger in Ramat Shlomo as settlement row grows". The Times (London). Retrieved 16 March 2010.
- ↑ Ravid, Barak; Mozgovaya, Natasha; Khoury, Jack (21 March 2010). "Netanyahu and Obama to meet Tuesday in Washington". Haaretz. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ↑ "Mideast peace talks open to qualified optimism". NBCNews.com. 1 September 2010. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
- ↑ Dougherty, Jill; Labott, Elise (27 September 2010). "U.S. pushes talks as Israel resumes settlement building". CNN. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
- ↑ Ravid, Barak; Ashkenazi, Eli (6 September 2011). "Likud defends Netanyahu after report Gates called him 'ungrateful'". Haaretz. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
- ↑ Ravid, Barak (6 September 2011). "'Gates called Netanyahu an ungrateful ally to U.S. and a danger to Israel'". Haaretz. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
- ↑ "The recommendations of the Trajtenberg Committee were submitted today to the Prime Minister and the Minister of Finance" (PDF) (Press release). Ministry of Finance. 27 September 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
- ↑ Moti Bassok and Jonathan Lis (9 October 2011). "Netanyahu strikes deal with Yisrael Beiteinu to approve Trajtenberg report". Haaretz. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
- ↑ Avi Bar-Eli, Meirav Arlosoroff and Ora Coren (15 November 2011). "Despite PM's promises, most Trajtenberg recommendations may never become law". The Marker – Haaretz. Archived from the original on 16 January 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
- ↑ http://tradebridgeconsultants.com/news/government/cabinet-announces-fibre-optic-internet-access-in-every-home/
- ↑ http://www.globes.co.il/en/article-1000857455
- ↑ Lis, Jonathan; Bar-Zohar, Ophir (8 May 2012). "In surprise move, Netanyahu, Mofaz agree to form unity government, cancel early elections". Haaretz. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
- ↑ Winer, Stuart; Ahren, Raphael (14 May 2012). "PM promises Abbas a demilitarized Palestinian state". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
- ↑ Leshem, Elie. "Netanyahu, Liberman announce they'll run joint list for Knesset". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
- ↑ Overhaul of Israel's Economy Offers Lessons for United States
- ↑ "What is Israel's new Business Concentration Law and why should we care?". Haaretz. 29 December 2013.
- ↑ Netanyahu: Era of ports monopoly is over
- ↑ "Netanyahu vows to free economy of regulation and bureaucracy". Haaretz. 27 February 2014.
- ↑ [Peter Beaumont,'Israel condemns US for backing Palestinian unity government ,' [The Guardian] 3 June 2014 ]
- ↑ Jodi Rudoren (15 June 2014). "Netanyahu Says Three Were Taken by Hamas". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
- 1 2 James Marc Leas, 'Attack First, Kill First and Claim Self-Defense: Palestine Subcommittee Submission to UN Independent Commission of Inquiry on the 2014 Gaza Conflict,' Council for the National Interest 21 January 2015.
- ↑ "Live updates, July 1: Teens' bodies found". Haaretz. 1 July 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
- ↑ Ori Lewis (1 July 2014). "Israel mourns teenagers, strikes Hamas in Gaza". Reuters. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
- ↑ "IDF's Operation "Protective Edge" Begins Against Gaza". JewishPress. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
- ↑ "Hamas genocidal terrorists says Netanyahu". Israel News.Net. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
- ↑ Fournier, Ron (28 July 2014). "Why Benjamin Netanyahu Should Be Very, Very Worried". www.defenseone.com (National Journal). Retrieved 29 July 2014.
- ↑ Israel approves $4 billion privatization plan for next three years
- 1 2 "Netanyahu: White House criticism of Israel is un-American". nypost.com (New York Post). 5 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
- ↑ "Barak Ravid: White House responds to Netanyahu: American values gave Israel the Iron Dome" http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.619534
- ↑ "The Crisis in U.S.-Israel Relations Is Officially Here" http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/10/the-crisis-in-us-israel-relations-is-officially-here/382031/
- ↑ "'Knesset votes to dissolve, sets new elections for March 17' (Dec 8, 2014) The Times of Israel" http://www.timesofisrael.com/knesset-votes-unanimously-to-dissolve-ushering-in-new-elections/
- ↑ "Netanyahu to address US Congress in February". JPost. 1 January 2015.
- ↑ "Report: Netanyahu tried to prevent Mossad briefing for US Senators on Iran", Ynet 15 March 2015.
- ↑ "Exclusive: Netanyahu Canceled Intel Briefing for U.S. Senators on Iran Dangers", Time 14 March 2015.
- ↑ Consuls in U.S. warn: Israel's friends fear Netanyahu's speech to Congress will harm ties Haaretz, 5 February 2015
- ↑ Dianne Feinstein: Benjamin Netanyahu 'Arrogant' For Claiming To Speak For All Jews Huffington Post, 1 March 2015
- ↑ J Street launches campaign against Netanyahu Times of Israel, 10 February 2015
- ↑ How dare Netanyahu speak in the name of America's Jews? Haaretz, 9 February 2015
- ↑ Thousands of ultra-Orthodox Jews protest in NYC over Netanyahu's speech Haaretz, 4 March 2015
- ↑ Netanyahu does not speak for all American Jews The Washington Post, 20 February 2015
- ↑ Moran Azulay,"Netanyahu says no Palestinian state if he remains PM", Ynet 16 March 2015:'"Whoever moves to establish a Palestinian state or intends to withdraw from territory is simply yielding territory for radical Islamic terrorist attacks against Israel",'
- ↑ "Netanyahu Backtracks on Election Pledge to Refuse a Two-State Solution After Sharp Words from the US". news.vice.com.
- ↑ Rivlin grants Netanyahu 2 week extension to form coalition The Jerusalem Post, 20 April 2015
- 1 2 "In the 11th hour, Netanyahu finalizes 61-strong coalition". The Times of Israel (Jerusalem). 6 May 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
Prime minister reaches deal with Jewish home's Bennett, finalizing a right-wing government; two men set to deliver a statement; Ayelet Shaked will be named justice minister.
- ↑ Heller, Jeffery (6 May 2015). "Netanyahu clinches deal to form new Israeli government". Reuters (London). Retrieved 6 May 2015.
- ↑ Hoffman, Gil (28 May 2015). "Netanyahu vows to run in next election, boost Likud". The Jerusalem Post (Jerusalem, Israel). Retrieved 28 May 2015.
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu declared for the first time Wednesday that he intends to run for an unprecedented fifth term in the next general election, promising to lead the Likud to 40 seats.
- ↑ http://www.timesofisrael.com/cabinet-passes-state-budget-for-2015-2016/
- ↑ http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Politics-And-Diplomacy/Government-approves-2015-2016-budget-after-marathon-session-411294
- ↑ http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-1.686444
- ↑ Rudoren, Jodi (2015-10-21). "Netanyahu, Saying Palestinian Mufti Inspired Holocaust, Draws Broad Criticism". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2015-10-21.
- ↑ Richards, Victoria (21 October 2015). "Benjamin Netanyahu blames Holocaust on Palestinian leader Haj Amin al-Husseini". independent.co.uk. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
- ↑ "Netanyahu: Hitler Didn't Want to Exterminate the Jews". haaretz.com. 21 October 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
- 1 2 Aderet, Ofer (22 October 2015). "Mass murder of Jews in Europe started months before Hitler met mufti, historians say". haaretz.com. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
- ↑ Connolly, Kate (21 October 2015). "Germany refuses to accept Netanyahu's claim Palestinian inspired Holocaust". theguardian.com. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
- ↑ Sokol, Sam (21 October 2015). "Netanyahu's Holocaust distortion obscures Mufti's collaboration, say historians". jpost.com. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
- ↑ Tate, Emily (22 October 2015). "Under-fire Netanyahu criticised over 'a form of Holocaust denial'". independent.ie. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
- ↑ Netanyahu facing crisis as haredim vow to quit over Western Wall pluralism. The Jerusalem Post, March 7, 2016
- 1 2 3 Netanyahu: Corporate media is responsible for Israeli crony capitalism By Guy Rolnik, 02:20 11.04.14
- ↑ Beyond Regionalism?: Regional Cooperation, Regionalism and Regionalization in the Middle East, by Cilja Harders, Matteo Legrenzi (Ashgate 2013), page 191
- ↑ Arik: The Life of Ariel Sharon, By David Landau, (Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group 2014), Chapter 14
- ↑ Foreign investment in Israel at record levels Globes, 26 September 2005, 14:23, Zeev Klein
- ↑ The Political Right in Israel: Different Faces of Jewish Populism, by Dani Filc, (Routledge, 2009), page 65
- 1 2 Fighting Terrorism: How Democracies Can Defeat Domestic and International Terrorism. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 1995. p. 19. ISBN 978-0374154929.
- ↑ Fighting Terrorism: How Democracies Can Defeat Domestic and International Terrorism. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 1995. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-0374154929.
- 1 2 Fighting Terrorism: How Democracies Can Defeat Domestic and International Terrorism. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 1995. p. 33. ISBN 978-0374154929.
- 1 2 Fighting Terrorism: How Democracies Can Defeat Domestic and International Terrorism. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 1995. p. 142. ISBN 978-0374154929.
- ↑ Star of Zion Vanity Fair, BY DAVID MARGOLICK
- ↑ PM to LGBT community: Israel among world's most open countries By JPOST.COM STAFF, 6 November 2015, Jerusalem Post
- ↑ Netanyahu congratulated the LGBT community: "Israel – open to the world" Omri Nahmias Thursday, 11 June 2015
- ↑ Knesset marks Gay Community Rights Day; PM Netanyahu: ”We must be guided by the conviction that every person is created in the image of God” Publicized: February 23, 2016, Knesset Press Releases
- ↑ "Israel failed Ethiopian community, president says at memorial" By Judah Ari Gross 17 May 2015, Times of Israel
- ↑ African Hebrew Israelites mark their modern day exodus from U.S. Andrew Esensten, Haaretz, 25 May 2012
- ↑ Michael A. Sells,'HOLOCAUST ABUSE:The Case of Hajj Muhammad Amin al-Husayni', Journal of Religious Ethics, Vol. 43, No.4 2015 pp 723–759 p.740.
- ↑ Beinart, Peter (27 September 2010). "How U.S. Jews Stymie Peace Talks". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
- ↑ Glenn Kessler (16 July 2010). "Netanyahu: 'America is a thing you can move very easily'". The Washington Post.
- ↑ Schneider, Howard (20 March 2009). "Poll Gives Netanyahu Positive Marks Despite Rift with US". The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
- ↑ Benn, Aluf (1 March 2009). "Why isn't Netanyahu backing two-state solution?". Haaretz. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- 1 2 Ahren, Raphael (20 November 2008). "Netanyahu: Economics, not politics, is the key to peace". Haaretz. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
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- ↑ Susser, Leslie (2 February 2009). "Netanyahu Holds Big Lead in Prime Minister Race Polls". The Jewish Journal. Retrieved 11 July 2009.
- ↑ "Likud allow settlement expansion". BBC News. 26 January 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ↑ "Full text of Binyamin Netanyahu's Bar Ilan speech". Haaretz. 15 June 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
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- ↑ "Ministers split over Obama's Cairo speech". Ynetnews. 4 June 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2009.
- ↑ Ravid, Barak; Benn, Aluf (11 June 2009). "Netanyahu's speech: Yes to road map, no to settlement freeze". Haaretz. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ↑ Sofer, Roni (15 June 2009). "Netanyahu defends speech to party hardliners". Ynetnews. Retrieved 17 September 2009.
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- ↑ "Livni: Netanyahu doesn't believe in two-state solution". Haaretz. 7 July 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ↑ "Peace Now Response to Bibi Netanyahu's Speech". Peace Now. 15 June 2009. Archived from the original on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
- 1 2 Sofer, Roni (9 August 2009). "Netanyahu vows not to repeat 'mistake' of Gaza pullout". Ynetnews. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Netanyahu speech provokes mix of international reactions". Radio France. 15 June 2009. Retrieved 16 September 2009.
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- 1 2 3 4 5 Muhammad Yamany; Chen Gongzheng (15 June 2009). "Netanyahu's speech vexes Arabs". Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
- ↑ Whatley, Stewart (15 June 2009). "Palestinians Condemn Netanyahu Speech (VIDEO)". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
- ↑ "Syria: Netanyahu's policy has everything but peace". Haaretz. 15 June 2009.
- ↑ "PM calls Mubarak to clarify stance". The Jerusalem Post. 16 June 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
- 1 2 3 John, Mark (15 June 2009). "EU gives cautious welcome to Netanyahu speech". Reuters. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ↑ "White House reacts to Netanyahu's speech". CNN. 14 June 2009.
- ↑ "Netanyahu denies agreeing to peace talks based on '67 lines.". Jpost.com. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
- ↑ Heller, Aron (26 January 2014). "Israeli official: Palestine should allow settlers". Associated Press. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
- ↑ "Netanyahu says he agreed to US proposal for talks with Palestinians based on '67 lines". www.jpost.com (Jpost Inc.). 3 October 2014. Archived from the original on 3 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
- ↑ Elhanan Miller (12 June 2014), Top Palestinian negotiator rips into 'discredited, useless' Abbas, The Times of Israel
- ↑ Ravid, Barak (9 August 2009). "Netanyahu: I won't repeat Gaza evacuation mistake". Haaretz. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ↑ Dovid Efune, Netanyahu Says Stance On Security Requirements Has Become 'Firmer', Algemeiner Journal, 6 October 2014.
- ↑ "Report: Netanyahu says 9/11 terror attacks good for Israel". Haaretz. 16 April 2008. Archived from the original on 9 April 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
- ↑ Hirschberg, Peter (14 November 2006). "Netanyahu: It's 1938 and Iran is Germany; Ahmadinejad is preparing another Holocaust". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 9 April 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
- ↑ Byers, David; Hider, James (20 February 2009). "Binyamin Netanyahu targets Iran after he is appointed Prime Minister". The Times (London). Retrieved 24 September 2009.
- ↑ Melman, Yossi (15 March 2012). "Under Fire". Tablet. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
- ↑ Bergman, Ronen. "Ex-atomic agency chief: Netanyahu using scare tactics on Iran nuclear program". Ynet News. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
- ↑ Bonner, Ethan (28 March 2012). "2 Israeli Leaders Make the Iran Issue Their Own". New York Times. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
- ↑ "Israel: Possible Strike Against Iran's Nuclear Facilities" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. 28 September 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
- ↑ Shmulovich, Michael (28 April 2012). "Netanyahu, Barak 'not fit to lead Israel' and wrong on Iran". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
- ↑ "Olmert opposes strike on Iranian nuclear program". The Times of Israel. Associated Press. 25 April 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
Meir Dagan, Israel's ex-Mossad chief, told the station he supported Diskin.
- ↑ Yossi Melman (7 May 2011). "Former Mossad chief: Israel air strike on Iran 'stupidest thing I have ever heard'". Haaretz. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ↑ Oren, Amir (16 May 2012). "Top U.S. think tank warns against Israeli, American strike on Iran". Haaretz. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ↑ Ser, Sam (18 April 2012). "PM: 'Warning of Iranian threat is best way to honor Holocaust victims'". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
- ↑ Avner Cohen (19 March 2012). "Netanyahu's contempt for the Holocaust". Haaretz. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ↑ Shlomo Ben-Ami (4 April 2012). "Iran's Nuclear Grass Eaters". Project Syndicate. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
- ↑ "Netanyahu: Hezbollah, directed by Iran, carried out Burgas terror attack". The Times of Israel. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ↑ "Iran unmoved by curbs, says Netanyahu". The Pakistani Nation. 30 July 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
- ↑ Ravid, Barak (3 August 2012). "Netanyahu: If Israel attacks Iran, I will take responsibility for the consequences". Haaretz. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
- ↑ Ronen, Gil (27 September 2012). "Netanyahu: Red Line is when Iran Reaches 90% of Enriched Uranium". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
- ↑ "Ahmadinejad blasts US, Israel in UN speech boycotted by Western diplomats". New York Post. 26 September 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
- ↑ Seumas Milne, Ewen MacAskill and Clayton Swisher, 'Leaked cables show Netanyahu’s Iran bomb claim contradicted by Mossad,' The Guardian 23 February 2015.
- ↑ "PM Netanyahu is Interviewed for the First Time in the Persian-language Media". The Prime Minister of Israel Official Website. 3 October 2013. Archived from the original on 7 October 2013.
- ↑
- ↑ Ross, Dennis. Statecraft: And How to Restore America's Standing in the World. 2008, page 213
- ↑ Clinton, Bill. My Life: The Presidential Years. 2005, page 468
- ↑ "Former PM Netanyahu Visits Pollard in Prison". Netanyahu.org. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ↑ Mozgovaya, Natasha. "Netanyahu to formally call for release of convicted spy Jonathan Pollard – Haaretz Daily Newspaper | Israel News". Haaretz. Israel. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ↑ Gordon, Evelyn (19 May 2011). "Netanyahu reassures Esther Pollar ... JPost – Diplomacy & Politics". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ↑ Lis, Jonathan (9 November 2010). "Netanyahu's plea to Obama: Release Jonathan Pollard – Haaretz Daily Newspaper | Israel News". Haaretz. Israel. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ↑ "Full Statement From Jonathan Pollard's Attornies".
- ↑ Jonathan Pollard, spy for Israel, released from prison after 30 years The Washington Post, 20 Nov 2015
- ↑ Loeffler, James (13 February 2014). "Uncivil Damages: American victims of terrorism are suing a Chinese bank. Israel is trying to stop them – Slate". Slate.com. New York. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
- ↑ Balmer, Crispian (17 December 2014). "U.S. court urged to reject Israeli attempt to silence witness – Reuters". Reuters (Jerusalem). Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ↑ "Families Urge PM: Don’t Give Into Terror – Arutz Sheva". Arutz Sheva. Miami. 23 July 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
- 1 2 3 Benn, Evan (22 August 2013). "Weston family faces frustration of court fight after grief of terror bombing – Miami Herald". Miami Herald. Miami. Archived from the original on 23 August 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
- ↑ Kahn, Gabe (18 October 2011). "Hamas: Israel Crossed its Own Red Lines". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ↑ Vick, Karl (18 October 2011). "Gilad Shalit Release: Israel's Joy Tempered by Memories of an Intifadeh". Time. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
- ↑ Harel, Amos. "IDF battle readiness to suffer if budget cut, senior officers warn." Haaretz Newspaper, 11 October 2011.
- ↑ Bassok, Moti (26 December 2011). "Netanyahu decides not to cut Israel's defense budget in 2012". Haaretz. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ↑ "Israel to increase defence budget by $700m". Al Jazeera English. 9 January 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
- ↑ Harel, Amos. "IDF to ground warplanes, freeze Iron Dome production over budget woes." Haaretz Newspaper. 12 February 2012.
- ↑ Shapiro, Andrew J. "Ensuring Israel's Qualitative Military Edge." U.S. State Department, 4 November 2011.
- ↑ Haviv Rettig Gur (6 January 2014). "Inside Israel's White House: How Netanyahu runs the country". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
- ↑ "Israel: Asylum Seekers Blocked at Border". Human Rights Watch. 8 October 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
- ↑ "Israel: New detention law violates rights of asylum-seekers". Amnesty International. 10 January 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
- ↑ Fisher-Ilan, Allyn (3 June 2012). "Israel to jail illegal migrants for up to three years". Reuters. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ↑ "Israel PM: illegal African immigrants threaten identity of Jewish state". The Guardian. 20 May 2012.
- ↑ "'We are prisoners here', say migrants at Israel's desert detention camp". The Daily Telegraph. 4 April 2014.
- ↑ Jewish refugee organization slams Netanyahu on asylum seekers Haaretz, 10 October 2014
- ↑ Tidhar, David (1947). Entsiklopediyah le-halutse ha-yishuv u-vonav. Tel-Aviv. p. v.1, pp.186–187.
- ↑ "Biography: Benjamin Netanyahu". Likud website. Retrieved 15 September 2009.
- ↑ Ronn, J. Michoel (1990). The Dworskys of Lazdei: The History of a Lithuanian Jewish family from the mid-1700s until the Present. Brooklyn, NY. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
- ↑ Brand, David (9 March 2004). "Lehman leads CU group into the desert to promote education – and peace". Cornell University. Archived from the original on 18 July 2008. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
- ↑ אביו של נתניהו: הוא לא היה רה"מ מוצלח (in Hebrew). Maariv. 2 April 2009. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
- ↑ Martin, Douglas (30 April 2012). "Benzion Netanyahu, Hawkish Scholar, Dies at 102". NYTimes.com. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
- ↑ Alpert, Zalman (29 April 2009). "The Maggid of Netanyahu". Zionist Organization of America. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
- 1 2 3 4 Netanyahu's Women – Times of Israel
- ↑ http://www.vanityfair.com/news/1996/06/benjamin-netanyahu
- ↑ Hoffman, Gil (26 January 2014). "MKs slam Netanyahu over his son dating a non-Jewish Norwegian woman". Jpost.com. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
- ↑ "Mrs. Sara Netanyahu". pmo.gov.il.
- ↑ Averbach, Li-or (10 April 2011). "Benjamin Netanyahu's son gets new IDF PR job". Globes. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
- ↑ Gordon, Evelyn (17 March 2010). "Netanyahu Jr. wins National Bible Quiz – JPost – Israel". JPost. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ↑ WHO FIRED THE PRIME MINISTER'S NANNY? THE SOUP THICKENS, by Jack Katzenell, Associated Press, 7 July 1996
- ↑ Politics and Society in Modern Israel: Myths and Realities, By Adam Garfinkle, M.E. Sharpe, 7 December 1999, page 194
- ↑ "Mazel Tov Mr. Prime Minister! Netanyahu's first grandson born". Haaretz. 1 October 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ↑ Miskin, Maayana (8 October 2009). "Photo Essay: Netanyahu's Grandson Named". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ↑ Ronen, Gil. "Netanyahu Grandson Born – Inside Israel – News". Israel National News. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ↑ Steger, David (17 February 2016). "Netanyahu Becomes a Zaide for the Third Time". matzav.com. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
- ↑ Report: Sarkozy calls Netanyahu 'liar' Ynet News, 7 November 2011.
- ↑ Sarkozy to Obama: I'm fed up with Netanyahu, CBS News, 8 November 2011.
- ↑ Netanyahu has joined his buddy Berlusconi in an alliance of rejects Haaretz, By Akiva Eldar, 14 June 2011
- ↑ Netanyahu to Berlusconi: Israel lucky to have you as a friend Aviad Glickman 02.01.10
- ↑ Berlusconi says Israel should be an EU member Telegraph, 7:30AM GMT 02 Feb 2010
- ↑ Netanyahu has joined his buddy Berlusconi in an alliance of rejects Haaretz, By Akiva Eldar, Jun. 14, 2011
- ↑ Jennifer Steinhauer and Steven Lee Myers (20 September 2011). "House G.O.P. Tightens Its Bond With Netanyahu". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
- ↑ Reston, Maeve (2 July 2012). "Romney to visit Israel, meet with Netanyahu". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
- ↑ Bernstein, Jared (18 November 2011). "In the Heart of Motor City, Vice President Biden Addresses Yeshiva Beth Yehuda". White House. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
- ↑ "Transcript And Audio: Vice Presidential Debate". NPR. 11 October 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
- ↑ "Remarks by Vice President Biden and Prime Minister Netanyahu in a Joint Statement to the Press". White House. 9 March 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
- ↑ Jeffrey Goldberg, The Crisis In US-Israel Relations Is Officially Here. The Atlantic, 28 October 2014
- ↑ "Kerry phones Netanyahu to apologize over 'chickenshit' slur". Jerusalem Post. 31 October 2014.
- ↑ "Netanyahu: I'm being attacked because of my determination to defend Israel's interests". Jerusalem Post. 29 October 2014.
- ↑ Keinon, Herb (27 October 2014). "Israelis more likely to blame Obama, not Benjamin Netanyahu, for 'crisis' in ties with US – Israel News – Jerusalem Post". Jpost.com. Retrieved 2015-01-28.
- ↑ Bogost, Ian (28 October 2014). "The Crisis in U.S.-Israel Relations Is Officially Here". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2015-01-28.
- ↑ "Federations Gather To Network, Organize Fret and – Of Course! – Shmooze –". Forward.com. 11 November 2014. Retrieved 2015-01-28.
- ↑ Hoffman, Gil (10 December 2014). "Poll: Most say poor Netanyahu – Obama ties are harmful". The Jerusalem Post. Accessed 3 March 2015.
External links
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