Bentham & Hooker system

An early taxonomic system, the Bentham & Hooker system for seed plants was published in :

G. Bentham & J.D. Hooker (1862–1883). Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita (three volumes). (available online at Gallica and the Biodiversity Heritage Library).

Summary

The system recognises the following main groups:

• DICOTYLEDONUM POLYPETALE vol I

  Series 1. THALAMIFLORÆ

  Series 2. DISCIFLORÆ

  Series 3. CALYCIFLORÆ

• DICOTYLEDONES GAMOPETALÆ vol II

  Series 1. INFERÆ

  Series 2. HETEROMERÆ

  Series 3. BICARPELLATÆ

• DICOTYLEDONES MONOCHLAMIDEÆ vol III
• GYMNOSPERMEÆ vol III (1)
• MONOCOTYLEDONES vol III (2)

Families and orders in the Bentham & Hooker system

Note that this system was published well before there were internationally accepted rules for botanical nomenclature. It indicates a family by "ordo"; an order is indicated by "cohors" (in the first two volumes) or "series" (in the third volume); in the first two volumes “series” refers to a rank above that of order. Terminations for families are not what they are now. Neither of these phenomena is a problem from a nomenclatural perspective: the ICBN provides for this.

Dicotyledons

Dicotyledons

• DICOTYLEDONUM POLYPETALARUM Vol I

  SERIES I THALAMIFLORÆ

  COHORS I. RANALES

  I. RANUNCULACEÆ

  II. DILLENIACEÆ

  III. CALYCANTHACEÆ

  IV. MAGNOLIACEÆ

  V. ANONACEÆ [sic]

  VI. MENISPERMACEÆ

  VII. BERBERIDACEÆ

  VIII. NYMPHÆACEÆ

  COHORS II. PARIETALES

  IX. SARRACENIACEÆ

  X. PAPAVERACEÆ

  XI. CRUCIFERÆ

  XII. CAPPARIDEÆ

  XIII. RESEDACEÆ

  XIV. CISTINEÆ

  XV. VIOLARIEÆ

  XVI. CANELLACEÆ

  XVII. BIXINEÆ

  COHORS III. POLYGALINÆ

  XVIII. PITTOSPOREÆ

  XIX. TREMANDREÆ

  XX. POLYGALÆ

  XXa. VOCHYSIACEÆ

  COHORS IV. CARYOPHYLLINÆ

  XXI. FRANKENIACEÆ

  XXII. CARYOPHYLLEÆ

  XXIII. PORTULACEÆ

  XIV. TAMARISCINEÆ

  COHORS V. GUTTIFERALES

  XXV. ELATINEÆ

  XXVI. HYPERICINEÆ

  XXVII. GUTTIFERÆ

  XXVIII. TERNSTROEMIACEÆ

  XXIX. DIPTEROCARPEÆ

  XXX. CHLENACEÆ

  COHORS VI. MALVALES

  XXXI. MALVACEÆ

  XXXII. STERCULIACEÆ

  XXXIII. TILIACEÆ

  SERIES II. DISCIFLORÆ

  COHORS VII. GERANIALES

  XXXIV LINEÆ

  XXXV. HUMIRIACEÆ

  XXXVI. MALPIGHIACEÆ

  XXXVII. ZYGOPHYLLEÆ

  XXXVIII. GERANIACEÆ

  XXXIX. RUTACEÆ

  XL. SIMARUBEÆ [sic]

  XLI. OCHNACEÆ

  XLII. BURSERACEÆ

  XLIII. MELIACEÆ

  XLIV. CHAILLETIACEÆ

  COHORS VIII. OLACALES

  XLV. OLACINEÆ

  XLVI. ILICINEÆ

  COHORS IX. CELASTRALES

  XLVII. CELASTRINEÆ

  LVII. LEGUMINOSÆ

  LVIII. ROSACEÆ

  LIX. SAXIFRAGEÆ

  LX. CRASSULACEÆ

  LXI. DROSERACEÆ

  LXII. HAMAMELIDEÆ

  LXIII. BRUNIACEÆ

  LXIV. HALORAGEÆ

  COHORS XII. MYRTALES

  LXV. RHIZOPHOREÆ

  LXVI. COMBRETACEÆ

  LXVII. MYRTACEÆ

  LXVIII. MELASTOMACEÆ

  LXIX. LYTHRARIEÆ

  LXX. ONAGRARIEÆ

  COHORS XIII. PASSIFLORALES

  LXXI. SAMYDACEÆ

  LXXII. LOASEÆ

  LXXIII. TURNERACEÆ

  LXXIV. PASSIFLOREÆ

  LXXV. CUCURBITACEÆ

  LXXVI. BEGONIACEÆ

  LXXVII. DATISCEÆ

  COHORS XIV. FICOIDALES

  LXXVIII. CACTEÆ

  LXXIX. FICIOIDEÆ

  COHORS XV. UMBELLALES

  LXXX. UMBELLIFERÆ

  LXXXI. ARALIACEÆ

  LXXXII. CORNACEÆ

• DICOTYLEDONES GAMOPETALÆ vol II

  SERIES I. INFERÆ

  COHORS I. RUBIALES

  LXXXIII. CAPRIFOLIACEÆ

  LXXXIV. RUBIACEÆ

  COHORS II. ASTERALES

  LXXXV. VALERIANEÆ

  LXXXVI. DIPSACEÆ

  LXXXVII. CALCEREÆ

  LXXXVIII. COMPOSITÆ

  COHORS III. CAMPANALES

  LXXXIX. STYLIDIEÆ

  LC. GOODENOVIEÆ

  XCI. CAMPANULACEÆ

  SERIES II. HETEROMERÆ

  COHORS IV ERICALES

  XCII. VACCINIACEÆ

  XCIII. ERICACEÆ

  XCIV. MONOTROPEÆ

  XCV. EPACRIDEÆ

  XCVI. DIAPENSIACEÆ

  XCVII. LENNOACEÆ

  COHORS V. PRIMULALES

  XCVIII. PLUMBAGINEÆ

  XCIX. PRIMULACEÆ

  C. MYRSINEÆ

  COHORS VI. EBENALES

  CI. SAPOTACEÆ

  CII. EBENACEÆ

  CIII. STYRACEÆ

  SERIES III. BICAPELLATÆ

  COHORS VII. GENTIANALES

  CIV. OLEACEÆ

  CV. SALVADORACEÆ

  CVI. APOCYNACEÆ

  CVII. ASCLEPIADEÆ

  CVIII. LOGANIACEÆ

  CIX. GENTIANEÆ

  COHORS VIII. POLEMONIALES

  CX. POLEMONIACEÆ

  CXI. HYDROPHYLLACEÆ

  CXII. BORAGINEÆ

  CXIII. CONVOLVULACEÆ

  CXIV. SOLANACEÆ

  COHORS IX. PERSONALES

  CXV. SCROPHULARINEÆ

  CXVI. OROBRANCHACEÆ

  CXVII. LENTIBULARIEÆ

  CXVIII. COLUMELLIACEÆ

  CXIX. GESNERACEÆ [sic]

  CXX. BIGNONIACEÆ

  CXXI. PEDALINEÆ

  CXXII. ACANTHACEÆ

  COHORS X. LAMIALES

  CXXIII. MYOPORINEÆ

  CXXIV. SELAGINEÆ

  CXXV. VERBENACEÆ

  CXXVI. LABIATÆ

  incertae sedis

  CXXVII. PLANTAGINEÆ

• DICOTYLEDONES MONOCHLAMIDEÆ vol III

  Series I. Curvembryeæ

  CXXVIII. NYCTAGINEÆ

  CXXIX. ILLECEBRACEÆ

  CXXX. AMARANTACEÆ [sic]

  CXXXI. CHENOPODIACEÆ

  CXXXII. PHYTOLACCACEÆ

  CXXXIII. BATIDEÆ

  CXXXIV. POLYGONACEÆ

  Series II. Multiovulatæ Aquaticæ

  CXXXV. PODOSTEMONACEÆ

  Series III. Multiovulatæ Terrestres

  CXXXVI. NEPENTHACEÆ

  CXXXVII. CYTINACEÆ

  CXXXVIII. ARISTOLOCHIACEÆ

  Series IV. Micrembryeæ

  CXXXIX. PIPERACEÆ

  CXL. CHLORANTACEÆ

  CXLI. MYRISTICEÆ

  CXLII. MONIMIACEÆ

  Series V. Daphnales

  CXLIII. LAURINEÆ

  CXLIV. PROTEACEÆ

  CXLV. THYMELÆACEÆ

  CXLVI. PENÆACEÆ

  CXLVII. ELÆAGNACEÆ

  Series VI. Achlamydosporeæ

  CXLVIII. LORANTHACEÆ

  CXLIX. SANTALACEÆ

  CL. BALANOPHOREÆ

  Series VII. Unisexuales

  CLI. EUPHORBIACEÆ

  CLII. BALANOPEÆ

  CLIII. URTICACEÆ

  CLIV. PLATANACEÆ

  CLV. LEITNERIEÆ

  CLVI. JUGLANDEÆ

  CLVII. MYRICACEÆ

  CLVIII. CASUARINEÆ

  CLIX. CUPULIFERÆ

  Series VIII. Ordines anomali (incertae sedis)

  CLX. SALICINEÆ

  CLXI. LACISTEMACEÆ

  CLXII. EMPETRACEÆ

  CLXIII. CERATOPHYLLEÆ

• GYMNOSPERMEÆ [sic] vol III (1)

  CLXIV. GNETACEÆ

  CLXV. CONIFERÆ

  CLXVI. CYCADACEÆ

Monocotyledons

Monocotyledons

• Summary pp viii-xi
• MONOCOTYLEDONES vol III (2) p. 448

Series I. Microspermæ p. 448

• CLXVII. HYDROCHARIDEÆ p. 448

  CLXVIII. BURMANNIACEÆ

  CLXIX. ORCHIDEÆ p. 460

Series II Epigynæ p. 636

• CLXX. SCITAMINEÆ p. 636

  CLXXI. BROMELIACEÆ p. 657

  CLXXII. HAEMODORACEÆ p. 671

  CLXXIII. IIRIDEÆ p. 681

  CLXXIV. AMARYLLIDEÆ p. 711 5 subtribes

  I Tribus Hypoxideae p. 716

  II Tribus Amarylleae p. 718

  III Tribus Alstroemerieae p. 735

  IV Tribus Agaveae p. 737

  V Tribus Vellosieae p. 739

  CLXXV. TACCACEÆ p. 740

  CLXXVI. DIOSCOREACEÆ p. 741

Series III Coronarieæ p. 746

• CLXXVII. ROXBURGHIACEÆ p. 746

  CLXXVIII. LILIACEÆ p. 748 (20 tribes) Schema 748-763

  Tribus I Smilaceae p. 763

  Tribus II Asparageae p. 764

  Tribus III Luzuriageae

  Tribus IV Polygonateae p. 768

  Tribus V Convallariae

  Tribus VI Aspidistreae

  Tribus VII Hemerocalleae

  Tribus VIII Aloineae

• ...

  Tribus X Asphodeleae p. 781 5 subtribes

  Tribus XI Johnsonieae p. 795

  Tribus XII Allieae p. 798 Schema p. 750 4 subtribes

  Subtribus I Agapantheae p. 798

  Subtribus II Euallieae p. 798

  Subtribus III Gilliesieae p. 804

  Subtribus IV Massonieae p. 806

  Tribus XIII Scilleae p. 807

  Tribus XIV Tulipeae p. 816

  Tribus XV Colchiceae

• ...

  Tribus XX Veratreae p. 834

  CLXXIX. PONTEDERIACEÆ p. 836

  CLXXX. PHILYDRACEÆ p. 840

  CLXXXI. XYRIDEÆ p. 841

  CLXXXII. MAYACEÆ p. 843

  CLXXXIII. COMMELINACEÆ p. 844

  CLXXXIV. RAPATEACEÆ p. 857

Series VI Calycineæ p. 860

• CLXXXV. FLAGELLARIEÆ

  CLXXXVI. JUNCACEÆ

  CLXXXVII. PALMÆ

Series V. Nudifloreæ p. 949

• CLXXXVIII. PANDANEÆ

  CLXXXIX. CYCLANTHACEÆ

  CXC TYPHACEÆ

  CXCI. AROIDEÆ

  CXCII. LEMNACEÆ p. 1000

Series VI. Apocarpæ p.1001

• CXCIII. TRIURIDEÆ

  CXCIV. ALISMACEÆ p. 1003

  CXCV. NAIADACEÆ [sic]

Series VII. Glumaceæ p. 1019

• CXCVI. ERIOCAULEÆ

  CXCVII. CENTROLEPIDEÆ p. 1025

  CXCVIII. RESTIACEÆ

  CXCIX. CYPERACEÆ

  CC. GRAMINEÆ

See also

• Gamopetalae
• Heteromerae
• Monochlamydae

Bibliography

• Bentham, George (February 1877). "On the Distribution of the Monocotyledonous Orders into Primary Groups, more especially in reference to the Australian Flora, with notes on some points of Terminology.". Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany 15 (88): 490–520. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1877.tb00261.x.
• Bentham, G.; Hooker, J.D. (1862–1883). Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita (3 vols.). London: L Reeve & Co. Retrieved 24 January 2014.