Cronquist system

The Cronquist system is a taxonomic classification system of flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in his texts An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants (1981) and The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants (1968; 2nd edition, 1988). Cronquist's system places flowering plants into two broad classes, Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons) and Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Within these classes, related orders are grouped into subclasses. While the scheme was widely used, in either the original form or in adapted versions, many botanists now use the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants, first developed in 1998. The system as laid out in Cronquist's An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants (1981) counts 64 orders and 321 families in class Magnoliopsida and 19 orders and 65 families in class Liliopsida.

1968 system (monocots)

Class Liliatae (monocotyledons)

• Subclass Alismatidae
• Subclass Commelinidae
• Subclass Arecidae
• Subclass Liliidae
  • Order Liliales
    • Family Philydraceae
    • Family Pontederiaceae
    • Family Liliaceae
    • Family Iridaceae
    • Family Agavaceae
    • Family Xanthorrhoeaceae
    • Family Velloziaceae
    • Family Haemodoraceae
    • Family Taccaceae
    • Family Cyanastraceae
    • Family Stemonaceae
    • Family Smilacaceae
    • Family Dioscoreaceae
  • Order Orchidales

Revised system

Class Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)

Cronquist system diagram

1. Subclass Magnoliidae (mostly basal dicots)
   1. Order Magnoliales
      1. Winteraceae
      2. Degeneriaceae
      3. Himantandraceae
      4. Eupomatiaceae
      5. Austrobaileyaceae
      6. Magnoliaceae (magnolia family)
      7. Lactoridaceae
      8. Annonaceae
      9. Myristicaceae
      10. Canellaceae
   2. Order Laurales
      1. Amborellaceae
      2. Trimeniaceae
      3. Monimiaceae
      4. Gomortegaceae
      5. Calycanthaceae
      6. Idiospermaceae
      7. Lauraceae (laurel family)
      8. Hernandiaceae
   3. Order Piperales
      1. Chloranthaceae
      2. Saururaceae
      3. Piperaceae (pepper family)
   4. Order Aristolochiales
      1. Aristolochiaceae
   5. Order Illiciales
      1. Illiciaceae
      2. Schisandraceae
   6. Order Nymphaeales
      1. Nelumbonaceae
      2. Nymphaeaceae
      3. Barclayaceae
      4. Cabombaceae
      5. Ceratophyllaceae
   7. Order Ranunculales
      1. Ranunculaceae
      2. Circaeasteraceae
      3. Berberidaceae
      4. Sargentodoxaceae
      5. Lardizabalaceae
      6. Menispermaceae
      7. Coriariaceae
      8. Sabiaceae
   8. Order Papaverales
      1. Papaveraceae
      2. Fumariaceae
2. Subclass Hamamelidae [sic: correctly Hamamelididae]
   1. Order Trochodendrales
      1. Tetracentraceae
      2. Trochodendraceae
   2. Order Hamamelidales
      1. Cercidiphyllaceae
      2. Eupteleaceae
      3. Platanaceae
      4. Hamamelidaceae
      5. Myrothamnaceae
   3. Order Daphniphyllales
      1. Daphniphyllaceae
   4. Order Didymelales
      1. Didymelaceae
   5. Order Eucommiales
      1. Eucommiaceae
   6. Order Urticales
      1. Barbeyaceae
      2. Ulmaceae
      3. Cannabaceae
      4. Moraceae
      5. Cecropiaceae
      6. Urticaceae
   7. Order Leitneriales
      1. Leitneriaceae
   8. Order Juglandales
      1. Rhoipteleaceae
      2. Juglandaceae
   9. Order Myricales
      1. Myricaceae
   10. Order Fagales
       1. Balanopaceae
       2. Ticodendraceae
       3. Fagaceae
       4. Nothofagaceae
       5. Betulaceae
   11. Order Casuarinales
       1. Casuarinaceae
3. Subclass Caryophyllidae
   1. Order Caryophyllales
      1. Phytolaccaceae
      2. Achatocarpaceae
      3. Nyctaginaceae
      4. Aizoaceae
      5. Didiereaceae
      6. Cactaceae (cactus family)
      7. Chenopodiaceae
      8. Amaranthaceae
      9. Portulacaceae
      10. Basellaceae
      11. Molluginaceae
      12. Caryophyllaceae
   2. Order Polygonales
      1. Polygonaceae
   3. Order Plumbaginales
      1. Plumbaginaceae
4. Subclass Dilleniidae
   1. Order Dilleniales
      1. Dilleniaceae
      2. Paeoniaceae
   2. Order Theales
      1. Ochnaceae
      2. Sphaerosepalaceae
      3. Sarcolaenaceae
      4. Dipterocarpaceae
      5. Caryocaraceae
      6. Theaceae (tea family)
      7. Actinidiaceae
      8. Scytopetalaceae
      9. Pentaphylacaceae
      10. Tetrameristaceae
      11. Pellicieraceae
      12. Oncothecaceae
      13. Marcgraviaceae
      14. Quiinaceae
      15. Elatinaceae
      16. Paracryphiaceae
      17. Medusagynaceae
      18. Clusiaceae
   3. Order Malvales
      1. Elaeocarpaceae
      2. Tiliaceae
      3. Sterculiaceae
      4. Bombacaceae
      5. Malvaceae
   4. Order Lecythidales
      1. Lecythidaceae
   5. Order Nepenthales
      1. Sarraceniaceae
      2. Nepenthaceae
      3. Droseraceae
   6. Order Violales
      1. Flacourtiaceae
      2. Peridiscaceae
      3. Bixaceae
      4. Cistaceae
      5. Huaceae
      6. Lacistemataceae
      7. Scyphostegiaceae
      8. Stachyuraceae
      9. Violaceae (violet family)
      10. Tamaricaceae (tamarind family)
      11. Frankeniaceae
      12. Dioncophyllaceae
      13. Ancistrocladaceae
      14. Turneraceae
      15. Malesherbiaceae
      16. Passifloraceae
      17. Achariaceae
      18. Caricaceae
      19. Fouquieriaceae
      20. Hoplestigmataceae
      21. Cucurbitaceae
      22. Datiscaceae
      23. Begoniaceae
      24. Loasaceae
   7. Order Salicales
      1. Salicaceae
   8. Order Capparales
      1. Tovariaceae
      2. Capparaceae
      3. Brassicaceae
      4. Moringaceae
      5. Resedaceae
   9. Order Batales
      1. Gyrostemonaceae
      2. Bataceae
   10. Order Ericales
       1. Cyrillaceae
       2. Clethraceae
       3. Grubbiaceae
       4. Empetraceae
       5. Epacridaceae
       6. Ericaceae
       7. Pyrolaceae
       8. Monotropaceae
   11. Order Diapensiales
       1. Diapensiaceae
   12. Order Ebenales
       1. Sapotaceae
       2. Ebenaceae
       3. Styracaceae
       4. Lissocarpaceae
       5. Symplocaceae
   13. Order Primulales
       1. Theophrastaceae
       2. Myrsinaceae
       3. Primulaceae
5. Subclass Rosidae
   1. Order Rosales
      1. Brunelliaceae
      2. Connaraceae
      3. Eucryphiaceae
      4. Cunoniaceae
      5. Davidsoniaceae
      6. Dialypetalanthaceae
      7. Pittosporaceae
      8. Byblidaceae
      9. Hydrangeaceae
      10. Columelliaceae
      11. Grossulariaceae
      12. Greyiaceae
      13. Bruniaceae
      14. Anisophylleaceae
      15. Alseuosmiaceae
      16. Crassulaceae
      17. Cephalotaceae
      18. Saxifragaceae
      19. Rosaceae (rose family)
      20. Neuradaceae
      21. Crossosomataceae
      22. Chrysobalanaceae
      23. Surianaceae
      24. Rhabdodendraceae
   2. Order Fabales
      1. Mimosaceae (mimosa family)
      2. Caesalpiniaceae
      3. Fabaceae
   3. Order Proteales
      1. Elaeagnaceae
      2. Proteaceae
   4. Order Podostemales
      1. Podostemaceae
   5. Order Haloragales
      1. Haloragaceae
      2. Gunneraceae
   6. Order Myrtales
      1. Sonneratiaceae
      2. Lythraceae
      3. Penaeaceae
      4. Crypteroniaceae
      5. Thymelaeaceae
      6. Trapaceae
      7. Myrtaceae
      8. Punicaceae
      9. Onagraceae
      10. Oliniaceae
      11. Melastomataceae
      12. Combretaceae
      13. Alzateaceae
      14. Memecylaceae
      15. Rhyncocalycaceae
   7. Order Rhizophorales
      1. Rhizophoraceae
   8. Order Cornales
      1. Alangiaceae
      2. Nyssaceae
      3. Cornaceae
      4. Garryaceae
   9. Order Santalales
      1. Medusandraceae
      2. Dipentodontaceae
      3. Olacaceae
      4. Opiliaceae
      5. Santalaceae
      6. Misodendraceae
      7. Loranthaceae
      8. Viscaceae
      9. Eremolepidaceae
      10. Balanophoraceae
   10. Order Rafflesiales
       1. Hydnoraceae
       2. Mitrastemonaceae
       3. Rafflesiaceae
   11. Order Celastrales
       1. Geissolomataceae
       2. Celastraceae
       3. Hippocrateaceae
       4. Stackhousiaceae
       5. Salvadoraceae
       6. Aquifoliaceae
       7. Icacinaceae
       8. Aextoxicaceae
       9. Cardiopteridaceae
       10. Corynocarpaceae
       11. Dichapetalaceae
       12. Tepuianthaceae
   12. Order Euphorbiales
       1. Buxaceae
       2. Simmondsiaceae
       3. Pandaceae
       4. Euphorbiaceae
   13. Order Rhamnales
       1. Rhamnaceae
       2. Leeaceae
       3. Vitaceae
   14. Order Linales
       1. Erythroxylaceae
       2. Humiriaceae
       3. Ixonanthaceae
       4. Hugoniaceae
       5. Linaceae
   15. Order Polygalales
       1. Malpighiaceae
       2. Vochysiaceae
       3. Trigoniaceae
       4. Tremandraceae
       5. Polygalaceae
       6. Xanthophyllaceae
       7. Krameriaceae
   16. Order Sapindales
       1. Staphyleaceae
       2. Melianthaceae
       3. Bretschneideraceae
       4. Akaniaceae
       5. Sapindaceae
       6. Hippocastanaceae
       7. Aceraceae
       8. Burseraceae
       9. Anacardiaceae
       10. Julianiaceae
       11. Simaroubaceae
       12. Cneoraceae
       13. Meliaceae
       14. Rutaceae
       15. Zygophyllaceae
   17. Order Geraniales
       1. Oxalidaceae
       2. Geraniaceae
       3. Limnanthaceae
       4. Tropaeolaceae
       5. Balsaminaceae
   18. Order Apiales
       1. Araliaceae
       2. Apiaceae
6. Subclass Asteridae
   1. Order Gentianales
      1. Loganiaceae
      2. Retziaceae
      3. Gentianaceae
      4. Saccifoliaceae
      5. Apocynaceae
      6. Asclepiadaceae
   2. Order Solanales
      1. Duckeodendraceae
      2. Nolanaceae
      3. Solanaceae
      4. Convolvulaceae
      5. Cuscutaceae
      6. Menyanthaceae
      7. Polemoniaceae
      8. Hydrophyllaceae
      9. Retziaceae
   3. Order Lamiales
      1. Lennoaceae
      2. Boraginaceae
      3. Verbenaceae
      4. Lamiaceae
   4. Order Callitrichales
      1. Hippuridaceae
      2. Callitrichaceae
      3. Hydrostachyaceae
   5. Order Plantaginales
      1. Plantaginaceae
   6. Order Scrophulariales
      1. Buddlejaceae
      2. Oleaceae (olive family)
      3. Scrophulariaceae
      4. Globulariaceae
      5. Myoporaceae
      6. Orobanchaceae
      7. Gesneriaceae
      8. Acanthaceae
      9. Pedaliaceae
      10. Bignoniaceae
      11. Mendonciaceae
      12. Lentibulariaceae
   7. Order Campanulales
      1. Pentaphragmataceae
      2. Sphenocleaceae
      3. Campanulaceae
      4. Stylidiaceae
      5. Donatiaceae
      6. Brunoniaceae
      7. Goodeniaceae
   8. Order Rubiales
      1. Rubiaceae
      2. Theligonaceae
   9. Order Dipsacales
      1. Caprifoliaceae
      2. Adoxaceae
      3. Valerianaceae
      4. Dipsacaceae
   10. Order Calycerales
       1. Calyceraceae
   11. Order Asterales
       1. Asteraceae

Class Liliopsida (monocotyledons)

1. Subclass Alismatidae
   1. Order Alismatales
      1. Butomaceae
      2. Limnocharitaceae
      3. Alismataceae
   2. Order Hydrocharitales
      1. Hydrocharitaceae
   3. Order Najadales
      1. Aponogetonaceae
      2. Scheuchzeriaceae
      3. Juncaginaceae
      4. Potamogetonaceae
      5. Ruppiaceae
      6. Najadaceae
      7. Zannichelliaceae
      8. Posidoniaceae
      9. Cymodoceaceae
      10. Zosteraceae
   4. Order Triuridales
      1. Petrosaviaceae
      2. Triuridaceae

1. Subclass Arecidae
   1. Order Arecales
      1. Arecaceae (palm family)
   2. Order Cyclanthales
      1. Cyclanthaceae
   3. Order Pandanales
      1. Pandanaceae (pandan family)
   4. Order Arales
      1. Acoraceae
      2. Araceae
      3. Lemnaceae

1. Subclass Commelinidae
   1. Order Commelinales
      1. Rapateaceae
      2. Xyridaceae
      3. Mayacaceae
      4. Commelinaceae
   2. Order Eriocaulales
      1. Eriocaulaceae
   3. Order Restionales
      1. Flagellariaceae
      2. Joinvilleaceae
      3. Restionaceae
      4. Centrolepidaceae
   4. Order Juncales
      1. Juncaceae
      2. Thurniaceae
   5. Order Cyperales
      1. Cyperaceae
      2. Poaceae (Grass family)
   6. Order Hydatellales
      1. Hydatellaceae
   7. Order Typhales
      1. Sparganiaceae
      2. Typhaceae

1. Subclass Zingiberidae
   1. Order Bromeliales
      1. Bromeliaceae
   2. Order Zingiberales
      1. Strelitziaceae
      2. Heliconiaceae
      3. Musaceae
      4. Lowiaceae
      5. Zingiberaceae (Ginger family)
      6. Costaceae
      7. Cannaceae
      8. Marantaceae

1. Subclass Liliidae
   1. Order Liliales
      1. Philydraceae
      2. Pontederiaceae
      3. Haemodoraceae
      4. Cyanastraceae
      5. Liliaceae (Lily family)
      6. Iridaceae (Iris family)
      7. Velloziaceae
      8. Aloeaceae (Aloe family)
      9. Agavaceae
      10. Xanthorrhoeaceae
      11. Hanguanaceae
      12. Taccaceae
      13. Stemonaceae
      14. Smilacaceae
      15. Dioscoreaceae
   2. Order Orchidales
      1. Geosiridaceae
      2. Burmanniaceae
      3. Corsiaceae
      4. Orchidaceae (Orchid family)

Bibliography

• Texas A and M University Bioinformatics Working Group : Cronquist System
• Reveal, James (4 October 1998). "Cronquist Family Names and Synonymy". Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Project. University of Maryland: Norton-Brown Herbarium. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
• Reveal, James (22 November 1998). "Lists of the Flowering Plant Taxa Accepted by Cronquist, Dahlgren, Reveal, Takhtajan & Thorne". Vascular Plant Family Nomenclature. University of Maryland: Norton-Brown Herbarium. Retrieved 3 January 2016.

Work by Cronquist

• Cronquist, Arthur. (1957). Outline of a new system of families and orders of dicotyledons. Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat Brux. 27: 13–40.
• Cronquist, Arthur (October 1960). "The divisions and classes of plants". The Botanical Review 26 (4): 425–482. doi:10.1007/BF02940572.
• Cronquist, Arthur (September 1965). "The Status of the General System of Classification of Flowering Plants". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 52 (3): 281–303. doi:10.2307/2394794.
• Cronquist, Arthur; Takhtajan, Armen; Zimmermann, Walter (April 1966). "On the Higher Taxa of Embryobionta". Taxon 15 (4): 129–134. doi:10.2307/1217531. JSTOR 1217531.
• Cronquist, A (1981). An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231038805.
• Cronquist, A. (1988). The evolution and classification of flowering plants, 2d ed. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY.
  • Excerpt: Classification. 7 pp.