Big Cypress National Preserve

Big Cypress National Preserve
IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area)
USA
Location	Collier, Monroe, & Miami-Dade counties, Florida, United States
Nearest city	Everglades City, Florida
Coordinates	25°51′32″N 81°02′02″W / 25.85889°N 81.03389°WCoordinates: 25°51′32″N 81°02′02″W / 25.85889°N 81.03389°W
Area	720,566 acres (291,603 ha)[1]
Established	October 4, 1974
Visitors	941,393 (in 2011)[2]
Governing body	National Park Service

Rock outcroppings in the prairie north of Concho Billy Trail

Big Cypress National Preserve is a United States National Preserve located in southern Florida, about 45 miles (72 kilometers) west of Miami. The 720,000-acre (2,900 km²) Big Cypress, along with Big Thicket National Preserve in Texas, became the first national preserves in the United States National Park System when they were established on 11 October 1974.^[3] In 2008, Florida film producer Elam Stoltzfus featured this preserve in a PBS documentary.^[4]

Geography and history of establishment

Big Cypress borders the wet freshwater prairies of Everglades National Park to the south, and other state and federally protected cypress country in the west, with water from the Big Cypress flowing south and west into the coastal Ten Thousand Islands region of Everglades National Park. When Everglades National Park was established in 1947, Big Cypress was originally intended to be included; however, because the land had not been purchased from its private owners, Big Cypress was ultimately released from the park system.

Human use and impact

Ecologically, the preserve is slightly more elevated than the western Everglades. Big Cypress was historically occupied by various cultures of Native Americans; the last were the Seminole of the nineteenth century. Their descendants include the federally recognized Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida and the Seminole Tribe of Florida.

Early European-American settlers hunted herons and egrets, whose feathers were extremely popular with 19th and 20th-century hat-makers in New York and Paris. Poachers hunted American alligators and crocodiles to near extinction. When the timber industry began to operate in the area, it built railroads, and cut and hauled out most of the cypress ecosystem's old growth trees. Portions of the Big Cypress were farmed for winter vegetables.

The search for oil in Florida began in 1901, but with no success. After almost 80 more dry holes had been drilled throughout the state, on September 26, 1943 Humble Oil Company (later to become Exxon) discovered Florida's first producing oil well in the northwest portion of what is now Big Cypress National Preserve. The wells currently produce about 20 barrels of oil per day.^[5]

Big Cypress National Preserve differs from Everglades National Park in that, when it was established by law in 1974, the Miccosukee, Seminole and Traditional people were provided with permanent rights to occupy and use the land in traditional ways; in addition, they have first rights to develop income-producing businesses related to the resources and use of the preserve, such as guided tours.^[6] They and other hunters^[7] may use off-road vehicles, and home and business owners have been permitted to keep their properties in the preserve. As in Everglades National Park, petroleum exploration was permitted within Big Cypress in the authorizing legislation, but plans are under way for the government to buy out the remaining petroleum leases in order to restore the environment.

In contrast with those promoting environmental restoration, in 2011 Governor Rick Scott stated that he was open to expanded drilling in the Everglades.^[8]

In the 1960s, Native Americans, hunters, and conservationists succeeded at fighting an effort to move Miami International Airport's international flights to a new airport in the Big Cypress area. They followed up with a campaign to have Big Cypress included in the National Parks System. Although construction of the new airport had already begun, it was stopped after one runway was completed. It is now known as the Dade-Collier Training and Transition Airport.

Flora and fauna

A cottonmouth crosses an off-road vehicle access road in Big Cypress National Preserve.

The preserve is the most biologically diverse region of the terrestrial Everglades. While dominated by a wet cypress forest, it is host to an array of flora and fauna, including mangroves, orchids, alligators, venomous snakes like the cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti) and eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus), a variety of birds, and the Florida panther, (Puma concolor couguar) and the Florida black bear.

The preserve is also home to nine federally listed endangered species including the West Indian manatee, the eastern indigo snake (Drymarchon corais couperi), and the Florida sandhill crane (Grus canadensis pratensis).

Visiting Big Cypress

Twelve campgrounds in Big Cypress are tailored to motor vehicles, where tourists planning overnight stays can park their vehicles and ORVs in designated areas. The southern terminus of the Florida National Scenic Trail is located in Big Cypress, and provides hiking opportunities during the winter months.^[9] For nature lovers who don't mind getting their feet wet, hiking throughout Big Cypress is enjoyable in all seasons, with most of the cypress country more hospitable to hikers than the dense sawgrass prairies of the central Everglades. Some of the most beautiful wading and walking can be found in cypress strands and prairies between the Loop Road and the Tamiami Trail.

Because alligators are numerous and often large, wading through the cypress country requires constant alertness. The preserve's visitor center offers an educational video about the surroundings. Rangers often lead hikes in the dry winter months, as well as canoe trips and bicycle tours.^[10]

A long-established recreational activity in the area, hunters were instrumental in protecting this corner of remote, wild Florida. Hunting activities continue today and include seasons for archery, muzzle loading and general gun. Typical game species are white-tailed deer, turkey and hogs. Alligator hunting is not allowed within the national preserve. Hunting within the preserve is managed cooperatively between the National Park Service and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission.^[11]

Controversy over off-road vehicles

Burns Lake campground, one of Big Cypress' many seasonal camps designed mainly for R.V.s and ORVs.

Touted as a "recreational paradise" by the Department of the Interior, Big Cypress was created in part to accommodate access with off-road vehicles (ORVs)^[12] by the hunters and the Miccosukee and Seminole people who had worked to protect Big Cypress from drainage and development. However, scientists and conservationists have noted an increase in ORV recreation that prompted the National Park Service in 2001 to proactively manage ORV recreation and to reduce 400 miles (640 km) of primary trails within the preserve,^[13] despite persistent calls for more from hunters and ORV enthusiasts.

According to a 2001 study conducted by the United States Geological Survey,

"ORV use in Big Cypress National Preserve (BICY) has impacted wildlife populations and habitats through modifications to water flow patterns (direction and velocity) and water quality, soil displacement and compaction, direct vegetation damage, disturbance to foraging individuals, and, ultimately, overall suitability of habitats for wildlife."^[14]

Given these conclusions, environmental groups opposed the announcement by park officials in 2006 of a new study to determine whether the recreational benefit of more trails is worth the risk of additional damage to the ecosystem.^[15]

References

1. "Listing of acreage as of December 31, 2011". Land Resource Division, National Park Service. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
2. "NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report". National Park Service.
3. "Big Cypress". Nps.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-20.
4. "Welcome to Big Cypress Swamp · The Western Everglades". Bigcypressswamp.org. Retrieved 2016-02-20.
5. "Florida's First Oil Well - Petroleum History Resources". Sites.google.com. Retrieved 2016-02-20.
6. National Park Service, James A. Goss, Usual and Customary Use by the Miccosukee and Seminole Indians in Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida, National Park Service, 1995, pp. 4-5
7. "Hunting - Big Cypress National Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)". Nps.gov. 2015-01-05. Retrieved 2016-02-20.
8. http://web.archive.org/web/20121007225601/http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/09/06/2393217/fl-gov-scott-open-to-glades-drilling.html. Archived from the original on October 7, 2012. Retrieved September 7, 2011. Missing or empty |title= (help)
9. "Hiking - Big Cypress National Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)". Nps.gov. 2015-01-05. Retrieved 2016-02-20.
10. http://web.archive.org/web/20110715210848/http://www.ruba.com/place/Big_Cypress_National_Preserve-33100_Tamiami_Trail_East_Ochopee_FL. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved February 3, 2010. Missing or empty |title= (help)
11. "Hunting - Big Cypress National Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)". Nps.gov. 2015-01-05. Retrieved 2016-02-20.
12. "Off-Road Vehicle Use". Nps.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-20.
13. "ORV Access" (PDF). Nps.org. Retrieved 2016-02-20.
14. http://web.archive.org/web/20060922235749/http://fl.water.usgs.gov/cesi/rkg_publiclandindicator_proj.htm. Archived from the original on September 22, 2006. Retrieved October 18, 2006. Missing or empty |title= (help)
15. http://web.archive.org/web/20070311002732/http://www.naplesnews.com:80/news/2006/may/21/big_cypress_road_riding_will_be_studied/?local_news. Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. Retrieved June 7, 2006. Missing or empty |title= (help)

External links

• National Park Service: Big Cypress National Preserve
• Map of Big Cypress National Preserve