LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0

LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0

No:44949 at Manchester Victoria in 1968.
Type and origin
Power type Steam
Designer William Stanier
Builder
Serial number AW: 1166–1265, 1280–1506
VF: 4565–4614, 4618–4667
Build date 1934–1951
Total produced 842
Specifications
Configuration 4-6-0
UIC class 2′C h2
Gauge 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)
Leading dia. 3 ft 3 1⁄2 in (1.003 m)
Driver dia. 6 ft 0 in (1.829 m)
Length 63 ft 7 3⁄4 in (19.40 m) or 63 ft 11 3⁄4 in (19.50 m)
Loco weight 72.2 long tons (73.4 t; 80.9 short tons) to 75 long tons (76 t; 84 short tons)
Fuel type Coal
Fuel capacity 9 long tons (9.1 t; 10 short tons)
Water cap 4,000 imp gal (18,000 l; 4,800 US gal)
Firebox:
 • Firegrate area		 27 3⁄4 or 28 1⁄2 sq ft (2.58 or 2.65 m2) or 28.5 sq ft (2.65 m2)
Boiler LMS type 3B
Boiler pressure 225 lbf/in2 (1.55 MPa) superheated
Heating surface:
 • Tubes and flues		 1,426 to 1,479 sq ft (132.5 to 137.4 m2)
 • Firebox 156 or 171 sq ft (14.5 or 15.9 m2)
Superheater:
 ​
 • Heating area 228 to 365 sq ft (21.2 to 33.9 m2)
Cylinders Two, outside
Cylinder size 18 1⁄2 in × 28 in (470 mm × 711 mm)
Valve gear Most Walschaerts; some Caprotti; one outside Stephenson
Performance figures
Tractive effort 25,455 lbf (113.23 kN)
Career
Operators LMS, BR
Power class
  • LMS: 5P5F
  • BR: 5MT
Axle load class BR: Route Availability 7
Withdrawn 1961–1968
Disposition 18 preserved, remainder scrapped

The London Midland and Scottish Railway Class 5 4-6-0, almost universally known as the Black Five, is a class of steam locomotive. It was introduced by William Stanier in 1934 and 842 were built between then and 1951. Members of the class survived to the last day of steam on British Railways in 1968, and eighteen are preserved. This class of locomotive was often a favourite amongst drivers and railway fans.

Origins

The Black Fives were a mixed traffic locomotive, a "do-anything go-anywhere" type, designed by Stanier, who had previously been with the GWR. In his early LMS days, he designed his Stanier Mogul 2-6-0 in which he experimented with the GWR school of thought on locomotive design. A number of details in this design he would never use again realising the superiority of details not used on the GWR. Stanier realised that there was a need for larger locomotives. These were to be the LMS version of the GWR Halls but not a copy, as the Hall was too wide to run most places in Britain. They shared similar cylinder arrangement (two outside), internal boiler design and size and 6 foot driving wheel diameters.

In their early days the locomotives were known as the "Black Staniers" from their black livery, in contrast to Stanier's other class of 4-6-0, the LMS Stanier Jubilee Class, which were painted crimson (and known until April 1935 as the "Red Staniers"). Later on, the nickname of the former became "Black Five", the number referring to the power classification. This was originally 5P5F, but from 1940 was shown on cabsides as the simple figure 5.[1]

Construction

There were a number of detail variations in the locomotives and they did not all remain in the same condition as built. Some locomotives built under British Railways administration were used as test beds for various design modifications with a view to incorporating the successful modifications in the Standard Classes of locomotives built from 1951 onwards. These modifications included outside Caprotti valve gear, roller bearings (both Timken and Skefco types) on the coupled and tender axles in varying combinations, and an experimental steel firebox. Other locomotives had modified draughting to "self clean" the smokebox (thereby reducing turn-around and disposal times and eliminating or mitigating one of the most unpopular jobs).

The domeless engines

45073 at Rose Grove shed, spring 1968. Although a domeless boiler, the casing over the top feed is often mistaken for a dome

Numbering started from 5000, with the first twenty being ordered from Crewe Works in April 1934, and a further fifty (5020–5069) ordered from the Vulcan Foundry in 1933.[2] The first of the Vulcan Foundry engines entered service in 1934, and the entire order of 50 was delivered before the first Crewe-built engine, no. 5000, was completed in February 1935.[3] The first 57 locomotives were built with domeless boilers with straight throatplates and a low degree of superheat (14 elements in two rows), the boilers of the remaining 13 (5007–5019) were provided with a three-row version (21 elements)[4] having greater total surface area and giving less obstruction to gas flow.[3] The original 57 boilers were converted later to higher superheat (24 elements) and fitted with a dome. Further orders were placed with Crewe (5070–5074), Vulcan Foundry (5075–5124) and Armstrong Whitworth (5125–5224) for a total of 155 locomotives which were also built with domeless boilers with straight throatplates and 21 element superheaters. All these boilers, including the early converted ones with a dome, were fitted indiscriminately to any of the first 225 engines, which could appear at various times with domed or domeless boilers.

However, many of the early frames were converted to accept sloping throatplate boilers, as listed below. This modification was carried out to provide a stock of spare boilers for the early engines, which would minimise the time spent in works by engines awaiting a fresh boiler. All locomotives from no. 5225 were fitted when new with the sloping throatplate boiler. All extra boilers made had the sloping throatplate arrangement, and only one example of a later engine having been fitted with a straight throatplate boiler is known - no. 45433. Several different patterns of boiler were used on the locomotives, running into double figures. The throatplate design was the most significant, but there were also different numbers of superheater flues, firegrate arrangement, stay material, dome and water feed arrangements, washout plug placement, etc. in various combinations.

The following locomotives were built with straight throatplate boilers, but were later fitted with a sloping throatplate boiler (date in brackets). Conversion was done by relocating the frame stretcher immediately in front of the firebox. Some of them reverted to straight throatplate at a later date, and these are also shown where known. Those marked with an asterisk were fitted with a boiler which had the top feed on the front ring on the date shown. In the case of no. 45087 it had previously been converted. The first conversion was carried out on no. 5022, and the last known was on no. 45163, which has been preserved.

5002 (12/37), 45007 (1/60), 45008 (1/60*), 45011 (1/49*+), 5020 (2/37), 5022 (10/36) reverted (10/58), 5023 (2/38) reverted (3/53), 5026 (2/37) reverted (1/59), 5027 (12/36), 5040 (11/36), 5045 (11/54), 5047 (1/37), 45049 (7/54) reverted (8/59), 5054 (1/37), 5057 (11/37), 5058 (11/37), 5059 (7/45), 45066 (4/60), 45082 (12/56*), 45087 (9/55) (12/60*), 5097 (1/37), 5108 (6/45), 45109 (5/48), 5142 (12/37), 45151 (3/51), 45163 (5/61), 45169 (7/55), 45197 (5/60)

+ The subsequent history of 45011 is not clear. Official records have gone missing and have not been relocated. There is a photograph in existence dated April 1963, showing 45011 ex-works with a straight throatplate boiler and simple top feed, i.e. without the dome-like shape.

NB: The official records were not always updated after around 1960/61, although some were. For example in the case of no. 45082, it was fitted with a brand new boiler at the end of 1956, one of the last batch of four boilers that were manufactured for this class. Since it survived in service for a further nine and a half years, there is no doubt that 45082 will have had at least one further boiler lift and indeed a photograph exists of it at Hellifield with a given date of May 1962 showing it with an older boiler with the dome and feed both on the tapered ring. Unfortunately it is not clear from the photo whether it is a straight or sloping throatplate boiler.

The pre-war domed engines

A further 227 were ordered from Armstrong-Whitworth in 1936, the largest single locomotive order ever given by a British railway to an outside contractor. Crewe built a further 20, which had higher degree superheat boilers, with 28 elements, unlike the AW boilers, which had 24 elements.

5471, built at Crewe in 1938, would be the last built for five years. During the early stages of the Second World War, the priority was for heavy freight engines, and the closely related 8Fs were produced in large numbers.

Wartime and postwar domed engines

In 1943 construction was restarted, with Derby Works building its first. Construction continued up to no. 5499. As the numbering block from 5500 was allocated to the Patriot Class, a further batch of 200 locomotives were numbered from 4800 to 4999, followed by a batch from 4658 to 4799. By this time the LMS had been nationalised, and British Railways added 40000 to all numbers. Eventually the 842 examples would number 44658–45499.

Ivatt engines and experimental modifications

From early 1947, engines were built with the top feed on the front ring of the boiler (from no. 4998), and Nos 44658-767 had a longer wheelbase (27 ft 6in rather than 27 ft 2in, with the change in the coupled wheelbase from 7 ft + 8 ft to 7 ft + 8 ft 3in). In 1948, George Ivatt introduced more modifications to bearings and valve gear; other experimental Ivatt features included the use of steel rather than copper fireboxes on certain engines, and the fitting of double blastpipes & chimneys in some instances. 4767 was built with Stephenson link motion in 1947. 44738-57 were built with Caprotti valve gear. The last two, nos. 44686 and 44687 built at Horwich in 1951, were fitted with a new arrangement of Caprotti valve gear, which was later used on some of the BR standard Class fives, and the BR class 8 4-6-2.

Accidents and incidents

Gallery

Construction details

Names

Only five Black Fives received names during their mainline working lives, a small percentage of the total produced,[8] although seven more have been named in preservation (see below). All of those named in mainline service were named after Scottish regiments. Locomotive 5155 carried the name The Queen's Edinburgh for only two years during the Second World War. Some sources have noted that no photographic confirmation of this naming is extant,[9] although this is neither unique to the class, nor unexpected given restrictions on photography during wartime. The evidence for the naming of the locomotive is set out in full in various sources.[10]

Stanier Class 5 4-6-0 names[11]
LMS No. BR No. Name Date named Name removed
5154 45154 Lanarkshire Yeomanry 1937 1966 (withdrawal from service)
5155 45155 The Queen's Edinburgh 1942 1944 (remained in service until 1964)
5156 45156 Ayrshire Yeomanry 1936 1968 (withdrawal from service)
5157 45157 The Glasgow Highlander 1936 1962 (withdrawal from service)
5158 45158 Glasgow Yeomanry 1936 1964 (withdrawal from service)

Withdrawal

45401 was the first Black Five to be withdrawn from stock in 1961 following a collision at Warrington, although the boiler was re-used and actually lasted to the end of steam on BR. The remainder of the class were withdrawn between 1962 and 1968. Some members of the class survived to the last day of steam on BR in August 1968.

Table of withdrawals
Year Quantity in
service at
start of year 		Quantity
withdrawn 		Locomotive numbers
1961 842 1 45401.
1962 841 21 45030/36/85/96/98, 45119/25/51/52/57/59/65/69/74/79/65/66/55/52/53/58.
1963 820 29 44706/40/44/47/50/55, 44855, 44969, 45010/22/23/49/87/99, 45100/23/66/75/89/99, 45244/51, 45315/17/20/58/67, 45457/85.
1964 791 67 44660/76, 44701/19/38/42/45/46/48/49/51/52/54/56/83–85/89/93,
44801/49, 44922/23/57/61/67/68/76/94/96,
45007/08/32/35/66/88,
45103/21/22/36/44/53/55/58/70/72/73/83,
45356/61/66/84,
45400/13/56/59/62/65/58/70/76/79/82/84/87/96/97.
1965 724 97 44673/86, 44702/16/21/39/41/53/57/63/64/69/89/99,
44823/27, 44901/04/21/24/31/3/55/59/70/73/75/78–80,
45002/09/11/20/26/37/68/74/77/78/81/90/93,
45102/08/13/17/42/43/46/48/63/71/78/80/84/92/94,
45229/30/37/45/7/72/86/91/93,
45300/01/06/13/14/27/34/35/37/51/54/60/62/78–80/87/89/98,
45414/16/29/39/43/60/71/86/91/98/99.
1966 627 171 44668/70/87/88/92/98,
44700/03/04/05/07/10/12/14/18/20/23/24/26/29/31/43/60/62/79/82/8688/91/97/98,
44808/10/11/13/20/39/41/47/50/69/80/81,
44908/19/25/35/41/45/51–54/56/60/66/72/74/77/84/87/92/95/99,
45004/12/16/18/29/33/44/45/47/51/53/58/63/82/84/91/97,
45105/12/15/18/27–29/37/38/40/54/60–62/64/68/76/77/81/82/85/95,
45205/07/10/13/14/16–18/20/23/24/33/35/38/48/49/52/89,
45309/11/22/25/29/32/33/38/44/48/57/64/65/70/72/85/93/96/99,
454403/08/10/18/19/22/27/30/32–34/38/42/51/61/63/64/67/69/72–75/77/78/80/83/89/90/92.
1967 456 305 44658/59/61/62/66/67/69/71/74/75/77–82/84/85/89/91/93–97/99,
44717/22/25/27/30/32–34/36/37/59/65–68/70–76/78/90/92/94–96,
44805/12/14/17/19/21/22/24–26/28/30–35/37/40/43/44/52–54/56–63/65–67/70/72/73/75/76/79/82/93/86/87/92/93/95/96/98,
44900/02/05/07/09/11–18/20/27/28/30/33/34/36–38/43/44/46/48/58/62/64/81–83/85/86/88–91/93/97/98,
45000/03/06/14/15/19/21/24/28/31/39–43/48/50/52/56/57/59–62/64/67/69–72/75/79/80/83/89/92/94,
45106/07/09/11/16/20/24/26/30/32/35/39/41/45/47/67/86/88/91/93/96–98,
45204/08/11/15/19/21/22/25/26/28/32/34/36/39/40–43/46/47/50/56/59/61/63/64/67/70/71/73–78/80/81/83/85/88/92/95/97–99,
45302–04/07/08/19/21/23/24/26/28/31/36/39–41/43/46/47/49/52/59/63/68/69/71/73/74/77/83,
45402/04–06/09/12/15/17/23/25/28/31/37/40/41/46/48–50/54/55/66/81/94/95.
1968 151 151 44663–65/72/83–90
44708/09/11/13/15/28/35/58/61/77/80/81
44800/02–04/06/07/09/15/16/18/29/36/38/42/45/46/48/51/55/64/68/71/74/77/78/84/88–91/94/97/99
44903/06/10/26/29/32/40/42/47/49/50/63/65/71
45001/05/13/17/25/27/34/38/46/54/55/65/73/76/95/96
45101/04/10/14/31/33/34/49/50/56/87/90
45200–03/06/09/12/27/31/53–55/58/60/62/68/69/79/82/84/87/90/94/96
45305/10/12/16/18/30/42/45/50/53/75/76/81/82/86/88/90–92/94/95/97
45407/11/20/21/24/26/35/36/44/45/47/93.

Preservation

Eighteen locomotives have been preserved:

Number Name† Builder Built Withdrawn Location Status Image
LMS BR
4767 44767 George Stephenson Crewe Works Dec 1947 Dec 1967 Midland Railway Centre Undergoing a major overhaul. This locomotive was the sole member of the class equipped with Stephenson valve gear.
4806 44806 Kenneth Aldcroft
prev. Magpie		 Derby Works Jul 1944 Aug 1968 North Yorkshire Moors Railway Operational, returned to steam in 2007. Sold to North Yorkshire Moors Railway 2013.
4871 44871 Sovereign (former name) Crewe Works Mar 1945 Aug 1968 East Lancashire Railway Operational and mainline certified; owned by Ian Riley, returned to steam in 2009.
4901 44901 Crewe Works Oct 1945 Aug 1968 Private site Awaiting restoration from Barry Scrapyard condition. Boiler sold to Ian Riley.
4932 44932 Horwich Works Sept 1945 Aug 1968 West Coast Railway Company Undergoing Overhaul.
5000 45000 Crewe Works Mar 1935 Oct 1967 Shildon Locomotion Museum On static display, wears LMS livery. Part of the National Collection.
5025 45025 Vulcan Foundry Aug 1934 Aug 1968 Strathspey Railway Undergoing overhaul. Wears LMS livery.
5110 45110 Vulcan Foundry Jul 1935 Aug 1968 Severn Valley Railway On static display in The Engine House.
5163 45163 Armstrong Whitworth Aug 1935 May 1965 Colne Valley Railway Under restoration.
5212 45212 Roy 'Korky' Green Railwayman 1926-2001 (former name) Armstrong Whitworth Nov 1935 Aug 1968 Keighley and Worth Valley Railway On long term loan to Ian Riley, currently undergoing overhaul at Bury.
5231 45231 The Sherwood Forester Armstrong Whitworth Aug 1936 Aug 1968 West Coast Railway Company Mainline operational.
5293 45293 Armstrong Whitworth Dec 1937 Aug 1965 Colne Valley Railway Under restoration.
5305 45305 Alderman A. E. Draper Armstrong Whitworth Jan 1937 Aug 1968 Great Central Railway Operational, mainline certified and based at Great Central Railway Loughborough.
Boiler certificate expires 2020. Owned by The Draper Family, Hull.
5337 45337 Armstrong Whitworth Apr 1937 Feb 1965 Llangollen Railway Operational, returned to steam September 2010. Now based at the Llangollen Railway.
5379 45379 Armstrong Whitworth Jul 1937 Jul 1965 Mid-Hants Railway Operational; returned to steam 10 September 2010.
5407 45407 The Lancashire Fusilier Armstrong Whitworth Sept 1937 Aug 1968 East Lancashire Railway Operational and mainline certified; owned by Ian Riley.
5428 45428 Eric Treacy Armstrong Whitworth Oct 1937 Oct 1967 North Yorkshire Moors Railway Operational, returned to steam April 2010.
5491 45491 Derby Works Dec 1943 Jul 1965 Great Central Railway Under restoration. Only surviving example with boiler with top feed on the front ring in conjunction with Walschaerts valve gear.

† In all cases, names are not historically accurate i.e. they have all been applied since preservation.

Details of the boilers currently fitted to preserved examples

Sound

In fiction

In The Railway Series children's books by the Rev. W. Awdry, the character Henry the Green Engine, was rebuilt into a Black Five after his accident with the Flying Kipper.[12]

See also

Further reading

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to
LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0.
  1. ↑ Rowledge & Reed 1987, pp. 49, 23.
  2. ↑ Rowledge & Reed 1984, p. 48.
  3. 1 2 Rowledge & Reed 1984, p. 50.
  4. ↑ Cook 1999, p. 147.
  5. ↑ Trevena 1981, p. 29.
  6. ↑ Gerard & Hamilton 1981, pp. 66-69.
  7. ↑ Earnshaw 1993, p. 28.
  8. ↑ See details and commentary at Heritage Railway Magazine on-line.
  9. ↑ See, for example, David Hunt, Bob Essery and Fred James with David Jennison and David Clarke, LMS Locomotive Profiles (three volumes, with pictorial supplements).
  10. ↑ See, for example, J W P Rowledge and Brian Reed, "The Stanier 4-6-0s of the LMS. (Jubilees, Class 5s, and the BR Standard class 5s), published by Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1977, page 74.
  11. ↑ Rowledge 1975, p. 11.
  12. ↑ Awdry & Awdry 1987, p. 129.
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