Gunai language
| Gunai | |
|---|---|
| Gaanay | |
| Kannai | |
| Region | Gippsland, Victoria, Australia |
| Ethnicity | Gunai people |
| Extinct | (date missing) |
| Revival | 21 (2006 census)[1] |
|
Pama–Nyungan
| |
| Dialects |
Muk-thang
Nulit
Thangquai
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 |
Either: unn – Kurnai ihw – Bidhawal |
| Glottolog |
gana1279[3] |
| AIATSIS[1] |
S68 Gunnai (cover term), S49 Bidawal |
|
Sketch Map of Gippsland - showing approximately the Positions of the Clans of the Kurnai Tribe. | |
The Gunai language (also spelt Gunnai, Ganai, Gaanay, Kurnai, Kurnay) is an Australian aboriginal dialect cluster of the Gunai people in Gippsland in south-east Victoria. Bidhawal (Birrdhawal) was either a divergent dialect or a closely related language.[1]
Varieties
Gunai means 'man'. The language had no traditional name, but each of its dialects was referred to separately.
In a 1996 report to the Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages, Clark refers to five Gunai dialects: Brabralung, Braiakalung, Brataualung, Krauatungalung and Tatungalung.[4]
Brabralung (Bra = man, lung = belonging to) located in central Gippsland.
Braiakalung (Bra = Man, ak = west, lung = belonging to) located around Sale through to the mountains.
Brataualung (men belonging to this place which have fire; Bra = men, Taua or towera = fire, lung = belonging to) located in South Gippsland.
Krauatungalung (Kraut = east, lung = belonging to) located east wards to the Snowy River.
Tatungalung (tat = sea, lung = belonging to) located in the coast area between Lake King and Lake Wellington.[5]
Gunai dialects have been confused with Muk-thang/Bidhawal; there appear to be two distinct languages here, but it's not clear which variety belongs to which.[1][6]
Phonology
Like other Victorian languages, Gunai allowed initial l in its words. However, it also allowed initial rr, and well as the clusters gr (kr) and br (pr). This is quite unusual for an Australian language, and the same pattern was found in the Tasmanian languages across Bass Strait.
Revival
Since the early 1990s, the Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages (VACL) organisation, established the Yirruk-Tinnor Gunnai/Kŭrnai language program which focused on reviving and reclaiming the Gunnai language of Gippsland. Doris Paton, Coordinator of the Program and Lynnette Solomon-Dent, Language worker and consultant are involved in the program. They have been responsible for developing a number of resource materials to support and educate further knowledge of the Gunnai language and Culture. Lynnette Solomon-Dent co-wrote with Christina Eira the VACL Linguist, the Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority (VCAA) Aboriginal Languages, cultures and reclamation in Victorian schools: standards P-10 and protocols and were involved in the VCE Revival and Reclamation Study. These teaching documents and resources are collectively used to educate school aged children P-10, VCE, higher learning institutions and the Aboriginal community members, to further their knowledge and allow community members to continue to educate future generations.[7]
References
- Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47378-0.
- Mathews, R. H. (Oct–Dec 1907). "Language of the Birdhawal tribe, in Gippsland, Victoria". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society: 346–359.
- Butcher, Andrew (August 2008). "Linguistic aspects of Australian Aboriginal English". Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 22 (8): 625–642. doi:10.1080/02699200802223535.
- "Welcome to VACL". Retrieved 15 May 2011.
Notes
- 1 2 3 4 Gunnai (cover term) at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (see the info box for additional links)
- ↑ Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press. p. xxxv.
- ↑ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Ganaic". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ↑ Ian D. Clark, Aboriginal Language Areas In Victoria, A Report to the Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages, 14 July 2006. Accessed November 24, 2008
- ↑ Dent, Lynnette (1993). Koorie Studies; Koorie and Non-Korrie teaching and learning together. Victoria: The Centre for Language & Learning. p. 17.
- ↑ Muk-Thang at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ↑ "Welcome to VACL". Retrieved 15 May 2011.
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