Nhanda language

Nhanda
Native to	Australia
Region	Geraldton to Shark Bay area of Western Australia
Native speakers	a "handful" (2001)[1]
Language family	Pama–Nyungan Kartu? Nhanda
Dialects	Nhanta Watchandi Amangu ? Nanakarti (Nhanhagardi) ? Ngukaja
Language codes
ISO 639-3	nha – inclusive code Individual code: xnk – ? Nganakarti
Glottolog	nhan1238  (Nhanda)[2]
AIATSIS[1]	W14

Nhanda or Nhanta or Nhandi is an Australian Aboriginal language. It has been considered a member of the Kartu branch of the Pama–Nyungan family; recent research has thrown this classification into question,^[3][4] but it is still often listed included in the Kartu branch.^[5]

Nhanda is a language once spoken on the coastal strip of Western Australia, from Geraldton north to the Murchison River, and some 20 km inland. There are now no more than a few speakers or semi-speakers of the Nhanda language. The Yamaji Language Centre has been carrying out work on the Nhanda language since 1992 and has produced an illustrated wordlist and a dictionary (the latter unpublished). Dr Juliette Blevins has carried out work on Nhanda since 1993 and has produced a sketch grammar as well as a number of published papers on aspects of the phonology and history of Nhanda.

Nhanda differs somewhat from its neighbouring languages in that it has a phonemic glottal stop, is initial-dropping (i.e. it has lost many initial consonants, leading to vowel-initial words) and the stop consonants show a phonemic length contrast. It has been suggested by Rupert Gerritsen that Nhanda exhibits Dutch influence, due to contact with shipwrecked sailors,^[6] but this is contested by Blevins and other linguists who have worked on the language.^[7]

The Nhanda word for 'man, human being' is arnmanu. It appears that when Norman Tindale collected information on Nhanda (or on the closely related variety thought to have been spoken in Geraldton) he was given this word, which he recorded as 'Amangu' and believed to be the 'tribal name' for this group.

Phonology

Vowels

	Front	Back
High	i iː	u uː
Low	a aː

Consonants

	Peripheral		Laminal		Apical		Glottal
	Bilabial	Velar	Palatal	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex
Stop	p	k	c	t̪	t	ʈ	ʔ
Nasal	m	ŋ	ɲ	n̪	n	ɳ
Lateral			ʎ	l̪	l	m
Rhotic					ɲ	ɻ
Semivowel	w		j

References

Cited references

1. Nhanda at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
2. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Nhanda". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
3. Blevins, Juliette (December 1999). "Nhanta and its position within Pama–Nyungan". Oceanic Linguistics (University of Hawai'i Press) 38 (2): 297–320. doi:10.2307/3623295. JSTOR 3623295.
4. Bowern & Koch (2004) Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method
5. Bowern, Claire. 2011. "How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?", Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web, December 23, 2011 (corrected February 6, 2012)
6. Gerristen, Rupert (1994). And their ghosts may be heard. Fremantle: Fremantle Arts Centre Press.
7. Blevins, Juliette (1998). "A Dutch influence on Nhanda? Wanyjidaga innga!". Journal of the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies: 43–46.

Other references

• Blevins, Juliette; Marmion, Doug (1994). "Nhanta historical phonology". Australian Journal of Linguistics 14 (2): 193–216. doi:10.1080/07268609408599509.
• Blevins, Juliette; Marmion, Doug (1995). "Nhanta glottal stop". Oceanic Linguistics (University of Hawai'i Press) 34 (1): 139–160. doi:10.2307/3623116. JSTOR 3623116.
• Blevins, Juliette (2001). Nhanda: An aboriginal language of Western Australia. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.