Brownsville, Pennsylvania

Brownsville, Pennsylvania
Borough

View of Brownsville from across the Monongahela River.
Etymology: Thomas Brown

Location of Brownsville in Fayette County
Brownsville, Pennsylvania

Location of Brownsville in Pennsylvania

Coordinates: 40°1′12″N 79°53′22″W / 40.02000°N 79.88944°W / 40.02000; -79.88944Coordinates: 40°1′12″N 79°53′22″W / 40.02000°N 79.88944°W / 40.02000; -79.88944
Country United States
State Pennsylvania
County Fayette
Established 1785
Government
 • Mayor Lester Ward
Area
 • Total 1.1 sq mi (3 km2)
 • Land 1.0 sq mi (3 km2)
 • Water 0.1 sq mi (0.3 km2)
Population (2010)
 • Total 2,331
 • Density 2,100/sq mi (820/km2)
Time zone EST (UTC-4)
 • Summer (DST) EDT (UTC-5)
Area code(s) 724
Website http://brownsvilleborough.com

Brownsville is a borough in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, United States, founded in 1785 a few years after the resumption of westward migration at the site of a trading post near Redstone Old Fort along Nemacolin's Trail. Brownsville is located 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Pittsburgh along the east bank of the Monongahela River, and until the 1850s steel boom—because it sat atop the first water routes west—totally eclipsed Pittsburgh in importance, size and population.

From its founding, well into the 19th century, as the first reachable population center west of the Alleghenies barrier range on the Mississippi watershed, the borough became quickly grew into an industrial center, market town, transportation hub, outfitting center, and river boat-building powerhouse. It was a gateway destination for emigrants heading west to the Ohio Country when a trading post, and the new USA's Northwest Territory and their 'legal successors' for travelers heading westwards on the various Emigrant Trails both to the Near West and later far west from its founding until well into the 1850s. As outfitting center, the borough provided the markets for the small scale industries in the surrounding counties—and also, quite a few in Maryland shipping goods over the pass by mule-train via the Cumberland Narrows toll-route.

Brownsville from a became a major center for building steamboats through the 19th century, producing 3,000 boats by 1888.

The borough developed in the late 19th century as a railroad yard and coking center, with other industries related to the rise of steel in the Pittsburgh area. It reached a peak of population of more than 8,000 in 1940. Postwar development occurred in suburbs, as was typical of the time. The restructuring of the railroad and steel industries caused a severe loss of jobs and population in Brownsville, beginning in the 1970s. The borough has a population of 2331 as of 2010.

History

View of Market Street historic district.

Because colonial settlers believed that earthwork mounds were a prehistoric fortification, they called the settlement Redstone Old Fort; later in the 1760s–70s, it eventually became known as Redstone Fort or by the mid-1760s, Fort Burd— named eponymously after the officer who commanded the British fort constructed in 1759.[1] The fort was constructed during the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War) on the bluff above the river near a prehistoric earthwork mound that was also the site of historic Native American burial grounds.[2]

In 1774, a force from the Colony of Virginia garrisoned and occupied the stockade during Lord Dunmore's War against the Mingo and Shawnee peoples. It commanded the important strategic river ford of Nemacolin's Trail, the western path to the summit; this was later improved and called Burd's Road. It was an alternative route down to the Monongahela River valley from Braddock's Road, which George Washington helped to build. Washington came to own vast portions of the lands on the west bank of the Monongahela; the Pennsylvania legislature named Washington County, the largest of the state, after him.

Entrepreneur Thomas Brown acquired the western lands in what became Fayette County, Pennsylvania around the end of the American Revolution.[3] He realized the opening of the pass through the Cumberland Narrows[4] and war's end made the land at the western tip of Fayette County a natural springboard for settlers' traveling to points west, such as Kentucky, Tennessee and Ohio. Many travelers used the Ohio River and its tributary, the Monongahela. Eventually the settlement became known as Brownsville after him. In the 1780s, Jacob Bowman bought the land on which he built Nemacolin Castle; he had a trading post and provided services and supplies to emigrant settlers.

Redstone Old Fort is mentioned in C. M. Ewing's The Causes of that so called Whiskey Insurrection of 1794 (1930) as the site of a July 27, 1791, meeting in "Opposition to the Whiskey Excise Tax," during the Whiskey Rebellion. It was the first illegal meeting of that frontier insurrection.[5]

Brownsville was positioned at the western end of the primitive road network (Braddock's Road to Burd's Road via the Cumberland pass) that eventually became known as the National Pike, U.S. Route 40. As an embarkation point for travelers to the west, Redstone/Brownsville became a center in the 19th century for the construction of keel-boats. Its boats were used even by those intending to later take the Santa Fe Trail or Oregon Trail, as floating on a poleboat by river to St. Louis or other ports on the Mississippi River was generally safer, easier and faster than overland travel of the time.

A large flatboat building industry developed at Brownsville. This was followed by its rapid entry into the building of steamboats: local craftsmen built the Enterprise in 1814, the first steamboat powerful enough to travel down the Mississippi River to New Orleans and back.[6] Earlier boats did not have enough power to go upstream against the river's current. Brownsville developed as an early center of the steamboat-building industry in the 19th century. The Monongahela converges with the Ohio River at Pittsburgh and allowed for quick traveling to the western frontier.[7] From 1811 to 1888, boatyards produced more than 3,000 steamboats.[6] Steamboats were not thoroughly supplanted by diesel until the late 20th century.

Plaque commemorating the first cast iron bridge built in the United States

The first all cast iron arch bridge constructed in the United States was built in Brownsville to carry the National Pike (at the time a wagon road) across Dunlap's Creek. See Dunlap's Creek Bridge. The bridge is still in use in 2016.

After the 1853 completion of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad to the Ohio, outfitting emigrant wagon trains in Brownsville declined in importance. The rise of the steel industry in the Pittsburgh area led Brownsville to develop as a railroad yard and coking center. It gradually lost its diverse mix of businesses but generally prospered during the early 20th century. Brownsville tightened its belt during the Great Depression, but the economy grew with increased demand for steel during World War II.

In 1940, 8,015 people lived in Brownsville. Its postwar growth led to the development of cross-county-line suburbs such as Malden, Low Hill, and Denbo Heights, which were mainly bedroom communities within commuting distance. With the restructuring of the steel industry and loss of industrial jobs, by the mid-1970s Brownsville suffered a severe decline, along with much of the Rust Belt. By 2000, the population was 2,804, as younger people had moved away to areas with more jobs. In 2011, Brownsville has a handful of buildings that are condemned or boarded up. Abandoned buildings include the Union Station of the railroad, several banks, and other businesses. The sidewalks around the town are still intact and usable.

Brownsville attracted major entertainers in the early postwar years, who also were performing in nearby Pittsburgh. According to Mike Evans in his book Ray Charles: The Birth of Soul (2007), the singer developed his hit "What'd I Say" as part of an after-show jam in Brownsville in December 1958.[8]

Geography

Brownsville is located at 40°1′12″N 79°53′22″W / 40.02000°N 79.88944°W / 40.02000; -79.88944 (40.020026, -79.889536)[9] situated on the east (convex) side of a broad sweeping westward bend in the northerly flowing Monongahela River at the westernmost point of Fayette County. The river's action eroded the steep-sided sandstone hills, creating shelf-like benches and connecting sloped terrain that gave the borough lowland areas adjacent to or otherwise accessible to the river shores. Much of the borough's residential buildings are built above the elevation of the business district.

The opposite river shore of Washington County is, uncharacteristically for the region, shaped even lower to the water surface and is generally flatter. A small hamlet called West Brownsville developed on the western shore, with a current population of 420. Historically the area was a natural river crossing and it was the site of development of a ferry, boat building and a bridge to carry roads. When the nascent United States government appropriated funds for its first road building project, in 1811 Brownsville was chosen as an early intermediate target destination along the new National Road. Until a bridge was built across the river, Brownsville was the western terminus.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 1.1 square miles (2.8 km2), of which, 1.0 square mile (2.6 km2) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) of it (9.91%) is water. Lester Ward was elected Mayor in 2009.

Redstone Creek is a minor local tributary stream of the Monongahela River. Its color came from the ferrous sandstone that lined its bed, as well as the sandstone heights near the Old Forts. The valley of Redstone Creek is U-shaped, characteristic of a glaciated valley. The Creek was wide enough for settlers to use to build, dock and outfit numerous flat boats, keel boats, and other river craft. Its builders made thousands of pole boats that moved the emigrants who settled the vast Northwest Territory. Later Brownsville industry built the first steamboats on the inland rivers, and many hundreds afterwards.

Colonists used the term "Old Forts" for the mounds and earthworks created by the prehistoric cultures who were called mound builders. Archeologists and anthropologists have since determined that many prehistoric Native American cultures in North America along the Mississippi River and its tributaries built massive earthworks for ceremonial, burial and religious purposes over a period of thousands of years prior to European encounter. For instance, the Mississippian culture, reaching a peak about 1150 at Cahokia in present-day Illinois, had sites throughout the Mississippi and Ohio river valleys, and into the Southeast.

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
1810698—
182097639.8%
18301,22225.2%
18401,36211.5%
18502,36973.9%
18601,934−18.4%
18701,749−9.6%
18801,489−14.9%
18901,417−4.8%
19001,5529.5%
19102,32449.7%
19202,5027.7%
19302,86914.7%
19408,015179.4%
19507,643−4.6%
19606,055−20.8%
19704,856−19.8%
19804,043−16.7%
19903,164−21.7%
20002,804−11.4%
20102,331−16.9%
Est. 20142,292[10]−1.7%
Sources:[11][12][13]

As of the census[12] of 2000, there were 2,804 people, 1,238 households, and 716 families residing in the borough. The population density was 2,796.6 people per square mile (1,082.6/km²). There were 1,550 housing units at an average density of 1,545.9 per square mile (598.5/km²). The racial makeup of the borough was 85.95% White, 11.41% African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.07% Asian, 0.21% from other races, and 2.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.82% of the population.

There were 1,238 households, out of which 24.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.2% were married couples living together, 17.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.1% were non-families. 38.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the borough the population was spread out, with 23.2% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 25.6% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 21.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 83.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.7 males.

The median income for a household in the borough was $18,559, and the median income for a family was $32,662. Males had a median income of $31,591 versus $21,830 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $13,404. About 28.8% of families and 34.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 51.2% of those under age 18 and 17.9% of those age 65 or over.

Features

Dunlap's Creek Bridge (1839), carrying old U.S. Route 40 over Dunlap's Creek in Brownsville, is the nation's oldest cast iron bridge in existence. (Capt. Richard Delafield, engineer; John Snowden and John Herbertson, foundrymen) Historic American Engineering Record (HAER).[14] The bridge has an HAER engineering significance like that of the Eiffel Tower, Statue of Liberty and Hoover Dam.

The Flatiron Building (c. 1830), constructed as a business building in thriving 19th-century Brownsville, is one of the oldest, most intact iron commercial structures west of the Allegheny Mountains. Over its history, it has housed private commercial entities as well as public, such as a post office. It is the unofficial "prototype" for the flatiron buildings seen across the United States. The most notable is the Fuller Building in Market Square in New York City.

After nearly being demolished, the building was saved by the Brownsville Area Revitalization Corporation (BARC). Throughout two decades, via private and public grants, BARC has restored the Flatiron Building as an historic asset to Brownsville. The Flatiron Building Heritage Center, located within the building at 69 Market Street, holds artifacts from Brownsville's heyday, as well as displays about the community's important coal and coke heritage. The Frank L. Melega Art Museum, located with the Heritage Center, displays many examples of this local southwestern Pennsylvanian's famous artwork, depicting the coal and coke era in the surrounding tri-state region.[15]

In addition to the Dunlap's Creek Bridge, Brownsville is the location of other properties on the National Register of Historic Places. They are Bowman's Castle (Nemacolin Castle), Brownsville Bridge, St. Peter's Church, and Thomas H. Thompson House. There are two national historic districts: the Brownsville Commercial Historic District and Brownsville Northside Historic District.[16]

Education

Map of Fayette County, Pennsylvania public school districts showing a portion of Brownsville Area SD in orange
Map of Washington County, Pennsylvania public school districts showing the portion of Brownsville Area SD

The Brownsville Area School District serves Brownsville as well as several nearby communities. Enrollment declined to 1,660 pupils in 2015.[17] The District served 1,883 pupils in 2006.[18] The District operates four schools::

Brownsville Area School District was ranked 468th out of 493 Pennsylvania school districts in 2015, by the Pittsburgh Business Times.[19] The ranking is based on the last 3 years of student academic achievement as demonstrated by PSSAs results in: reading, writing, math and science PSSAs and the three Keystone Exams: (literature, Algebra 1, Biology I) given in high school.[20] Three school districts were excluded because they do not operate high schools (Saint Clair Area School District, Midland Borough School District, Duquesne City School District). The PSSAs are given to all children in grades 3rd through 8th. Adapted PSSA examinations are given to children in the special education programs. Writing exams were given to children in 5th and 8th grades.[21] In 2007, the District ranked 473rd out of 501 school districts.[22]

Opportunity - Lowest achievement - Scholarship list

In April 2014, the Pennsylvania Department of Education released a report identifying that three Brownsville Area School District schools were among the lowest achieving schools for reading and mathematics in the state.[23] Central Elementary School, Brownsville Area Middle School and Brownsville Area High School were all on the list. The high school has been on the list each year since 2011-12. The Middle School and Central Elementary School were both on and off the list over the past 5 years. Parents and students may be eligible for scholarships to transfer to another public or nonpublic school through the state's Opportunity Scholarship Tax Credit Program passed in June 2012.[24] The scholarships are limited to those students whose family's income is less than $60,000 annually, with another $12,000 allowed per dependent. Maximum scholarship award is $8,500, with special education students receiving up to $15,000 for a year's tuition. Parents pay any difference between the scholarship amount and the receiving school's tuition rate. Students may seek admission to neighboring public school districts. Each year the PDE publishes the tuition rate for each individual public school district.[25] Fifty-three public schools in Allegheny County are among the lowest-achieving schools in 2011. According to the report, parents in 414 public schools (74 school districts) were offered access to these scholarships. Funding for the scholarships comes from donations by businesses which receive a state business tax credit for donating.

AYP status In 2012, Brownsville Area School District declined to District Improvement level I Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) status due to chronic, low academic achievement.[26] Brownsville Area HIgh School declined further to Corrective Action II 1st Year AYP status,[27] due to low student achievement. The administration was required by the federal government under the No Child Left Behind Act to notify parents of the school's poor performance and to offer transferring to a quality school in the district. No other high school is operated in the district.

2015 School Performance Profile

Brownsville Area High School achieved 52.9 out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement. The PDE reported that just 60% of the High School’s students were on grade level in reading/literature. In Algebra 1, 47.37% of students showed on grade level skills at the end of the course. In Biology I, 42.48% demonstrated on grade level science understanding at the end of the course.[28] Statewide, 53 percent of schools with an eleventh grade achieved an academic score of 70 or better. Five percent of the 2,033 schools with 11th grade were scored at 90 and above; 20 percent were scored between 80 and 89; 28 percent between 70 and 79; 25 percent between 60 and 69 and 22 percent below 60. The Keystone Exam results showed: 73 percent of students statewide scored at grade-level in English, 64 percent in Algebra I and 59 percent in biology.[29][30]

Graduation rate

In 2015, Brownsville Area School District’s graduation rate was 77.42%.[31]

Votech

High school aged students can attend the taxpayer funded Fayette County Career and Technical Institute, located in Uniontown, for training in: the building trades, auto mechanics, culinary arts, allied health careers and other areas. The School also offers driver's education courses and dual enrollment college courses in cooperation with Westmoreland County Community College. The Fayette County Career & Technical Institute is accredited by the Commission on Secondary Schools of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools. Fayette County Career and Technology Institute is funded by a consortium of the school districts, which includes: Uniontown Area School District, Albert Gallatin Area School District, Brownsville Area School District and Laurel Highlands School District. The school districts pay a per pupil fee to the tech school each year based on the number of their students attending the tech school.

Charter schools

Brownsville borough residents may also apply to attend any of the Commonwealth's 13 public cyber charter schools (in 2015) at no additional cost to the parents. This includes SusQ Cyber Charter School which is locally operated. The resident’s public school district is required to pay the charter school and cyber charter school tuition for residents who attend these public schools.[37][38] The tuition rates for Brownsville Area School District for Elementary School was $7,465.49 and for high school was $8,427.07 in 2014.[39] By Commonwealth law, if the District provides transportation for its own students, then the District must provide transportation to any school that lies within 10 miles of its borders. Residents may also seek admission for their school aged child to any other public school district. When accepted for admission, the student's parents are responsible for paying an annual tuition fee set by the Pennsylvania Department of Education.

Intermediate unit

Intermediate Unit #1 provides a wide variety of services to children living in its region which includes Brownsville. Early screening, special education services, speech and hearing therapy, autistic support, preschool classes and many other services are available. Services for children during the preschool years are provided without cost to their families when the child is determined to meet eligibility requirements. Intermediate units receive taxpayer funding: through subsidies paid by member school districts; through direct charges to users for some services; through the successful application for state and federal competitive grants and through private grants.[40]

Public library

Community members have access to the Brownsville Free Public Library which is headquartered at 100 Seneca Street, Brownsville. Through it all Pennsylvania residents have access to all POWER Library online resources, as well as Ask Here PA a research assistance service.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Brownsville is located on the banks of the Monongahela River, a major tributary of the Ohio River, one of North America's most important waterways. The Monongahela is fully navigable at Brownsville, and offers inexpensive barge transportation to Chicago, New Orleans, St. Marks in Florida, Minneapolis, Tulsa, Kansas City, Houston, and Brownsville, Texas, on the border with Mexico. The shipyards of Brownsville, Pa., provided Captain Richard King of Brownsville, Texas (founder of the King Ranch), with powerful new-built riverboats to navigate the fast currents of the Rio Grande, in 1849.

Brownsville is connected to West Brownsville by the Brownsville Bridge completed in 1914, which spans the Monongahela River. In 1960, the Lane Bane Bridge was constructed just downstream, and U.S. Route 40 was moved to the new high-level structure.

Notable people

References

  1. ↑ Site designed by Meghan Hoke on April 21, 2001. The French and Indian War in Southwestern Pennsylvania. "Fort Burd in The French and Indian War in Southwestern Pennsylvania". Retrieved 2009-07-02. In 1759, the Pennsylvania Militia constructed Fort Burd south of Pittsburgh high atop a hill overlooking the Monongahela River. The fort was used as a supply depot for the British Army during the French and Indian War and made river transportation to Pittsburgh possible at that time. A sturdy square fort, its curtain walls were 97.5 feet and its bastions had thirty-foot faces with sixteen-foot flanks. This stockade was surrounded by a ditch. Fort Burd was constructed on the same site as an even earlier Indian fortification known as Redstone Old Fort.
  2. ↑ "Nemacolin (Bowman's) Castle". Brownsville Historical Society. 2009-07-02. The site itself is steeped in history, once the location of Indian burial grounds and fortifications, the area was the intended destination of Chief Nemacolin when he guided the Cresap expeditions across the mountains, establishing the Nemacolin Trail which later became the approximate route of the National Road. In 1759, during the French and Indian Wars, Fort Burd was constructed very near the Castle's current site. In 1780, Jacob Bowman purchased a building lot from Thomas Brown, co founder of Brownsville for 23 English pounds. He named the site in honor of Chief Nemacolin, setting up a trading post and later building the Castle around it.
  3. ↑ Official borough website. "Welcome to Brownsville". Retrieved 2009-07-02. Brownsville situated, at the western most point of Fayette County, on the National Road and overlooking the Monongahela River was the gateway to the west. Thomas Brown, realizing that pioneers would be drawn to the Brownsville area to get to the Ohio Valley and the state of Kentucky, purchased land in the 18th century and by mid-18th century a settlement was being mapped out. It was then, that the community of Brownsville (named for Thomas Brown and formerly known as Redstone Old Fort) became a "keel-boat" building center as well as other businesses for travelers. The businessmen from Brownsville supplied transportation and supplies to the traveling pioneers, and the settlement became very prosperous. The steamboat industry soon took over to facilitate traffic along the Monongahela River. The very first steamboat, the 'Enterprise,' to travel to New Orleans and return by its own power was designed and built in the Brownsville boatyards and launched from the Brownsville Wharf in 1814.
  4. ↑ See Nemacolin's Trail. the French and Indian War (causes) and the history of George Washington as Lieutenant and Major in the Colonial Virginia Militia.
  5. ↑ "Timeline", Whiskey Rebellion
  6. 1 2 Mary Pickels, "Oral history project focuses on Mon Valley's steamboat era", Pittsburgh TRIBUNE-REVIEW, 26 July 2010, accessed 8 February 2012
  7. ↑ Marc N. Henshaw, The Steamboat Industry in Brownsville Pennsylvania: An Ethnohistoric Perspective on the Economic Change in the Monongahela River Valley, Ypsilanti, Michigan: Western Michigan University, 2004
  8. ↑ Mike Evans, Ray Charles: The Birth of Soul, London: Omnibus Press, 2007
  9. ↑ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
  10. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014". Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  11. ↑ "Census of Population and Housing". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
  12. 1 2 "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  13. ↑ "Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012". Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
  14. ↑ http://www.ce.ufl.edu/~historic/75remain/75list.html
  15. ↑ "BARC Flatiron Building", Flatiron Center
  16. ↑ Staff (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
  17. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (December 4, 2015). "Brownsville Area School District Fast Facts 2015".
  18. ↑ PDE, Enrollment and Projections by LEA and School 2006-2020, 2010
  19. ↑ Pittsburgh Business Times (April 10, 2015). "Guide to Pennsylvania Schools Statewide School District Ranking 2015".
  20. ↑ Pittsburgh Business Times (April 11, 2014). "What makes up a district’s School Performance Profile score?".
  21. ↑ Paul Jablow (November 18, 2015). "Understanding the PSSA exams". The Notebook.
  22. ↑ "Three of top school districts in state hail from Allegheny County". Pittsburgh Business Times. May 23, 2007.
  23. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education, Opportunity Scholarship Tax Credit Program 2014-15, April, 2014
  24. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development (April 2014). "Opportunity Scholarship Tax Credit Program FAQ".
  25. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (May 2012). "Tuition rate Fiscal Year 2011-2012".
  26. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (September 21, 2012). "Brownsville Area School District AYP Overview 2012".
  27. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (September 21, 2012). "BROWNSVILLE AREA High School AYP Overview 2012".
  28. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (November 4, 2015). "Brownsville Area High School School Performance Profile 2015".
  29. ↑ Jan Murphy (November 4, 2015). "Report card for state's high schools show overall decline". Pennlive.com.
  30. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (November 4, 2015). "2015 Keystone Exam School Level Data".
  31. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (December 4, 2015). "Brownsville Area School District Performance profile 2015".
  32. ↑ PDE, Graduation rate by LEA, 2014
  33. ↑ PDE, Graduation rate by LEA, 2013
  34. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (September 21, 2012). "Brownsville Area School District AYP Data Table 2012".
  35. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (September 29, 2011). "Brownsville Area School District AYP Data Table".
  36. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (March 15, 2011). "New 4-year Cohort Graduation Rate Calculation Now Being Implemented".
  37. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2013). "Charter Schools".
  38. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (2013). "What is a Charter School?".
  39. ↑ Pennsylvania Department of Education (May 2013). "Pennsylvania Public School District Tuition Rates".
  40. ↑ Intermediate Unit 1 Administration, About the Intermediate Unit 1, 2015
  41. ↑ Alfred Hunt's obituary "The announcement of the death of Alfred Hunt, president of the Bethlehem Iron Company, will be a shock to his numerous friends throughout the Lehigh Valley and the State. The sad event occurred last evening at the home of his brother, Mordecai Hunt, in Moorestown, N. J." "Mr. Hunt was born of Quaker parentage, at Brownsville, Pa., on April 5, 1817, and was consequently in the 71st year of his age."
  42. ↑ Hunt family history
  43. ↑ Specht, Neva Jean (1997), Mixed blessing: trans-Appalachian settlement and the Society of Friends, 1780-1813, Ph. D. dissertation, University of Delaware
  44. ↑ Specht, Neva Jean (2003), "Women of one or many bonnets?: Quaker women and the role of religion in trans-Appalachian settlement", NWSA Journal 15 (2): 27-44

Further reading

External links

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