Bush dog

Bush dog[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Canidae
Genus: Speothos
Species: S. venaticus
Binomial name
Speothos venaticus
(Lund, 1842)
Subspecies
  • S. v. panamensis
  • S. v. venaticus
  • S. v. weijie
Bush dog range

The bush dog (Speothos venaticus) is a canid found in Central and South America.[1][2] In spite of its extensive range, it is very rare in most areas except in Suriname, Guyana, and Peru;[2][3] it was first identified by Peter Wilhelm Lund from fossils in Brazilian caves and was believed to be extinct.[3] The bush dog is the only living species in the genus Speothos,[1] and genetic evidence suggests that its closest living relative is the maned wolf of central South America.[4] (Note: this has recently been disputed, its closest relative may be the African wild dog [5]). The species is listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN.

In Brazil it is called cachorro-vinagre ("vinegar dog") or cachorro-do-mato ("bush dog"). In Spanish-speaking countries it is called perro vinagre ("vinegar dog"), zorro vinagre ("vinegar fox"), perro de agua ("water dog"), or perro de monte ("bush dog").

Description

Adult bush dogs have soft long brownish-tan fur, with a lighter reddish tinge on the head, neck and back and a bushy tail, while the underside is dark, sometimes with a lighter throat patch. Younger individuals, however, have black fur over their entire bodies.[3] Adults typically have a head-body length 57–75 cm (22–30 in), with a 12.5–15 cm (5–6 in) tail. They have a shoulder height of 20–30 cm (8–12 in) and weigh 5–8 kg (11–18 lb).[6] They have short legs relative to their body, as well as a short snout and relatively small ears.[3]

The teeth are adapted for its carnivorous habits, and uniquely for an American canid, the dental formula is

Dentition
3.1.4.1
3.1.4.2

for a total of 38 teeth.[3] The bush dog is one of three canid species with trenchant heel dentition, having a single cusp on the talonid of the lower carnassial tooth that increases the cutting blade length.[3] Females have four pairs of teats, and both sexes have large scent glands either side of the anus.[3] Bush dogs have partially webbed toes, which allow them to swim more efficiently.[7]

Distribution and habitat

Bush dog
Bush dogs with pups

Bush dogs are found from Panama in North America, through much of South America east of the Andes, as far south as central Bolivia, Paraguay, and southern Brazil. They primarily inhabit lowland forests up to 1,900 metres (6,200 ft) elevation,[3] wet savannas, and other habitats near rivers, but may also be found in drier cerrado and open pasture.[2] The historic range of this species may have extended as far north as Costa Rica where the species may still survive in suitable habitat.[2][8][9] The current known range of this species extends as far north as western Panama (north of the Canal Zone), including recent sightings in the Fortuna (Forest Preserve) area in western Panama, the Bayano region, and the Panama Canal area.[10] A recent study (2012-2015) found that bush dogs were rare but widespread in Panama, being found in a "broad and continuous distribution along the Panamanian isthmus" via camera-trap photography and direct observations at multiple (nine) sites ranging from as far west and north as Fortuna near the Panama-Costa Rica border and as far south and east at the Panama-Colombia border.[11] The scientists involved in this study "think that it will soon cross the border into Costa Rica" because the bush dog species is now known to be present "widespread" in many sites in Panama right up unto the Panama-Costa Rican border.[12][13] According to biologist Carlos L. de la Rosa, the current station director of the La Selva Biological Station of the Organization for Tropical Studies[14][15] in his field guide to Central American mammals,[16] two bush dogs may have been sighted by biologist Pablo Riba and videotaped by accompanying tourists at the Marenco Biological Field Station in the Corcovado National Park in the Osa Peninsula of southern Costa Rica;[16] a second bush dog sighting in Costa Rica was reported in the newsletter of the Las Cruces Biological Station in San Vito of the Organization for Tropical Studies.[17]

There are three recognised subspecies:[1][3]

Behavior

Bush dogs are carnivores and hunt during the day. Their typical prey are pacas, agouti, and capybaras, all large rodents. Although they can hunt alone, bush dogs are usually found in small packs. The dogs can bring down much larger prey, including peccaries and rheas, and a pack of six dogs has even been reported hunting a 250 kg (550 lb) tapir. When hunting paca, part of the pack chases it on land, and part wait for it in the water, where it often retreats.[3]

Bush dogs appear to be the most gregarious South American canid species. They use hollow logs and cavities such as armadillo burrows for shelter. Packs consist of a single mated pair and their immediate kin, and have a home range of 3.8 to 10 square kilometres (1.5 to 3.9 sq mi)[3] Only the adult pair breed, while the other members of the pack are subordinate, and help with rearing and guarding any pups.[18] Pack-mates keep in contact with frequent whines, perhaps because visibility is poor in the undergrowth where they typically hunt.[19] While eating large prey, parents position themselves at either ends of the animal, making it easier for the pups to disembowel it.[3]

Reproduction

Bush dogs mating

Bush dogs mate throughout the year; oestrus lasts up to twelve days, and occurs every 15 to 44 days.[20] Like many other canids, bush dog mating includes a copulatory tie, during which the animals are locked together.[20]

Gestation lasts from 65 to 83 days, and normally results in the birth of a litter of three to six pups, although larger litters of up to ten have been reported.[3] The young are born blind and helpless, and initially weigh 125 to 190 grams (4.4 to 6.7 oz). The eyes open after fourteen to nineteen days, and the pups first emerge from the nativity den shortly thereafter.[3] The young are weaned at around four weeks, and reach sexual maturity at one year.[21] They live for up to ten years in captivity.[3]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 DeMatteo, K., Michalski, F. & Leite-Pitman, M. R. P. (2011). "Speothos venaticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 18 January 2012. Database entry includes justification for why this species is near threatened
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 de Mello Beiseigel, B. & Zuercher, G.L. (2005). "Speotheos venaticus". Mammalian Species: Number 783: pp. 1–6. doi:10.1644/783.1.
  4. ↑ Wayne, R.K.; et al. (1997). "Molecular systematics of the Canidae". Systematic Biology 46 (4): 622–653. doi:10.1093/sysbio/46.4.622. PMID 11975336.
  5. ↑ Nyakatura, K.; et al. (2012). "Updating the evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia): a new species-level supertree complete with divergence time estimates". BMC Biology 10 (12). doi:10.1186/1741-7007-10-12.
  6. ↑ "Speotheos venaticus at Arkive.org". Retrieved 2011.
  7. ↑ David Attenborough (November 20, 2002). The Life of Mammals, Episode 5: Meat Eaters (16:9 Stereo) (Documentary). United Kingdom: BBC/Discovery Channel. Event occurs at 17:10 min.
  8. ↑ Rosa, C. L., de la and Nocke, C. C. 2000. A Guide to the Carnivores of Central America: Natural History, Ecology, and Conservation. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX, USA.
  9. ↑ Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; Hoffman, Michael; and MacDonald David W. Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals, and Dogs: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN; 2004. p77.
  10. ↑ Reid, Fiona. A Field Guide to Mammals of Central America and Southeast Mexico. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2009. p261
  11. ↑ Meyer, N., Moreno, R., Valdes, S., Méndez-Carvajal, P., Brown, E. and Ortega, J. 2015. New records of bush dog in Panama. Canid Biology & Conservation; 18(10): 36-40. Accessed at: http://www.canids.org/CBC/18/Bush_dog_in_Panama.pdf
  12. ↑ http://smithsonianscience.si.edu/2016/01/elusive-bush-dog-widespread-panama/
  13. ↑ https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/01/160119142117.htm
  14. ↑ http://www.academia.edu/15985580/Carlos_de_la_Rosa_CV_September_2015
  15. ↑ http://www.ots.ac.cr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=789&Itemid=800
  16. 1 2 de la Rosa, Carlos L.; and Nocke, Claudia. A Guide to the Carnivores of Central America: Natural History, Ecology, and Conservation. Austin: University of Texas Press; 2000; pp 206-7. Accessed on April 10, 2016 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=yIV5CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA204&lpg=PA204&dq=short+eared+dog+panama&source=bl&ots=YQvNF-GoZC&sig=dqZdCr0kFHEbjC6fA4vwM6G-NHE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwibn5-15ITMAhWBVT4KHbQ4APoQ6AEITTAJ#v=onepage&q=short%20eared%20dog%20panama&f=false
  17. ↑ de la Rosa, Carlos L.; and Nocke, Claudia. A Guide to the Carnivores of Central America: Natural History, Ecology, and Conservation. Austin: University of Texas Press; 2000; pp 207. Accessed on April 10, 2016 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=yIV5CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA204&lpg=PA204&dq=short+eared+dog+panama&source=bl&ots=YQvNF-GoZC&sig=dqZdCr0kFHEbjC6fA4vwM6G-NHE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwibn5-15ITMAhWBVT4KHbQ4APoQ6AEITTAJ#v=onepage&q=short%20eared%20dog%20panama&f=false
  18. ↑ Macdonald, D.W. (1996). "Social behaviour of captive bush dogs (Speothos venaticus)". Journal of Zoology 239 (4): 525–543. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05941.x.
  19. ↑ Macdonald, D. (1984). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. p. 31. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
  20. 1 2 Porton, I.J.; et al. (1987). "Aseasonality of bush dog reproduction and the influence of social factors in the estrous cycle". Journal of Mammalogy 68 (4): 867–871. doi:10.2307/1381569. JSTOR 1381569.
  21. ↑ Bekoff, M.; et al. (1981). "Life-history patterns and sociality in canids: body size, reproduction, and behavior". Oecologia 50 (3): 386–390. doi:10.1007/BF00344981.

Bibliography

External links

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